Conference Session

Laboratory Development in ECE Education

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Adnaan Jiwaji, MIT; James Hardison, MIT; Kayode P. Ayodele, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria; Sandy Stevens Tickodri-Togboa, Makerere University; Alfred Mwambela, University of Dar-es-Salaam; V. Judson Harward, MIT; Jesús A. del Alamo, MIT; Bryant Harrison, MIT; Samuel Gikandi, MIT

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

the oldest university in Tanzania. This position hasallowed the university to play a key role in supporting many newly established universities intheir early stages of growth. Typically, a number of science and technology institutions haverelied on UDSM’s laboratory facilities to conduct experiments required in their curricula.With increasing population, the university has been facing pressure to increase enrollment tocope with the growing number of candidates qualified to enter a higher learning institution. Inturn, this has put pressure on the existing facilities which, for a number of reasons, have notexpanded to reflect the increasing enrollment - a typical problem in many developing countries.An approach to solving this problem was to

Conference Session

Using Classroom Technologies

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Joanna Garner, Pennsylvania State University; Allen Gaudelli, Pennsylvania State University; Sarah Zappe, Pennsylvania State University; Michael Alley, Pennsylvania State University

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

the research on learning and multimedia presentationdesign, which emphasizes the importance of providing images that promote integration betweenconcepts. Not reflected in Table 3 are the decorative images from the use of PowerPoint defaultbackgrounds, such as those shown in Figure 5. In our survey, we determined that 47% of theslide sets examined of slides used such a background. As asserted by Carney and Levin,19 suchdecorative images slightly reduce the comprehension by audiences.Table 3. Common practice statistics on image level.Classification Definition StatisticsDecorates Not relevant to text 5%Partially Represents

Conference Session

Bridging the Gap and Freshman Programs

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Seung Youn Chyung, Boise State University; Janet Callahan, Boise State University; Doug Bullock, Boise State University; Kendra Bridges, Boise State University; Joanna Guild, Boise State University; Cheryl Schrader, Boise State University

Tagged Divisions

Mathematics

classroom and to tailor their instructional strategies toward the individual students with different needs. For example, random students who are studying a subject that demands sequential thinking such as Math may need more attention from the instructors.2. Have students be aware of their dominant learning styles and motivational characteristics. It can help them self-monitor their learning behaviors and give them opportunities to self- correct ineffective study habits, and develop more effective learning behaviors.3. Have instructors be aware of their own dominant learning styles and reflect on their preferred approaches for teaching their subjects. Instructors also have their dominant learning styles which are often their preferred

Conference Session

Retention Tools and Programs

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jon Sticklen, Michigan State University; Thomas Wolff, Michigan State University; Wolfgang Bauer, Michigan State University; Daina Briedis, Michigan State University; Neeraj Buch, Michigan State University; Nathaniel Ehrlich, Michigan State University; John Courtney, Michigan State University; Ruth Heckman, Lansing Community College; Denise Fleming, Michigan State University; Louise Paquette, Lansing Community College; Renee Mickelson, Lansing Community College; Mark Urban-Lurain; Clifford Weil, Michigan State University

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

). Any opinions, findings and conclusions or recommendations expressed in thismaterial are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the NationalScience Foundation (NSF).14. Citations1. The Information Technology Association of America, Innovation and a Competitive U.S. Economy: TheCase for Doubling the Number of STEM Graduates(http://www.itaa.org/workforce/docs/Innovationwhitepaper.pdf). 2005.2. National Science Board, Science and Engineering Indicators 2006 (Two volumes), National ScienceFoundation. 2006.3. National Science Board, Science and Engineering Indicators 2006 (Two volumes), National ScienceFoundation, table 3-2. 2006.4. Seymour, E.; Hewitt, N. M., Talking about leaving : why

Conference Session

Curriculum in Civil Engineering Technology

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

James Lambrechts, Wentworth Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

accredited schools that will have to occur as a consequence of the “raisethe bar” initiative which ASCE and NSPE say is vitally necessary to both imbue globalperspective and restore the technical ability of those seeking licensure as professional engineers.“Raise the bar” will affect the under-graduate side of education by broadening the educationalbackground as noted by ASCE in BOK-2nd edition.10, 11 But at the same time there will besomewhat of a reduced technical content of the BSCE degree. This is not yet reflected incurricula because the full scope of BOK-2 has not yet been incorporated into ABET-EACrequirements.The ultimate goal of ASCE is to have a society of civil engineers who are not just number-crunching analysts, but who instead will be

Conference Session

Our Future in Manufacturing: STEM Outreach

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Winston Erevelles, Robert Morris University; Jennifer Parsons, Robert Morris University

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

STEM outreach programs allows an institution to keep its finger on the pulse of the community and allows the institution to be agile in making programmatic/operational changes in response to feedback.The attributes that have described above are not exhaustive in nature. They reflect theexperiences and findings of the authors over two decades of outreach programs and work.Future Direction and GrowthThe STEM outreach initiative at Robert Morris University was started on a small scale with noexternal funding. It was based on existing laboratory capabilities and resources. Modest feesassessed of the workshop participants were used to defray operational expenses associated witheach event. A grant from the Claude Worthington Benedum Foundation

Conference Session

Technological Literacy and K-12 Engineering

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Faik Karatas, Purdue University; George Bodner, Purdue University

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

. Page 14.1273.11 Based on the findings of this study we recommended that any professional developmentprograms or teacher education curriculums that intent to enhance teachers’ scientific andtechnological literacy should take into account followings: ≠ Teachers’ knowledge about engineering is tacit, although they don’t usually think or talk about it. Thus, a professional development program or teacher preparation program should be designed to allow teachers to reflect on their views of engineering to be aware of their knowledge of and about engineering. Having practicing engineers talk to teachers in a small group environment might lead teachers to have a better understanding of engineering as

Conference Session

Think Outside the Box! K-12 Engineering Curriculum

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Tara Gomez, California Institute of Technology; Oliver Loson, California Institute of Technology; Douglas Yung, California Institute of Technology; Sindhuja Kadambi, California Institute of Technology; Paul Lee, California Institute of Technology; Luz Rivas, California Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

classroom period and was critical forsolidifying the lessons taught in the reading and lecture. The lecturer would allow additional timeafter both the lecture and the laboratory exercise for a class discussion to aid in understanding thecore ideas. Classroom discussions were engaging and rewards were given to discussionparticipants as positive reinforcement.There was a daily problem set assignment that reflected the ideas discussed in the lab. Thishomework assignment was generally due on the following day. Additionally, daily homeworkalso included a 30-minute pre-reading assignment that prepared the students for the laboratory tobe performed the next day.Laboratory exercises were completed in the teaching laboratory spaces found on the

Conference Session

Exploring Retention

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jeong Hwan Choi, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign; Jacob Marszalek, University of Missouri, Kansas City; Joyce Lee, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign; Susan Linnemeyer, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

toperformance?” The aforementioned results partially answer the question by indicating that boththe ICE and SAGE programs affected student performance together. However, of particularinterest was whether the ICE program affected performance, so the above analysis was replicatedwith the subsample of students who participated in either ICE or both ICE and SAGE, and theirmatches (an analysis of ICE-only students was not possible because there were less than 10).GPAs were reweighted to reflect the new groupings, and all tests of the assumptions weresatisfactory. Page 14.596.12A full-factorial repeated-measures general linear model was again run to compare the

Conference Session

Assessment and Curriculum Development

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

David Hall, Louisiana Tech University; Stan Cronk, Louisiana Tech University; James Nelson, Louisiana Tech University; Patricia Brackin, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation.Bibliography 1. 2008-2009 ABET Criteria for Engineering Accreditation; http://www.abet.org/Linked%20Documents- UPDATE/Criteria%20and%20PP/E001%2008-09%20EAC%20Criteria%2012-04-07.pdf 2. National Academy of Engineering, “The Engineer of 2020.” The National Academies Press, Washington DC, 2004. www.nap.edu 3. Litzinger, Thomas; Wise, John; Lee, Sangha; Simpson, Timothy; Joshi, Sanjay. 2001. Assessing Readiness for Lifelong Learning. Proceedings of the 2001 ASEE Annual Conference. pp. 2211-2219 4. Nelson, S. 2001. Impact of Technology on Individuals and Society: A critical thinking and lifelong learning class for

Conference Session

The Ever-Changing Course

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Amy Thompson, University of New Haven; Jean Nocito-Gobel, University of New Haven

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

, mathematical, simulated, physical) reflecting all significant aspects of the requirements and constraints• Simulating or testing and analyzing system solution(s) against environmental models• Iterating as necessary to revise the system model or environmental models, or to revise system requirements if too stringent for a viable solution until the design and requirements are fully compatible. Figure 7. System Engineering Method Page 14.735.12Instructors have assigned this project for several years to achieve some of the original outcomesof the course. The major outcome associated with this assignment and assessment includesgetting students to begin to think about how to

Conference Session

International Initiatives, Partnerships, Teaching Strategies & Collaborative Networks (IUCEE, IFEES, LACCEI.... )

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Andy Ward, Ohio State University; Ann Christy, Ohio State University; Robert J. Gustafson; Jessica D'Ambrosio; Kurt Paterson, Michigan Technological University

Tagged Divisions

International

Conference Session

Professional Issues in Civil Engineering Education

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Karen Chou, Minnesota State University, Mankato; Deborah Nykanen, Minnesota State University, Mankato

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

employment period.• In order for the faculty member to gain the most during the short summer months, they need to work on as many different projects as possible. These projects should reflect different engineering applications in the faculty member’s discipline. In some cases, the faculty member’s contribution to a project could be very minimal or simply as an observer.• Sometimes, it is not necessary for the faculty member to see the projects from the beginning to the end. If the faculty member participates in different stages of a project and participates in enough projects, collectively, he/she should have an understanding of how a project is initiated, planned, designed, and executed that would generate fruitful

Conference Session

Design Communications

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Keelin Leahy, University of Limerick; William Gaughran, University of Limerick

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

of these stages is reflected in the students’design folder. However, generally design is taught in a linear and assessment based approach,stifling design ability and creativity; “If one only works from within an established pattern thenone tends to follow its natural line of development and is unlikely to restructure the pattern.”[16]The present design process works to a certain extent however “many students shut down whengiven a list of requirements and constraints”[17] thus design ability and creativity aresuppressed..Figure 2: Irish curriculum design process[18].The cognitive activity involved in design activity in the professional world is an area of greatambiguity. As a result the assessment in post primary education is dominant on the

Conference Session

Entrepreneurship Education: Cases and Models

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Dana Clarke, Applied Innovation Alliance; Donald Reimer, Lawrence Technological University; Ahad Ali, Lawrence Technological University

Tagged Divisions

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation

enhanced the problem solving capabilities of the students in entrepreneurial orintrapreneurial environments.Selected Articles and ExperienceThe instructors utilized personal experiences, cases, articles and class discussions. Students wereexpected to participate in the learning process by bringing personal experiences and reflecting onthe articles, cases and class discussions on Business Week articles, HBR articles including PeterF. Drucker’s article and TRIZ Journal to research specific topics; ideality, resources, etc.SpeakersThe instructors arranged to bring in three speakers (one from industry, one with extensiveexperience in Structured Innovation and a recent graduate who is employed as an innovationtechnologist) to address Structured

Conference Session

Engineering in the Middle Grades

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kari Cook, Brigham Young University; Geoff Wright; Steve Shumway; Ronald Terry, Brigham Young University

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

technologyeducation, it is actually a refinement of technology education to include a broader skill set andfocus. This also reflects the view that technology education keep up with the world’s businessand economic engineering and technology focus.In light of these suggestive technology education curriculum and objectives modifications, thereis a need to evaluate the influence of the changes. The Technology Attitude Scale (TAS) andPupils Attitudes Toward Technology (PATT) have been used to ascertain students’ attitudetoward and understanding of technology, however, the tools do not include engineering issues.2Thus a comprehensive instrument was needed to measure student interest, perception, attitude,and understanding of both engineering and technology. In

Conference Session

Teaching Mechanics of Materials and General Mechanics Education

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Henry Christiansen, Brigham Young University; Steven Benzley, Brigham Young University; Spencer Guthrie, Brigham Young Univeristy; Gaurab Paudel, Brigham Young University

Tagged Divisions

Mechanics

Engineering Technology students take bothstatics and mechanics of materials with the engineering students. The College decision to givethe Civil and Environmental Engineering Department this overall responsibility has significantlycontributed to the economy of the resulting program.As shown in the five year average enrollment graph, Figure 1, the average mechanics course sizewas growing modestly but remained under 40 students until in the early nineteen eighties. Then,during the late nineteen eighties and into the early nineteen nineties, the average class size grewto about 100 students per class and has remained approximately at that level. The early growthrate reflected a desire and ability to keep classes small and the average rate of increase

Conference Session

Developing Young MINDS in Engineering: Part II

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Susan Walden, University of Oklahoma; Randa Shehab, University of Oklahoma

Tagged Divisions

Minorities in Engineering

leadership and organizational practices can unintentionally excludestudents the organizations are intended to include. Future studies might examine in more depththe diversity of students within a perceived homogeneous group and how sub-group cultureswork to include or exclude certain members.AcknowledgementThis material is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation's Directorate ofUndergraduate Education's STEM Talent Expansion Program Grant No. DUE- 0431642. Anyopinions, findings and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those ofthe authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation. Theauthors wish to acknowledge the contributions of numerous colleagues and students who

Conference Session

International Study Abroad Programs

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

E James Nelson, Brigham Young University; Rollin Hotchkiss, Brigham Young University; Lourdes Manley, Brigham Young University; Oscar Dzul, Universidad Autonoma de Zacatecas; Joshua Draper, Brigham Young University

Tagged Divisions

International

requirement. Therefore, those people were put in groups with others who do speakSpanish. This enabled those who did not speak Spanish to contribute and communicate with theirMexican teammates without having to learn the language and might explain why learningSpanish had a much lower score than the other goals. In future surveys this question will beapproached differently so that it reflects distinctively the feelings of those who speak Spanishfluently and those who do not. Page 14.451.10 Technical Competence 3.8 3.8 Language

Conference Session

Building Diversity in Engineering Graduate Programs

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ashley Johnson, Georgia Institute of Technology; Jill Auerbach, Georgia Institute of Technology; Adrianne Prysock, Georgia Institute of Technology; Leyla Conrad, Georgia Institute of Technology; Gary May, Georgia Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Minorities in Engineering

research results into a publication.Maintaining a research notebook helps students keep all of their research work in an organizedform that parallels the process of their work. With their notebooks in hand, the SURE ProgramCoordinator led the discussion on methods for documenting student research findings and how touse the research notebook to identify, evaluate, reflect and refine their information collectionprocess. Questions such as “Should I keep an electronic or paper notebook,” “How often shouldI update my research notebook,” and “What should I put in my research notebook” wereaddressed during the workshop. Notes provided to the participants on research notebooks aredetailed in Fairley3.The second workshop on documentation was led by a

Conference Session

Multidisciplinary Capstone Design Projects

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sarel Lavy, Texas A&M University

Tagged Divisions

Multidisciplinary Engineering

items should be reflected; for example,Emergency Generator Log, Fire Sprinkler Log, Filter Log, Daily Rounds, Electrical ReceptacleTest Log, Kitchen Hood Inspection, Water Chemistry Test Log, and Vehicle Log.The students were asked to review maintenance records and find out different performanceindicators, such as the percentage of in-house vs. outsourcing work orders performed, percentageof in-house vs. outsourcing costs, and the percentage of preventive vs. corrective maintenance Page 14.1136.13conducted. The following text is quoted from the students’ report: “The first component that wefocused on was the computerized facility maintenance

Conference Session

Design in Freshman and Sophomore Courses

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Thomas Schubert, University of San Diego; Frank Jacobitz, University of San Diego; Ernest Kim, University of San Diego

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

Introduction to Engineering ,a Comprehensive Approach, 5th ed., pp. 352-353, Great Lakes Press, Wildwood, MO, 2006.3 Jonathan Wickert, An Introduction to Mechanical Engineering, Brooks/Cole-Thomson Learning, Belmont, CA, 2004.4 Clive L Dym and Patrick Little, Engineering Design, A Project-Based Introduction, 2nd ed. John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken, NJ, 2004.5 Saeed Moaveni, Engineering Fundamentals: An Introduction to Engineering, Brooks/Cole-Thomson Learning, Pacific Grove, CA. 2002.6 Donald A. Schön, The Reflective Practitioner: How Professionals Think in Action, Basic Books, New York, NY, 1983.7 Barry Hyman, Fundamentals of Engineering Design, 2nd ed., Prentice-Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ, 2003.8 Ralph M. Ford and Chris S. Coulston

Conference Session

Contemporary Issues in CHE Education

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Paul Blowers, University of Arizona

Tagged Divisions

Chemical Engineering

activities designed to foster self-reflection and investigation of career pathways can bebuilt directly into required courses. This is particularly useful when it is done consistently and isevaluated formally as part of the student's academic performance. Assignments that have beenused to do this successfully include a one page essay where students describe why they areinterested in their major and what aspects of possible careers interest them after a short lecture onthe possibilities. Another activity involves a lecture on resumes, their content, and how tostructure them to be concise and attractive, followed by an assignment requiring students tosubmit a resume for critique and scoring. This activity has been done at the freshman level tomotivate

Conference Session

Investigating Alternative-energy Concepts

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Narayanan Komerath, Georgia Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Energy Conversion and Conservation

. This reflects the philosophy taught in ourcourse that the “Requirements Definition” is the real core of the project design, and involves thegreatest thinking and learning of issues. They confirmed the importance of providing feedback,and setting clear and high expectations, rewards and incentives. These findings reinforce ourcourse structure, especially aspects such as the midterm public poster presentation. This sets up avery focused and probably scary event, from which students come back exhilarated by thefinding that they do very well in explaining their ideas to an outside audience.Learning ResourcesThe search for good learning resources on this complex area took us far and wide. There aremany resources, but they are spread out over the

Conference Session

Programmatic Issues in Physics or Engineering Physics

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Teresa Larkin, American University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Physics & Physics

making students the“experts.” Some of the topics students in the spring 2008 PNM class chose to write about areexpressed in the following paper titles: ≠ Capturing the Stars: The Reflecting Telescope ≠ LASIK: Bringing “Good” Vision to “Great” Vision ≠ RFID: Radio Frequency Identification ≠ The Sound of Music: The Physics of a Violin ≠ Acoustics of the Mixing/Mastering Studio ≠ Professional Recording: Evolutions in Audio Technology ≠ The Deadliest Predators: Sharks and the Bioelectromagnetic SenseIn addition to writing about topics that relate to topics covered in class during the semester,students are also encouraged to choose topics that overlap in some way with their major area of

Conference Session

Exploring Retention

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Susan Freeman, Northeastern University; Beverly Jaeger, Beverly Jaeger, and Richard Whalen are members of Northeastern University’s; Richard Whalen, Northeastern University

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

as cars, amuseum, a person not listed previously, building a fort. Some mentioned 3 to 5 times were Legosor toys, curiosity, programming, internship, non-relative such as a friend’s Dad, and high pay.Only once was the web mentioned, we thought maybe we had missed that category given theprolific use of the internet and the amount of time students seem to be on the internet. But interms of career choices, we saw no mention of the internet as a contributor to their decision.What is Engineering?We also asked our students “What is engineering”? This question helps first-year instructorscalibrate to the students’ preconceptions of their selected major. Content analysis revealed thatthere were 4 dominant responses –solving problems (39% reflected

Conference Session

Gender and Minority Issues in K-12 Engineering

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Tirupalavanam Ganesh, Arizona State University; John Thieken, Arizona State University; Monica Elser, Arizona State University; Stephen Krause, Arizona State University; Dale Baker, Arizona State University; Chell Roberts, Arizona State University; Sharon Kurpius-Robinson, Arizona State University; James Middleton, Arizona State University; Jay Golden, Arizona State University

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

or recommendationsexpressed in this material are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the viewsof the National Science Foundation (NSF). Page 14.525.3Theoretical FrameworkThe recent national emphasis on the design, development, and implementation of K-12engineering education curricula has increased interest in assessing students’ knowledge ofengineering. Many adults and students in the US have deficient understandings of engineers andwhat engineers do1. In addition, engineering is among the least gender equitable professions witha workforce that is only 11% female2. Researchers have argued that the cause for such adiscrepancy has

Conference Session

Thermodynamics, Fluids, and Heat Transfer II

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Subrata Bhattacharjee, San Diego State University; Christopher Paolini, San Diego State University

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

same way as the non-premixed daemons. The differencecomes from the fact that the Reaction Panel now has only two blocks – one for reactants and one Figure 11. The Process Panel set up for calculating the adiabatic temperature in a closed chamber.for products. Therefore the State Panel and the Device Panel are also modified to reflect a singleinlet and a single exit for the premixed reactor. Balancing a reaction requires selecting thereactants and products and entering amounts of (n − a) components, where n is the total numberof species that appear in the reaction and a is the number of atoms. For the theoreticalcombustion of methane, the reaction can be balanced by entering 1 kg of methane and 17.201 kgof air as reactants, selecting the

Collection

1996 Annual Conference

Authors

Clifford Bragdon; Carl Berkowitz

be an Hispanic worker. The Hispanic labor force is likely toincr~ rmmbem-to 17 million by the year 2005, growing at an average of 3.5 percent annuall y. The number .of Asians will be an estimated 3.8 percent of the 2005 work force; the number of blacks will rise to almost 13percent. Transportation markets reflect the trend toward greater diversity. For example, the number of minoritieswho ~ truck drivers increased from 16.4 percent in 1980 to over 25 percent in 1990.In the fqture, the overall population growth rate will slow but its diversity will rise. A key success factor fortransportation specialists and managers will be their ability to understand and coach their diverse work forceeffectively.Women in the Work ForceIn 1970,42 percent of

Collection

1997 Annual Conference

Authors

Susan C. Grant; Sarah A. Rajala; Richard L. Porter; Kristine C. Lawyer; Hugh Fuller

). As a result, and as has been the case for years, SATmathematics scores for males and females reflect the difference in preparation, with about29% of the 1996 college-bound male seniors scoring 600 or better, compared to only 18%of their female counterparts (5).One might think that by the time this winnowing process is complete, the men andwomen who had completed all of the prerequisite course work in mathematics andscience with grades high enough to be accepted into a college of engineering would beequally confident of their abilities to succeed. However, when women enter engineeringclassrooms on college campuses, they find themselves in a overwhelmingly male domain.It is in this environment that they will not only learn the subject matter