Collection

2024 ASEE North East Section

Authors

Susannah GAL, Wentworth Institute of Technology

class. I gathered this insight as part of a class titled “Teaching ofBiology”, BIOL 400 at Penn State Harrisburg, which had 17 upper-level students registered inSpring 2020. For the initial several weeks, we discussed as a class student-centered approachesto teaching including using case studies, peer review of writing, and interactive questions duringclass. Students picked one past class that they particularly enjoyed and interviewed the facultymember to ask about how they prepared for the class and about their strategies for supportingstudents’ learning. The students shared the creative strategies with the whole group and later, thenew approaches they suggested based on their collective learning in this course. As part of thisprocess, the

Collection

2001 Annual Conference

Authors

Molly Johnson; Cathie Scott; Cynthia Atman

• Student-centered instructioninstruction • Discussion/lecture After class meeting: Write up reflections on your activity.Part 3 (weeks 5-9) Methods of Teaching Read assigned readings and Teach each otherActive practice and • Cooperative learning and post reflections to listserv. assigned methods offeedback on design, peer collaboration teaching throughdelivery, and • Direct instruction Prepare summary of readings jigsaw activity.assessment of class • Problem-based learning for in-class discussion. (Jigsaw method

Conference Session

Beyond the Capstone: Integrating Authentic Experiences that Promote Learning and Excitement

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Andrew C. Brown P.E., The University of Auckland; Hugh Watson Morris, University of Auckland, NZ

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

Auckland. At the time of this writing, theproject for the 2020 implementation of the Capstone course has not been selected.2.2 Team Formation and Initial Communications to StudentsAbout halfway through Semester 1, students are given a brief overview of the Capstone projectand begin forming themselves into teams using a specific software application with the guidanceof Capstone course coordinators. In the Capstone Project, students generally work in teams of nine(with a few exceptions depending on the total enrolment). Experience from a trial year and twoyears of large classes in the Capstone course has shown that with six major specialisations withinCivil Engineering, a team of nine works well. Teams of eight are workable, but if a

Conference Session

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering Division: Research-to-Practice: Principles of K-12 Engineering Education and Practice

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Christie Jilek, West Ada School District; Noah Salzman, Boise State University

Tagged Divisions

Pre-College Engineering Education Division

begiven to the designing group and included: good things about the game, how it could be modifiedto improve design, future concerns for game play, and where they identified the action/reactionrelationship occurring. Consultants gave their feedback to the designers of the game and Iprovided class time to make modifications. Students set up games on the final day and had theopportunity to play peers designs. As they played they identified the action/reaction for eachgame, where potential and kinetic energy occurred, and any forms of energy they could identify.Post attitude surveys were administered just before completion of final task.Survey Results and DiscussionI analyzed the Friday Institutes’ surveys1 using an unpaired t-test in Excel and

Conference Session

Engineering Libraries Division Technical Session 2

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

William W. Tsai, California State University, Maritime Academy; Amber Janssen MLIS, California State University, Maritime Academy

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Libraries

instruction in their freshman Englishcomposition course and standards and patent searching in their junior engineering design course.Students also receive ad hoc information fluency instruction if a course has a research paper andthe instructor requests information fluency instruction from the library.ProblemA review of lab reports from the Fall 2016 semester of the Fluid/Thermal Laboratory revealedthe following problems in student work: • Trouble differentiating between the different types of sources, including the use of non-peer-reviewed materials, such as websites; • Lack of assessment of quality of reference material; • Lack of familiarity with how to use technical papers; • Few references when writing

Conference Session

Graduate Studies Division (GSD) Technical Session 1: Recruitment and Support in Engineering Graduate Programs

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Alyssa V. B. Santos, Pennsylvania State University; Sarah J. Boehm, Pennsylvania State University; Fadi Castronovo, California State University, East Bay; Tiffany A. Mathews, Pennsylvania State University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Graduate Studies Division (GSD)

program was conducted with a larger group of students inthe summer of 2022. Thus far, our results indicate that this program will be beneficial to studentswell after regular programming resumes at full capacity. GREaT GradS was designed to servegroups of graduate students who are typically marginalized within science with an eye towardretention through support and mentorship. The overall goals were to provide (1) ResourceRecognition by introducing students to the various academic and personal resources available oncampus, (2) Personal Preparation through programming on subjects such as personal finance andmental health, (3) Career Preparation through writing workshops and curriculum vitae editing,and (4) Network Building by connecting students

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Katherine Acton, University of St. Thomas; Deborah Besser P.E., University of St. Thomas; Kundan Nepal, University of St. Thomas; Jennifer E. Holte, University of St. Thomas

Tagged Topics

Diversity, NSF Grantees Poster Session

model, combined withscholarship support, has been shown to have the potential to overcome the challenges of limitedconnection to peers and institutions that transfer students often encounter [2].The APEX program also includes a focus on providing formal and informal opportunities fortransfer students to engage with faculty and other students. Mentoring is a proven practice forsupporting low-income STEM students’ retention and has especially been shown to benefitcommunity college transfer students [3]. Comprehensive mentoring has been shown to helpstudents navigate the curriculum, the co-curriculum, and the “hidden curriculum” – the“unwritten, often unspoken norms, values, expectations, behaviors, codes of conduct” that are“not transparent or

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Kristen Ann Thompson, Loras College; Danial J. Neebel PE, Loras College; Robert S. Keller, Loras College

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees Poster Session

maximum of 8 semesters.Program HighlightsThe DuSTEM program is designed to improved retention of students in STEM. Support isbroken into three areas: financial, academic, and community [1]. These ideas are predicated onthe nine key principles advanced by the non-profit “Building Engineering and Science Talent”which identifies nine qualities of programs that are successful in nurturing well-qualified STEMgraduates [2]. These principles are • Institutional leadership • Personal attention • Bridging to the next level • Targeted recruitment • Peer support • Financial assistance • Engaged faculty • Enriched research opportunities • Continuous evaluationThe DuSTEM program is designed support

Conference Session

Recruitment and Retention

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

James Northern, Prairie View A&M University

Tagged Divisions

Minorities in Engineering

decades, one of the top priorities forAmerica’s higher education leaders is to get more students into college. The second priority is tograduate students that are competent in their field of study. In a recent national study, only twoof five minority students who enroll in engineering programs graduate with a baccalaureatedegree in engineering, as compared to two of three non-minority students. Another nationalstudy found that 54 percent of students entering four-year colleges in 1997 had a degree six yearslater, with even a lower percentage for Hispanics and Blacks. The barriers to minority studentretention continue to be: the cost of education, isolating campus environments, a lack of peer andfaculty engagement, and inadequate math and science

Conference Session

Attitudes, Self-Confidence, and Self-Efficacy of Women Engineering Students

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Moshe Hartman, Retired; Harriet Hartman, Rowan University

Tagged Divisions

Women in Engineering

] The ways in which the genders vary in the respectivedisciplines is of particular interest, as it may give us a clue as to why so few women enter certaindisciplines and are attracted to others disproportionately [1,10]. Further, in at least one study,gender differences in engineering GPA’s (women’s being higher) disappeared when major wascontrolled [7]. In other words, sometimes observed gender differences are artifacts or inflatedbecause of the differential distribution of the genders across engineering disciplines. Weenvisioned writing a paper entitled, “It’s the Major, Stupid!” But it isn’t that simple, as our datashow. Gender matters, and major matters, and year in the program matters, and they eveninteract in instructive ways.The question

Conference Session

Continuous Improvement in Engineering Leadership Development Programs

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Marnie V. Jamieson, University of Alberta; John M. Shaw

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Leadership Development

design courses and are evaluated as graduate attributeoutcomes integral to the Canadian Engineering Accreditation Board (CEAB) evaluationprocesses. Continual course improvement processes require reflection on the success oflearning activities, the tools used for teaching, and alignment of learning outcomes,activities, and assessment. Peer evaluation and feedback tools can encourage studentlearning and leadership development. The method of data collection, the type of feedbackand the contextual validity of the feedback may impact students’ development of useful teambehaviours and personal strategies for working in team environments. Mixed methodsuccessive case study analysis provides insights enabling targeted improvements to learningactivities

Conference Session

ASEE Multimedia Session

Collection

2003 Annual Conference

Authors

Hugh Jack

limited to a few hundred pages in length for economic reasons • the writing level is focused on readers with specific knowledge and interests • books are printed in editions that are released in static forms that don’t change • textbooks are relatively expensive and require marketing and distribution • there is a delay of months or years to release a new editionBy necessity a publisher must develop a book that addresses an identifiable need while control-ling costs. In pragmatic terms a book must not try to be all things to all readers.2.1 PastFrom my own experiences textbooks are very important. In my days as a student I could extractmost of the required information from the textbook, and the course notes. In the

Conference Session

Experience with Experiential Learning

Collection

2004 Annual Conference

Authors

Les Kinsler; Thomas Mertz; Troy Harding

.Bruner’s writings on constructivism7,8 provide the practical framework for using real-worldprojects to improve learning and develop useful professional skills: (a) students have apredisposition toward learning; (b) instruction should be designed to fill in the gaps; and (c) Page 9.279.1instruction should to take advantage of students’ experiences and previous knowledge. Proceedings of the 2004 American Society for Engineering Education Annual Conference & Exposition Copyright © 2004, American Society for Engineering EducationJonassen, Peck, and Wilson9, described five attributes necessary to create the

Collection

2000 Annual Conference

Authors

Steven T. Walsh; Frederick Betz; Donald D. Myers; Halvard E. Nystrom

the same end, the legal education profession utilizes actual recorded courtcases documenting the development and applications of principles and concepts to facts. The businessand management higher education profession has followed the law schools in utilizing cases forexperiential purposes for the students in applying the various concepts. One disadvantage thatbusiness and education has is no ready accessible cases, i.e., someone must write the cases.The result is that there are desirable aspects of business and management cases that are not available.One is a lesser emphasis in business and management cases reinforcement of principles: Cases should be used with the clear consciousness that the purpose of business education is not

Collection

2000 Annual Conference

Authors

Albert Lozano-Nieto

work on their tasks in an asynchronous mode and have asuccessful interaction with their peers. Our main goal in structuring this course around FirstClass™ is to create a virtual learning community that will provide the students with the bestenvironment to nurture their intellectual curiosity. This paper will also focus on tools used toassess the effect of the use the Intranets in the course as well as the student's perceptions fn using Page 5.694.1technology for this kind of courses.COOPERATIVE LEARNINGThere is a strong interest in today’s Higher Education, especially in Engineering and EngineeringTechnology, in promoting cooperative

Collection

1997 Annual Conference

Authors

Richard L. LeBoeuf; Gregory Spaulding

. Page 2.138.7Figure A.2. Refrigeration cycle layout with sensor locations identified. Page 2.138.8 Appendix B. Self and peer review form KANSAS STATE UNIVERSITY-SALINA MET 462 & 464 SENIOR DESIGN PROJECT I & II Self and peer review formNAME:STUDENT BEING EVALUATED:Complete the following information to critique your own or another individual’s performance.Be as truthful as possible and write out any specific strengths and/or weaknesses in the spaceprovided. You may leave some categories blank if you feel you do not have sufficientinformation.For each of the

Collection

1997 Annual Conference

Authors

Thomas F. Hess; Shulin Chen; Robert F. Rynk; Larry G. King; Ann L. Kenimer

processing waste treatment x Dairy waste management and treatment x Swine waste management and treatment Page 2.304.6 x Poultry waste management and treatment x Aquaculture waste treatment x On-site waste treatment for small communitiesCOURSE EVALUATIONEvaluation of the course is planned at several stages during its development and from a numberof sources. These sources include peer review, industry review, student review and results of aproposed workshop on the course. In March 1997 (at the time of writing this paper), a detailedoutline of the course content was sent for peer review to various

Conference Session

ECE Division Poster Session

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Aikaterini Bagiati, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Chrysoula Florou, University of Thessaly, Greece; Ioanna Kosmopoulou, University Of Thessaly, Greece; Elias N. Houstis, University of Thessaly

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

. Table 1. Sample of initial questionnaire translated in English1) I know how to turn on / shut down a computer2) I know the basic parts of a computer (screen, mouse, keyboard, tower)3) Page 22.1521.34) I know how to browse on the InternetWhich key do I have to use to make my keyboard write in capitals? Chose the correct answer Α. Β. Γ.Match the text with the icon Close window Minimize window Maximize windowThere is a computer at homeThere is Internet connection at homeTable 2. Sample of the questionnaire given to

Conference Session

Student Division Development of Professional Skills Technical Session

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Juan David Ortega, Purdue University, West Lafayette / Universidad EAFIT, Medellin, Colombia; Ruth A. Streveler, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; Audeen W. Fentiman, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; Harsh Wardhan Aggarwal, Purdue University; Sayan Biswas, School of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Purdue University; Brandon S Coventry, Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University; Institute for Integrative Neuroscience, Purdue University; Abdel-Rahman Hassan, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; Margaret L McNamara, Purdue University; Smirti Nandan Paul, Purdue University

Tagged Divisions

Student

studentsAbstractThe job of a college engineering faculty member is multifaceted. Faculty are not only expected to teachand conduct research but also to write proposals, consult, network, engage in administrative duties, andthe list continues. The relative importance and time allocated to these different functions vary accordingto the nature and focus of the institution and the interests of the faculty. However, engineering graduatestudents aspiring to careers in academe are not usually trained in the multiple facets of the profession. Asa result, when they become faculty members they often struggle to find ways to balance the parallel andmany times competing demands of these functions.This paper examines the professional development plans of six engineering

Conference Session

Computing Research II

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mysore Narayanan, Miami University

Tagged Divisions

Computing and Information Technology

working towards incorporating writing assignments that enhance students’ critical thinking capabilities. c American Society for Engineering Education, 2019Abstract In this paper, the author stresses the importance of certain sophisticated mathematicaltechniques that undergraduate students utilize to analyze and solve a certain specific engineeringproblem such as the design of a Suspension Bridge or the construction of a High VoltageTransmission Tower. The importance of a fourth order Runge Kutta Algorithm technique, theneed for Newton Raphson Method and the properties of a Catenary Curve are stressed in thissenior level engineering technology course. The Runge Kutta technique is utilized to solve adesign

Conference Session

NSF Grantees’ Poster Session

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sohum A. Sohoni, Arizona State University, Polytechnic campus; Kerri S. Kearney, Oklahoma State University; Rebecca L. Damron, Oklahoma State University

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Tagged Divisions

Division Experimentation & Lab-Oriented Studies

written in Verilog HDL, are open-source,and are freely available. To support the hardware components, a unified assembler, cycleaccurate emulator, and board interface software package is included. The software is written inJava, works on Linux, Windows, and Mac OS, is open-source, and is freely available. The PLP Page 24.87.3hardware and software components are licensed under the General Public License version 3 toencourage open access and contribution. PLP can be downloaded free of cost from its homepagehttp://plp.okstate.edu. Figure 2 shows the current homepage at the time of writing this paper. Anew homepage, hosted at http

Conference Session

Student Learning and Teamwork

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Susan H. Sarapin M.A., Purdue University; Marilyn A. Dyrud, Oregon Institute of Technology; Marvin I. Sarapin, Purdue University, West Lafayette

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

indicate that experience actually breedsineptitude: “92% of peer reviewers deteriorated during 14 years of study in the quality andusefulness of their reviews (as judged by editors at the time of decision).”34 A 2009 internationalstudy of more than 4,000 reviewers and authors reveals that while 81% of study participantsthink that detecting plagiarism is part of a reviewer’s role, only 38% believe that they are able todo so.35Because plagiarism is a growing problem, peer reviewers should be responsible for more thancursory comments on content and writing style; they should also investigate sources to verifyauthorial honesty, provided they are given access to the online tools necessary to accomplishthis. This additional responsibility for volunteer

Conference Session

Teaching Communication II

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Judith Shaul Norback, Georgia Institute of Technology; Tristan T. Utschig, Georgia Institute of Technology; Anthony Joseph Bonifonte, Georgia Institute of Technology; Gloria J. Ross, Georgia Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education/Engineering & Society

appropriate ways15.  In a study comparing writing rubrics, Morozov concluded that students viewed the more detailed and extensive rubric more positively than less-extensive rubrics16. In this study, an effective rubric model emphasized skills, elaboration of skill, and critical thinking.  One recent study compared the reliability of two writing rubrics across three different settings and reported moderate reliability for most skills represented in the two rubrics17.  Multiple studies address the effect of Calibrated Peer Review (CPR) on student writing18, 19, 20 . CPR involves the electronic evaluation of student writing by their peers. None of these studies specifically address rubric

Collection

AEE Journal

Authors

Jenna L. Mueller; Mary Elizabeth Dotson; Jennifer Dietzel; Jenna Peters; Gabriela Asturias; Amelia Cheatham; Marlee Krieger; Baishakhi Taylor; Sherryl Broverman; Nirmala Ramanujam

community in which they implemented a curriculum based on the skills learned in BME 290. Results. Since 2014, 110 Duke students have taken BME 290, and 22 of those students traveledinternationally, collectively teaching 275 students in Kenya, India, and Guatemala. Students in KenyaSUMMER 2020 VOLUME 8 ISSUE 2 1 ADVANCES IN ENGINEERING EDUCATION Using Human-Centered Design to Connect Engineering Concepts to Sustainable Development Goalsformed an engineering club and taught the curriculum to an additional 52 peers. Duke

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Indira Chatterjee, University of Nevada, Reno; Kelsey Scalaro, University of Nevada, Reno; Ann-Marie Vollstedt, University of Nevada, Reno; Jeffrey Lacombe, University of Nevada, Reno; Adam Kirn, University of Nevada, Reno

that if it were not for CREATE makingthese opportunities and resources available to them, they would not have known about them orsought them out. Meetings with peer and faculty mentors have also been mentioned as beingvery helpful.Acknowledgments: The authors acknowledge funding from the National Science Foundation S-STEM program, grant number DUE-1833738. The Institutional Review Board of the University of Nevada, Reno has approved all procedures. They also wish to thank members of the management team, Ivy Chin, Meg Fitzgerald, Joe Bozsik, Lourdes Gonzales and Candice Bauer for their invaluable participation in the project. References1. E.C. Brown, M.A. Farwell and A.M. Kennedy, “Writing and Implementing successful NSF

Conference Session

Pre-college Engineering Education Division Technical Session 7

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Malle R. Schilling, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; Tawni Paradise, Virginia Tech Department of Engineering Education; Jacob R. Grohs, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; Holly M Matusovich, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; Cheryl Carrico P.E., Cheryl Carrico Consulting, LLC; Holly Larson Lesko; Gary R. Kirk, Dickinson College

Tagged Divisions

Pre-College Engineering Education

for the Center of Enhancement for Engineering Diversity where she taught a seminar for first-year female engineering students and coordinated precollege outreach events. As a researcher, she has previously served as a Graduate Research Assistant on the VT PEERS project studying middle school students reg- ularly engaging in engineering activities. In addition, she dedicates her spare time to exhibiting at the Virginia Tech Science Festival and hosting several sessions for the Kindergarten-to-college (K2C) Initia- tive.Dr. Jacob R Grohs, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University Jacob Grohs is an Assistant Professor in Engineering Education at Virginia Tech with Affiliate Faculty status in Biomedical

Conference Session

First-year Programs Division Postcard Session 1: Retention and Student Success Strategies

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Elizabeth Anne Stephan, Clemson University; Laurel Whisler, Clemson University; Abigail T. Stephan, Clemson University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

MyEngineeringLab system.Laurel Whisler, Clemson University Laurel Whisler is Assistant Director and Coordinator of Course Support Programs in Clemson Univer- sity’s Westmoreland Academic Success Program. In this capacity, she provides vision and direction for the Tutoring and Peer-Assisted Learning (PAL) programs and provides support to the General Engi- neering Learning Community. She is also co-developer of Entangled Learning, a model of rigorously- documented, self-directed learning in communities of practice. She has an M.A. in Music from The Pennsylvania State University and an M.L.S. from Indiana University.Ms. Abigail T. Stephan, Clemson University Abigail Stephan is a doctoral student in the Learning Sciences program at

Conference Session

Pre-college Engineering Education Division Technical Session 15

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Sarah Hug, Colorado Evaluation and Research Consulting; Suzanne Eyerman, Fairhaven Research and Evaluation; Trina L. Fletcher, Florida International University; Araceli Martinez Ortiz, Texas State University; Michael A. Soltys, University of Colorado, Boulder

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Pre-College Engineering Education

modest funding forsupplies and are expected to attend the national Society for Women in Engineering conference inthe fall along with their local sponsor or a chaperone. Ambassadors are asked to write monthlyjournals of their progress in their projects, including photos when possible of any events. Viaonline webinars and phone calls, the Ambassadors have a few opportunities to meet one anotherbefore attending SWE and sharing a room with a peer. Formative feedback suggested that girlswho are paired together for rooming at SWE should receive notice of their partner early in thefall, so they could communicate before sharing space for 4 days. At the SWE conference,Ambassadors engage in some of the content of the conference, including keynotes

Conference Session

Graduate Studies Division (GSD) Technical Session 3: Mentorship and Communication in Engineering Graduate Programs

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Magdalena G. Grohman, University of North Texas; Matthew J. Brown Ph.D., Southern Illinois University; Nicholas Raphael Gans, The University of Texas at Arlington; Jeff Glenn Edwards, University of Texas at Dallas

Tagged Divisions

Graduate Studies Division (GSD)

research laboratories and focus on documenting learningprocesses as they unfold during daily practices in the laboratories. Specifically,the goal of our study is to observe and document how graduate students, and otherlab members, learn from one another within the cultural space of the laboratory,and what aspects of laboratory culture facilitate and what impede learning. To thatend, we use cognitive ethnography, an ethnographic approach combined withcognitive science to study cognitive processes through participant-observation oftwo engineering research laboratories. We identified the following themespertaining to learning experiences: scaffolding (structured activities orapprenticeship), peer-to-peer learning, self-directed and self-regulated

Conference Session

Tricks of the Trade for Teaching II

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Zhiwei Guan, University of Washington; Steve Lappenbusch, University of Washington; Jennifer Turns, University of Washington; Jessica Yellin, University of Washington

Tagged Divisions

New Engineering Educators

created over time, toshow the changes and advancement of their writing skills. These two types of portfolios areconsidered to be the basis of the portfolios used in engineering discipline.Besides these two commonly used portfolio models, there are several other types of portfoliomodels being suggested and used in the practice. Cress and McCullouogh-Cress1 designed astudent portfolio as a collection of student goals for learning, works in progress, peer andinstructor feedback, and reflections on the work and processes. Gottlieb2 pointed out thatportfolio designs, contents, and purposes could take on many forms, all of which areeducationally defensible. In order to clarify the variety of portfolios, he proposed adevelopmental scheme, which includes