Conference Session

First-year Programs Division Technical Session 12: Teaching and Advising Students in that Critical First Year

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Shelley Lorimer P.Eng., MacEwan University; Jeffrey A Davis P.Eng., Grant MacEwan University

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

strengths” had a better chance of succeeding to second year.A comparison of these strengths with the attributes of a “model engineer” was made showingshortfalls for the first-year engineering transfer students studied being: leadership,communication, ethics, professionalism, and social/global analysis skills. Finally, we discusshow to foster the growth of first-year students to ensure that they are well rounded and successfulin moving forward in their careers.IntroductionAnnually thousands of students enter first-year engineering, each having their own distinctpersonality type. They are then taught by instructors using pedagogical methods that work forstandardized groups but are rarely modified for individual students. This can become a concernwith

Collection

2015 Spring ASEE Middle Atlantic Section Conference

Authors

Aparicio Carranza; Casimer DeCusatis

. At the start ofthe course, students are introduced to the ethical conduct standards and practices published bythe IEEE and ACM14, which they are expected to follow throughout the course.While some courses simply download programs onto a student’s existing computer platform,simulating a penetration test is more involved. Rather than simply providing students with acompiled list of security tools, it’s important to provide a structured lab environment in whichstudents can safely practice and develop information security techniques. For the first two weeksof the course, students receive instruction on how to set up a VMWare virtual environmentwhich is used for the rest of the course, including a review of basic programming techniques ageneral

Conference Session

Ocean and Marine Division Technical Session 1

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Michael Delorme, Stevens Institute of Technology (SES); Michael Giglia; Ethan Hayon; Joseph Huyett; Donald Montemarano; Mark Siembab

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Ocean and Marine

economic, environmental, social, political, ethical, health and safety, manufacturability, and sustainability?” The average score for this criterion was a 9.5 indicated a significant educational impact. The entire Perseus II project is directly aligned with this criterion. The fact that the project had an actual mission demonstration and engaged stakeholders and sponsors added Page 26.110.23 tremendously.(d) How did you participation in Perseus II impact your “ability to function on multidisciplinary teams?” This criterion scored a 10. All students indicated that they had significant positive impact on what is a critical skill

Conference Session

Engineering Physics & Physics Division Technical Session 2

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Hank D. Voss, Taylor University; Scott Henry Moats, Crown College; Bill Chapman, University of Arizona

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Physics & Physics

projected 17% STEM growth inemployment in next 10 years compared to 9.8% for non-STEM fields13. There are now morestrategic efforts in engineering to address society problems, liberal arts literacy, the “big ideas”,innovation and entrepreneurship, and interdisciplinary studies related to engineering (calledSTEAM by including the ARTS). Some large engineering schools in their strategic plans arenow including growth in these areas to impact society (e.g. Purdue, Iowa, Texas A & M).2.0 Unique Vision and Calling for SCU Liberal Art SchoolsA few sectors of the STEM market and associated salary may be weak and connected to weakSTEM skills, work ethic, and too many product engineer type graduates looking for high payingjobs but who are unprepared to

Conference Session

Multidisciplinary First-year Experiences

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Tanya Kunberger P.E., Florida Gulf Coast University; Chris Geiger, Florida Gulf Coast University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Multidisciplinary Engineering

;   • Explain the characteristics of effective team behavior2. Be familiar with and be able to apply the engineering and the importance of teamwork in an engineeringdesign process;   environment.  3. Work on a team effectively to solve problems, • Collaborate effectively to solve problems, completecomplete projects, and make presentations;   projects, and present findings and results.  4. Design and assemble simple projects;   • Explain the interdisciplinary nature of solving5. Explain the importance of having high ethical complex engineering problems.  standards;   • Demonstrate the global significance of specific6

Conference Session

Design Pedagogy

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Lyndia Stacey, University of Waterloo; Andrew Trivett, University of Waterloo; Jen Rathlin, University of Waterloo; Kyu Won Choi, University of Waterloo

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

a certain extent; however, they are less common andtraditionally used in engineering design or ethics courses6, 7, 15. The main reason for this is thatethics and design require context and complexity in order to properly demonstrate the disorderand unrestrained environment of real-world problems. With specific regards to ethics, casestudies can show a student that being a good person does not necessarily mean analyzing anethical issue will be easy for them9. With respect to engineering design, case studies provide amore realistic problem: students may have missing information, a broader scope to consider, orpotential issues arising from a certain situation.Engineering science coursesThere is equal value in incorporating case studies into

Conference Session

Electrical and Computer Engineering Curriculum Design and Evaluation

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jeremy N. Thomas, DigiPen Institute of Technology; Christopher Theriault, DigiPen Institute of Technology; Charles Duba, DigiPen Institute of Technology; Lukas P van Ginneken, Digipen Institute of Technology; Nicholas James Rivera; Brian Michael Tugade, DigiPen Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

or handheldgaming systems. Students, working in small teams, are expected to integrate a microprocessorwith various peripheral devices such as storage, input, sensors, and display devices into aportable embedded platform. These projects follow design constraints that are encountered inindustry such as use model, cost, power, and portability. Moreover, students are expected todevelop team management skills, presentation skills, and critical design processes, as well asstudy and implement human-machine interaction.In addition to the project work, these courses have weekly lectures related to engineeringpractice. Topics include the history of computer engineering, the electronics development cycle,professional ethics, multidisciplinary team

Conference Session

ERM Potpourri

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Nathan M. Hicks, University of Florida; Elliot P. Douglas, University of Florida

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

my own time to understand more or more of the topic than I learned in class so once you do that you can formulate a better idea of it.”Other traits were mentioned throughout the interviews that suggest that having certain traits, suchas being open-minded or flexible or having a strong work ethic or desire to succeed, makepromotion to engaged thinking much easier. Further, while the trait of confidence was rarelyexplicitly discussed, the way in which each student talked about his or her project throughout thesummer exhibited a perceivable growth in confidence that cannot be easily captured with a fewshort quotes, but nonetheless contributed to a likely increased tendency to utilize engagedthinking.Transitional (engagement inducing

Conference Session

Curriculum in Engineering Leadership Development

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Steven W. Klosterman, Northeastern University; Steven T. McGonagle, Northeastern University; Simon Pitts, Northeastern University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Leadership Development Division

their research with theirclassmates.In the program, 14 leadership capabilities are taught and developed through lectures, case studyand labs augmented by a weekly guest speaker. Students are introduced to assessmenttechniques such as Myers-Briggs, Thomas-Kilmann and DISC, taught classic, contemporary andexperiential theories on transformational and transactional leadership, sources of power, ethics,followership, leading from the middle, influence without authority, team dynamics and otherthemes.With this foundation, vocabulary and awareness of the field of leadership, students are given a"share your leadership story” assignment due at the end of their final semester. They select anengineering leader of interest, someone renown in a field

Conference Session

Curriculum in Engineering Leadership Development

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kyle G. Gipson, James Madison University; Meghan Daly, James Madison University; Cairo Jahan Lakil Sherrell, James Madison University; Thomas Atcheson Ware; Diane L. Foucar-Szocki, College of Education, James Madison University; Justin J. Henriques, James Madison University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Leadership Development Division

as project manager and mentoring first-year engineering students. I have a lot of drive to uphold integrity and ethics in my work and actions, and I hope to be in a position where I can empower the disenfranchised and underprivileged.Mr. Thomas Atcheson WareDr. Diane L. Foucar-Szocki, College of Education James Madison University Dr. Foucar-Szocki is Professor of Learning, Technology and Leadership Education at James Madison University and Coordinator of Grants, Contracts and Special Projects in the College of Education. She holds degrees from San Diego State University, SUNY, College at Buffalo and Syracuse University.Dr. Justin J Henriques, James Madison University

Conference Session

Civil Engineering Division Technical Session 4

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kelly Brumbelow, Texas A&M University; Debra A. Fowler, Texas A&M University; James R. Morgan, Texas A&M University; Whitney L. Anthony, Zachry Department of Civil Engineering, Texas A&M University

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

engineeringprogram under consideration, CTT members created a one-sentence statement for each programlearning, based on descriptions in the BOK2 document (Figure 2). Each program learning Page 26.1599.7outcome statement begins with an action verb and is both specific and measurable. Foundational Outcomes 1. Mathematics - Apply knowledge of mathematics (through differential equations) to civil engineering problems. 2. Natural sciences - Apply knowledge of natural science (calculus-based physics, chemistry, and an elective) to civil engineering problems. 3. Humanities - Recognize and incorporate aesthetic, ethical, historical, and other human considerations into the

Conference Session

NSF Grantees’ Poster Session

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Rob Henry Kinzel; Deborah K. Nykanen, Minnesota State University, Mankato; Rebecca A Bates, Minnesota State University, Mankato; Winston Sealy, Minnesota State University, Mankato; Rachel E Cohen, Minnesota State University, Mankato; Jennifer Veltsos, Minnesota State University, Mankato

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees Poster Session

, and family structure. Our program has demonstrated past success in addressingissues important to the field and accreditation boards, such as functioning on multidisciplinaryteams, understanding ethical responsibilities, developing a sense of the global and societalcontext of STEM work, and supporting the idea of life-long learning.1-4In the eight years since the program was founded, it has grown and developed considerably.Structural changes throughout these years include adding distance students in an off-campusprogram 280 miles away, broadening the program to include multiple science majors, funding ahalf-time graduate assistant, and staffing changes in the faculty mentors. Program improvementshave included annual retreats for scholars

Collection

2015 EDI

Authors

Daryll Pines

, Milwaukee, WI8) Stephanie Ogden, L&N STEM Academy, Knoxville, Tennessee*ASEE K-12 Division Input: 22AP in Engineering DRAFT Curriculum FrameworkOverarching Goal of the AP Engineering Course.A successful AP Engineering student will confidently,creatively and collaboratively apply foundationalconcepts, use tools, and engage in processes used byall engineering disciplines to conceive, design, andcommunicate ethical solutions that protect, sustain,and delight individuals and society. 23AP in Engineering DRAFT Curriculum Framework4 Big Idea Themes  Big Idea 1: Processes (design, modeling, data, framing problems, problem-solving, stakeholders, communicating results, failure analysis

Conference Session

Cooperative & Experiential Education Division Technical Session 1

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mary Yvonne Lanzerotti, Augsburg College; Sean Joseph Creighton, SOCHE; Maggie Varga, SOCHE; Richard Martin, The Air Force Institute of Technology; Derrick Langley, Air Force Institute of Technology; Diana Lynn Cahill, SOCHE

Tagged Divisions

Cooperative & Experiential Education

Sciences in the groundbreaking 2004 report entitled The Engineer of 2020: Visions of Engineering in the New Century, successful engineers in the 21st century should exhibit key attributes to ensure their success and the success of the engineering profession. The list of key attributes are: strong analytical skills, practical ingenuity, creativity, communication, business and management, leadership, high ethical standards, professionalism; dynamism, agility, resilience, and flexibility, and the ability to become lifelong learners [1]. The project described in this paper is motivated by the results and findings of these reports. Our project exposes a pool of STEM undergraduate students to research

Conference Session

Cooperative & Experiential Education Division Technical Session 1

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Christopher P. Pung, Grand Valley State University; Paul D. Plotkowski, Grand Valley State University; Chris Plouff, Grand Valley State University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Cooperative & Experiential Education

experience the professional work environmentand allows application of knowledge gained in the traditional academic environment. Multiplestudies attest to the benefits of cooperative education.[1,2,3,4,5,6,7] In the engineering programs atGrand Valley State University, before beginning the capstone sequence of courses, students havecompleted three full semesters of cooperative education experience. During the semesters thestudents are on co-op, in addition to formal work activities, students are required to completeseveral learning modules. These modules cover topics including: professionalism in theworkplace; engineering ethics; engineering economics; and project management andcommunications - including corporate documents (reports and memos

Conference Session

Reporting Out: Dissemination of Several NSF Projects of Interest to Two-Year Colleges

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Lea K. Marlor, University of California, Berkeley; Sharnnia Artis, University of California, Berkeley; Catherine T. Amelink, Virginia Tech

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Two Year College Division

-a faculty advisor and a graduate studentmentor-who oversee and guide the student during their nine-week internship in an independentresearch project. In addition to their research projects, TTE participants are trained in laboratorysafety, research protocol, and professional ethics; they partake in academic and professionaldevelopment seminars to prepare for a baccalaureate degrees and careers in science andengineering. Approximately 94% of the past TTE students eligible to transfer to a 4-yearinstitution were admitted to and are now enrolled various universities across the nation andmajoring in science or engineering in comparison to a 39% statewide average1. This paper willfocus on the impact of the program on the interest in pursuing an

Conference Session

Systems Engineering Division Technical Session 1

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Runing Zhang P.E., Metropolitan State University of Denver; Aaron Brown, Metropolitan State University of Denver; Jeno Balogh, Metropolitan State University of Denver

Tagged Divisions

Systems Engineering

project on the environment, the economy,society and human well-being in both the short term and long term. To achieve the objective, theSSE program should provide students with a fundamental knowledge of civil, electrical,mechanical, environmental engineering and social science, such as economics and politicalscience. The leadership of engineers requires students to establish the competence ofresponsibility, integrity, ethics, proactivity and communication skills.Systems engineering is a shifted paradigm from traditional engineering approaches. This methodfocuses on engineering solutions from a broader perspective that includes optimizationparameters, long term lifecycle analysis and advanced methods to characterize and solvecomplex problems

Collection

2015 ASEE Workshop on K-12 Engineering Education

Authors

Ann D Kaiser, ProjectEngin LLC

solutions are generated andevaluated. The most reasonable one is modeled, tested, and modified. Students, as well asworkshop participants, need to explain their design in terms of available resources, performance,and possible modifications. In addition, students are responsible for engineering their ownmeaningful tests. Engineering “habits of mind”, based on NAE and NRC references, are generally thought of as(1) systems thinking, (2) creativity, (3) optimism, (4) collaboration, (5) communication, and (6)ethical considerations. The “Building a Better World” project incorporates all of these. Housingsolutions embody systems thinking since they are impacted by a complex mix of culturalimperatives, material resources, and natural events. Good design

Conference Session

First-year Programs Division Technical Session 2: Design in the First Year: Challenges and Successes

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Natalie C.T. Van Tyne P.E., Colorado School of Mines; M Brunhart-Lupo, Colorado School of Mines

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

and Engineering Students. Part 1: Modelsand Challenges.” Journal of Engineering Education, Vol. 93, No. 4, 2004, pp. 269-277. Page 26.1740.136. R.M. Felder and R. Brent, “The Intellectual Development of Science and Engineering Students. Part 2: Teachingto Promote Growth.” Journal of Engineering Education, Vol. 93, No. 4, 2004, pp. 279-291.7. G. S. Stump, J.C. Hilpert, J. Husman, W.-T. Chung and W. Kim, “Collaborative Learning in EngineeringStudents: Gender and Achievement.” Journal of Engineering Education, Vol. 100, No. 3, 2011, pp. 475-497.8. N.Van Tyne and M. Brunhart-Lupo, “Ethics for the ‘Me’ Generation – How ‘Millennial

Conference Session

Women in Engineering Division: Retaining and Developing Women Faculty in STEM

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Cindy Rottmann, University of Toronto; Robin Sacks, University of Toronto; Annie Elisabeth Simpson, Institute for Leadership Education in Engineering; Doug Reeve P.Eng., University of Toronto

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Women in Engineering

Paper ID #11906Gendering Engineering Leadership: Aspirations vs. Shoulder TappingDr. Cindy Rottmann, University of Toronto, ILead Cindy Rottmann is a Research Associate at the Institute for Leadership Education in Engineering (ILead) at the University of Toronto. Her research interests include engineering leadership, engineering ethics education, critical theory, teacher leadership and social justice teacher unionism.Dr. Robin Sacks, University of Toronto Dr. Sacks is an Assistant Professor in the Faculty of Applied Science and Engineering at the University of Toronto teaching leadership and positive psychology at both the

Conference Session

Something New??? within Engineering Design Graphics Education

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Timothy Daniel Kostar, Daniel Webster College; John Glossner, Daniel Webster College; Linda Marquis, Daniel Webster College; Nicholas Bertozzi, Daniel Webster College

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Design Graphics

I I I analyze and interpret data an ability to design a system, co mpo nent, o r pro cess to meet desired needs within realistic co nstraints such as eco no mic, c enviro nmental, so cial, po litical, I I R ethical, health and safety, manufacturability, and sustainability an ability to functio n o n a multi- d disciplinary teams I I I R

Conference Session

Integrating Curriculum and Labs in ET Programs

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Tara Cavalline P.E., University of North Carolina, Charlotte; Norb Delatte P.E., Cleveland State University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

profession, are presented and discussed.IntroductionFailure case studies have been found to be a valuable addition to the undergraduate engineeringcurriculum, providing valuable support into technical, professional, and ethical issues1. Duringthe past several years, a project funded by the National Science Foundation (NSF) has focusedon the implementation of failure case studies into engineering curricula. Work has focused ondeveloping teaching resources on a wide variety of failure cases for faculty to utilize in a varietyof undergraduate engineering courses1, 2, 3. The project has extended from the lead institution,Cleveland State University, to eleven other university partners, including the university of thelead author, the University of North

Conference Session

Self-efficacy and Emotion: ERM Roundtable

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jenefer Husman, Arizona State University; Katherine C Cheng, Arizona State University; Krista Puruhito, Arizona State University; Evan J Fishman, Stanford University

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

students’ endogenous PIwould positively predict their positive emotions, and would negatively predict their cortisollevels. While research has demonstrated that cortisol levels in human saliva are goodpredictors of a biological response to stress and discomfort, few studies have explored theassociations between cortisol levels and positive emotions, specifically enjoyment, orfuture-oriented motivation, bringing significance to the current study. Page 26.1622.5MethodParticipants Our participants were recruited in an engineering ethics course at a public university inthe Southwest of the US. Among the 52 students in the in the sampled class, 31

Conference Session

Engineering Economics New Frontiers

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Simon Thomas Ghanat P.E., The Citadel; Kenneth Brannan, The Citadel; Ronald W. Welch, The Citadel; Kevin C Bower P.E., The Citadel

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Economy

administered on the assignedreadings and the homework assignments and students were provided with quick feedback. Onoccasion, clickers were employed to assess the understanding of concepts and create anenvironment to engage students and provide immediate feedback to both students andinstructors. Students worked problems in teams and each team submitted responses using aclicker. On other occasions, students were asked to take a position for or against ethically-oriented challenges confronted during benefit cost analyses and debate the issues. This activitynot only assisted the sensing and global learners by providing relevancy of the course material toreal-life issues, but also engaged students actively in thinking, analyzing, and

Collection

2015 Pacific Southwest Section Meeting

Authors

Kevin R. Anderson; Clifford M. Stover

within realisticconstraints such as economic, environmental, social, political, ethical, health and safety,manufacturability, and sustainability(d) an ability to function on multidisciplinary teams(e) an ability to identify, formulate, and solve engineering problems(f) an understanding of professional and ethical responsibility(g) an ability to communicate effectively(h) the broad education necessary to understand the impact of engineering solutions in a global,economic, environmental, and societal context(i) a recognition of the need for, and an ability to engage in life-long learning(j) a knowledge of contemporary issues(k) an ability to use the techniques, skills, and modern engineering tools necessary forengineeringpractice.The majority of

Collection

2015 Pacific Southwest Section Meeting

Authors

Monica Palomo P.E.

(bottom left).The curriculum has been historically concentrated on the technical training to support students’engineering judgment skills, which will be applied professionally later when planning, designingand/or managing a drinking water system. In practice, successful engineering solutions shouldconsider community beliefs, and knowledge of water related issues. Such skills have not beenincluded as part of the course curriculum outcomes.The pilot public education research project was conceived to provide students with theexperience of communicating with the surrounding community. Contact with the communitysupports the achievement of the following ABET a through k student outcomes 13: understandingof ethical responsibility (f), the ability to

Collection

2015 Pacific Southwest Section Meeting

Authors

Rose-Margaret Itua; Sharnnia Artis

faculty in the design and development of the teaching modules.Professional Development: Community college faculty participated in a research orientation,training in research protocol, laboratory safety, and scientific ethics, group meetings, andseminars on context-based pedagogical methods and online education. Proceedings of the 2015 American Society for Engineering Education Pacific Southwest Conference Copyright © 2015, American Society for Engineering Education 573Together, this breadth of summer experience made this a broad learning experience that took fulladvantage of the strengths of the university.Green and

Conference Session

Multidisciplinary Capstone and Collaborative Projects

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jessica Macklin, University of Maryland, College Park; Kylie Goodell King, University of Maryland, College Park

Tagged Divisions

Multidisciplinary Engineering

Update al Report Meeting Minutes 69 3/31 Session 9: Working in VMH 1415 Dr. Linda Casual Peer Evaluation 2 Multidisciplinary Teams Schmidt Meeting Minutes 710 4/7 Session 10: Ethical Action VMH 1415 Corporate Business Meeting Minutes 8 sponsor Casual11 4/14 Session 11: Preliminary VMH 1415 QUEST Business Meeting Minutes 9 Results Presentations Alumni Profession

Conference Session

Topics in Computing and Information Technologies I

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Joseph Benin, U.S. Coast Guard Academy; Scott Thomas Howie, United States Coast Guard Academy; Benjamin B Hannon, USCGA; Nicholas Williamson, United States Coast Guard Academy

Tagged Divisions

Computing & Information Technology

theirclassroom knowledge of IPv4 and its ancillary components to the realm of IPv6 and in so doinglearned valuable lessons for the Coast Guard at large while improving the infrastructure of theAcademy’s engineering educational network.The Course: Capstone Projects in Electrical EngineeringThe fall semester course description reads [7]: This is the first of two capstone courses in Electrical Engineering during the senior year. The focus of this course will be taking students through the first half of the Engineering Design Cycle. Classroom discussions will focus on the engineering design process including needs identification, system requirements, system design process and engineering ethics. Additional lectures will center on

Conference Session

Cultivating Engineering Scholarship and Research Mindsets Among URM Students

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

David M. Ford, University of Massachusetts, Amherst; Paula Rees, University of Massachusetts, Amherst; Kathleen G. Rubin, University of Massachusetts Amherst

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Minorities in Engineering

Science Foundation S-STEM (Scholarshipsin Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics) grants on undergraduate minorityengineering transfer student retention and development during the period 2007-13 in the Collegeof Engineering at the University of Massachusetts Amherst. The programs were designed toovercome known barriers to persistence of transfer students from community college, includinglack of engagement on campus, underdeveloped professional work ethic and goals, deficientstudy habits, fewer opportunities to gain practical competence/reflection on learning, andworking for pay. The elements of the programs included cohorting, team-building, mentoring,tutoring, and advising, as well as monetary support in the form of scholarships