Conference Session

Entrepreneurship Division Poster Sessions

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kenneth Ports, QTS, Inc.; Dennis Kulonda, Florida Tech; Clifford Bragdon, Florida Tech; Carmo D'Cruz, Florida Tech

Tagged Divisions

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation

College and the Director of the National Aviation and Transportation Center in New York. His Ph.D. is in the field of City Planning from the University of Pennsylvania.Dennis Kulonda, Florida Tech Dr. Dennis J. Kulonda is a scholar/entrepreneur with substantial academic and industry experience. He served as Director of the Engineering Management Program at the University of Central Florida; Dean, College of Business at Alfred University, New York; and Director of the Center for Professional Development at James Madison University. He has had industry experience as Managing Partner of Operations Associates; manager of Education Consulting at Broadway & Seymour; and Industry Consultant

Conference Session

Capstone Design II

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kenneth Soda, U.S. Air Force Academy; Gregory Toussaint, U.S. Air Force Academy; Albert Batten, U.S. Air Force Academy

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

an Assistant Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering at the United States Air Force Academy and the Chief of the Electronic Systems Division. He received his BS degree in Electrical Engineering from Cornell University in 1989. He completed his MS degree in Systems Engineering at the Air Force Institute of Technology in 1992. In 2000, he completed his PhD in Electrical Engineering at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. His graduate work and research have focused on nonlinear control theory, automated path planning, and decision making. His current research is exploring the control aspects of multiple unmanned aerial vehicles. In 2004, he completed a one-year exchange

Conference Session

Software Engineering Curriculum Support

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

James McDonald, Monmouth University

Tagged Divisions

Software Engineering Constituent Committee

a 1997 task force report onengineering education assessment6. Maxim7 has provided an excellent overview of onesoftware engineering program’s plan to assess their program.Criterion 2 of ABET’s current criteria for accreditation of engineering programs4 requiresthat, “Each engineering program for which an institution seeks accreditation orreaccreditation must have in place: (a) detailed published educational objectives that are consistent with the mission of the institution and these criteria Page 11.1384.2 (b) a process based on the needs of the program’s various constituencies in which the objectives are determined and periodically

Conference Session

International Engineering Education II

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Greg Mowry, University of St. Thomas-St. Paul

Tagged Divisions

International

distributed throughout country living in smallvillages and generally isolated farms.The present energy situation in Moldova is clearly not sustainable and highly undesirable.However, the lack of traditional energy resources and mineral wealth, combined with the factorspreviously noted, excludes traditional energy solutions. Hence any long-term energy plan mustfactor in the present debt load, the general lack of mineral resources, a distributed populationbase, and the existing agricultural economy. Consequently the unique conditions that currentlyexist in Moldova are conducive to unconventional approaches for resolving the presentdependence on foreign energy. Given the lack of an existing wide-spread power grid combinedwith lack of energy resources

Conference Session

K-12 Programs for Recruiting Women

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Karen White, Purdue University; Mara Wasburn, Purdue University

Tagged Divisions

Women in Engineering

over thepast decade to improve gender equity in STEM education and workforce. These programs seekto provide information and other support for women and girls, allowing them to make betterinformed decisions with respect to their educational activities and career planning.6,7 Given theproliferation of such efforts, some measurable effect on “entry and persistence” of women intothese professions should be expected. However, data do not indicate substantial gains.4,8The possibility exists that the apparent failure of these programs is due to a failure to implementor adopt them broadly. Teachers may lack the time to locate and evaluate additional resources toaddress such gender equity issues, or may lack the budget to adopt commercially

Conference Session

Outreach and Recruitment

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sheree Watson, Montana State University; Heidi Sherick, Montana State University; Carolyn Plumb, Montana State University

Tagged Divisions

Minorities in Engineering

engineering, (2) Help shape the engineering, engineering technology,and computer science workforce by increasing the number of American Indian studentsgraduating from the College of Engineering, and (3) Improve access to qualityengineering and technology to rural and underserved populations by returning highlyeducated professionals to these communities.In two previous papers,1,2 we talked about the need for the DOC program and ourprogram activities. This paper builds on previous papers by discussing programevaluation. In summer of 2004, we developed a comprehensive plan for assessing allaspects of the program. We have used this assessment plan and the data collected toevaluate our progress and to guide changes in the program. In this paper, we

Conference Session

FPD4 -- Real-World Case Studies & Projects

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ari Epstein, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Alberta Lipson, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Rafael Bras, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Kip Hodges, Massachusetts Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

idealized habitation plan for permanent residents and visitors that minimizes impact on the Islands’ ecosystems. • 2005-2006 (Mission 2009): Develop a comprehensive plan for tsunami preparedness in the circum-Pacific region, focusing on two developing nations—one in the islands of the western Pacific, and the other on the west coast of South America. Include: quantitative estimation of tsunami risk and hazard; engineering and land-use strategies to limit impact of tsunamis on people and the environment; methods for communicating tsunami warnings and evacuating the populace; and ways to prioritize and coordinate relief efforts.Once the problem has been introduced, it is up to the students in the

Conference Session

ECE Poster Session

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ravel Ammerman, Colorado School of Mines; Pankaj Sen, Colorado School of Mines

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

in both the course objectives and course outline that are providedbelow.[11] [12]Course Objectives • Students will be able to describe the power flow problem formulated as a set of nonlinear algebraic equations which are most suitable for a computer solution, and will be able to explain and perform the Jacobi, Gauss-Seidel and Newton-Raphson methods of analysis. • Students will demonstrate proficiency in the use of PowerWorld Simulator software, create power system models and apply the models to analyze power system operations. • Students will be able to evaluate an existing power system and perform a contingency analysis to understand the vulnerability of the network. System planning is an important aspect of power

Conference Session

Faculty Development: Tenure & Promotion

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Garrick Louis, University of Virginia

Tagged Divisions

New Engineering Educators

complete the work successfully. Thebroader impacts criterion looks for the integration of research and education, the capacityto leverage existing research and education facilities and infrastructure, and the keyaspect of broadening the participation of students from groups that are underrepresentedin the disciplines of higher education that are relevant to the proposal.The Project DescriptionThe project description has a 15-page limit. It is the most important section of theproposal. In the early years of the CAREER program it was called the CareerDevelopment Plan. To a certain extent, the project description is a detailed version of theproject summary. It must follow a logical sequence from the problem statement toexpected results. The narrative

Conference Session

International Case Studies, Collaborations and Interactions

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Wenlung Li, National Taipei University of Technology; Jhy-Cherng Tsai, National Chung-Hsing University, TAIWAN; Wei-Chung Wang, National Tsing-Hua University, TAIWAN; Cheng-Kuo Sung, National Tsing-Hua University, TAIWAN; Jennie Wu, Ministry of Education, TAIWAN

Tagged Divisions

International

Education (MOE) has initiated the ‘The Research and EducationAdvancement Project’ (REAP) to assure both quantity and quality of the manpower can meet theneeds. The major goal is to re-arrange the educational resources in such a way that they can bemore efficiently used while the quality of graduates can be further raised. Firstly, several so-called the “strategic industries” are identified depending on the country’s economy plans. In themean time, the programs that matching with those strategic industries are initiated one afteranother by MOE. Unlike the traditional educational programs, the REAP emphasizes the inter-university collaborations. Among these many capstone programs in REAP, the precisionmechatronics program, started in 1997, includes

Conference Session

Technical Issues in Architectural Engineering II

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Christopher Jarrett, Georgia Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Architectural

primary force behind the work of various leaders in the ecological design community[1]. Gravity and the second law of thermodynamics set the stage for disseminating a vast arrayof scientific principles. Energy is plotted. Solar angles are graphed. Thermal flows are mapped.These science-based principles are fundamental to producing new green technologies andvarious shades of green in the plans and sections of our buildings [2]. And the science behindthe environment continues to prosper. The challenge in architectural education however hasbeen the development of more inclusive, creative, even conflictive understandings of ecologyand environmental design that expand beyond the germane integration of environmental scienceprinciples and new green

Conference Session

Design for Community and Environment

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Serdar Tumkor, Istanbul Technical University; Karl Haapala, Michigan Technological University; Vishesh Kumar, Michigan Technological University; John Sutherland, Michigan Technological University

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

design, process planning and manufacturing, gear and continuously variable transmission manufacturing, design for optimum cost, online design catalogs, and web-based collaboration.Karl Haapala, Michigan Technological University Karl R. Haapala is an NSF IGERT Doctoral Trainee and Graduate Scholar in the Sustainable Futures Institute at Michigan Technological University. He is currently pursuing a Ph.D. in Mechanical Engineering – Engineering Mechanics focusing on predictive manufacturing process models for improving product environmental performance. He received his B.S. (2001) and M.S. (2003) in Mechanical Engineering from Michigan Technological University.Vishesh Kumar, Michigan Technological

Conference Session

Global Engineering in an Interconnected World

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Maria M. Larrondo Petrie

Tagged Divisions

International

States’sEngineering for the Americas Symposium, the Latin American and Caribbean Consortium ofEngineering Institutions (LACCEI) proposed an assessment model that provides a five-levelevaluation that could lead to accreditation. This paper describes the model, which applies amulti-level, model-based process improvement model widely used in the software systemsengineering, called the Capability Maturity Model (CMM), to Engineering Education. Model-based process improvement uses a model to guide the improvement of an organization’sprocesses and aims to increase the capability of work processes. Process capability is theinherent ability of a process to produce planned results. This paper presents an overview of theCMM and proposes three CMM-based models for

Conference Session

Approaches to Teaching Entrepreneurship

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Minnie Patel, San Jose State University; Anuradha Basu, San Jose State University

Tagged Divisions

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation

systematic way.Despite the fact that SJSU is located in the heart of the Silicon Valley, the engineering studentsat SJSU are not adequately exposed to entrepreneurship as revealed by a preliminary survey bythe authors. To bridge this gap, we plan to develop teaching material for an engineeringentrepreneurship course at the undergraduate level supported by a CCLI grant from the NationalScience Foundation.The objective of the present paper is to describe a process of selecting appropriate coursematerial for teaching engineering entrepreneurship in order to dispel some of the common mythsabout entrepreneurship amongst undergraduates at SJSU. This paper also discusses the value andimpact of the two approaches identified above in educating and exposing

Conference Session

Building Communities for Engineering Education Research

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Robin Adams, Purdue University; Philip Bell, University of Washington; Cheryl Allendoerfer, University of Washington; Helen Chen, Stanford University; Larry Leifer, Stanford University; Lorraine Fleming, Howard University; Bayta Maring, University of Washington; Dawn Williams, Howard University

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

laboratory”. Thisfocus put the classroom as the primary zone of impact and Scholars’ studies followed a“scholarship of merit” model (e.g., a traditional model of conducting research). For the secondISEE, the theme expanded the zone of impact to the program or college level (“campus as lab”).For this cycle, a “scholarship of impact” was the central format. “Impact studies” emphasize aprocess of bridging research and practice and involve using research findings to develop animpact plan at the program level. Impact plans included information on potential impactnetworks or pathways, as well as the needs and communication practices of people within thosenetworks. For the third cycle, the theme is “nation as lab,” reflecting an interest at the hostschool

Conference Session

Professional Graduate Education & Industry Duplicate Session

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Donald Keating, University of South Carolina; Thomas Stanford, University of South Carolina; John Bardo, Western Carolina University; Eugene DeLoatch, Morgan State University; Duane Dunlap, Western Carolina University; Albert McHenry, Arizona State University; Joseph Tidwell, Arizona State University; Niaz Latif, Purdue University; Mark Schuver, Purdue University; David Quick; Dennis Depew, Purdue University; Roger Olson, Rolls-Royce; Samuel Truesdale, Rolls-Royce; Jay Snellenberger, Rolls-Royce; Stephen Tricamo, New Jersey Institute of Technology; Harvey Palmer, Rochester Institute of Technology; Mohammad Noori, California State Polytechnic University; Kathleen Gonzalez Landis, University of Arizona; Ronald Bennett, University of St. Thomas

graduate education to nurture the further growth of industry’s Page 11.537.8core engineers on a continuous basis throughout their professional careers.4. Recommendations ─Setting the Agenda for the Next Steps for ActionDeveloping the innovative capacity of the U.S. engineering workforce in industry, through thedeliberate advancement of professionally oriented graduate education, is a critical first step inaccelerating U.S. technological leadership for economic competitiveness and for nationalsecurity purposes.4.1 Plan of ActionThe National Collaborative Task Force on Engineering Graduate Education Reform proposes toinitiate and guide a major reform

Conference Session

Engineering Without Borders Programs Involving Students

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Rachel Husfeld, Valparaiso University; Carmine Polito, Valparaiso University; Elizabeth Gingerich, Valparaiso University

Tagged Divisions

International

2006-1043: LESSONS IMPLEMENTED ON AN INTERNATIONAL SERVICELEARNING PROJECTRachel Husfeld, Valparaiso University RACHEL HUSFELD served as the 2005 student president of the Valparaiso University chapter of Engineers Without Borders. Originally from Houston, Texas, she is a senior civil engineering major graduating in May 2006. Rachel plans to pursue a master’s degree in structural engineering beginning in the fall of 2006.Carmine Polito, Valparaiso University CARMINE POLITO is the Frederick F. Jenny, Jr. Professor of Emerging Technology at Valparaiso University, where he has taught civil engineering courses for the last five years. He serves as a faculty advisor to the Valparaiso University

Conference Session

Promoting Scientific and Technological Literacy

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Pam Newberry, Project Lead The Way; T. Richard Grimsley, Project Lead The Way; John Hansen, The University of Texas-Tyler; Anne Spence, University of Maryland-Baltimore County

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

1,100 high schoolsworking to improve students’ academic and technical achievement. This effort is based on anumber of unique features, such as requiring students to take the right academic courses;customizing improvement plans to the unique needs of each school; having students completequality vocational and technical courses; building programs on existing school strengths; havingteachers engage students in difficult assignments in all courses; having students receive extrahelp in meeting higher standards; having schools offer a supportive guidance system; and havingschools provide time and an organizational structure to allow teachers to work together. HighSchools That Work is about raising achievement by changing what is taught, how it is

Conference Session

Civil Engineering in the Classroom

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Waddah Akili, Iowa State University

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

education provides agreater understanding of the multifaceted nature of civil engineering.(7,8) They can be used tosimulate a variety of learning protocols such as: design and analysis experiences,interdisciplinary issues and concerns, costs, hazards, owner preferences, and compliance withstandards and guidelines. Cases, by and large, describe situations, projects, problems, decisions,etc., and are primarily derived from actual experience, and do reflect thoughts, outlook, andconcerns of: managers, professionals, regulatory agencies, communities, and owners. Cases arealso widely used in other disciplines such as: education, medicine, and law.This paper describes the steps taken in planning, developing, and executing a case study/ casehistory course

Conference Session

ECE Curriculum Innovations

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Cynthia Furse, University of Utah; Behrouz Farhang-Boroujeny, University of Utah; Stephanie Richardson, University of Utah; Rohit Verma, University of Utah; April Kedrowicz, University of Utah; Bryan Stenquist, University of Utah

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

System) 4.0Senior Fall SpringSenior Thesis I 2.0 Senior Thesis II 3.0Elective: Microwave Eng I Elective: Numerical Methods(FSK WLAN) 3.0 (Microstrip Modeling) 3.0Elective: Antennas Elective: Control Systems(Triband Antenna Design) 3.0 (Magnetic Levitation Control System) 3.0Elective: Business/Eng Elective: Business/Eng(Business Plan) 1.0 (Business Plan) 1.0Fine Art Gen Ed

Conference Session

Capstone Design and Entrepreneurship

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

John Ochs, Lehigh University; Gerard Lennon, Lehigh University; Todd Watkins, Lehigh University; Graham Mitchell, Lehigh University

Tagged Divisions

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation

as a capstone experience. To date, several pilot teams have successfullycompleted the sequence, completed their undergraduate engineering requirements andused the capstone courses to develop products and undertake business planning for theirstart up technical ventures. In addition to the courses in the entrepreneurship minor,infrastructure is in place to support a Student Entrepreneurship Competition in whichstudent teams can develop prototypes and their ideas into business plan proposals forseveral sources of possible seed funding. The infrastructure includes a mentoringentrepreneurs’ network of Lehigh alumni, an on-campus student-start-up incubator, andnew early-stage follow-up funding. This paper will describe the integration of

Conference Session

Environmental Engineering Curricula

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Nicholas Scambilis, Sinclair Community College; Jennifer Wise, Sinclair Community College

Tagged Divisions

Environmental Engineering

evaluation team will present the preliminary findings before they depart from the institution. The timeline starts from the day they depart and includes:3 • Within fourteen days: Provide any additional information and or corrections. This is the time to lay out your plan for correcting any findings. • Draft Statement is prepared by the Team Chair and forwarded to the institution. • Within thirty days: Institution responds to the Draft Statement. The responses, if appropriate, are incorporated into the Final Report. Page 11.1191.3 • Month of July: Team Chief presents final report at the ABET Annual Meeting. It should be noted that

Conference Session

EM Program Trend and Development

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jerry Westbrook, University of Alabama-Huntsville

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Management

classical management concepts- planning, marketing, accounting, etc. Thesecond group focused on mathematical concepts- operations research, probabilistic models, linearprogramming, etc. and the third focused on behavioral management- motivation, projectmanagement, leadership, etc. This research found that there was no agreement on the type ofcourses that should be in EM programs. Some of the EM programs were formerly existingprograms in Operations Research or Industrial Engineering. The lack of agreement of programcontent allows any university or private company to define EM independently.The American Society of Engineering Management (ASEM) was presented with this informationand realized the serious implications of an ill-defined but popular

Conference Session

Tricks of the Trade in Research

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jason Keith, Michigan Technological University

Tagged Divisions

New Engineering Educators

plan to write a successful proposal at the national level. The NSFprogram solicitations often have a 10-20% funding rate, and it is the “cream-of-the-crop”investigators that have put in tremendous effort that get funded.Many universities often give their young faculty a “honeymoon period” with a lighterteaching load for one or two semesters (or years). If you have this opportunity, use it tocreate your identity within your new area of research Topic Y. Once the “honeymoon isover,” you may not be able to devote the time required during the academic year (youwill likely need one or two months) to write a competitive national proposal.Tip #2: “Diversify Your Portfolio” – Eventually you may wish to do research on one ofthe “hot topics” Topic A or

Conference Session

Emerging Trends in Engineering Education Poster Session

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kathleen Harper, Ohio State University; John Demel, Ohio State University; Richard Freuler, Ohio State University

approached. At this time, it appears thatmost problems typically encountered in introductory courses will fit into one of these matrixblocks. The point is not that any problem situation can be modified to fit in a different block ofthe matrix. In fact, the team came up with several problem situations that were not easilymodifiable to fit all the blocks of the matrix, but that would fit in 6 blocks rather easily.Recall that the purpose of this matrix, as well as the vocabulary list, is to facilitate discussionsamong interdisciplinary faculty concerning problem solving. In current plans, it is highlyunlikely that students will see the exact matrices presented here, but they may see somemodification. The goal is not to encourage a cut-and-paste

Conference Session

Mechanical ET Design & Projects

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Joseph Dues, Purdue University-New Albany; Nghia Le, Purdue University-New Albany

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

electronic circuits to count the cycles until thespecimen breaks. The prototype was then tested in the classroom to show that it is capable ofperforming high cycle fatigue tests.This paper describes the development and construction of a classroom ready fatigue tester and itsassociated electronics for a sophomore level mechanical engineering technology strength ofmaterials course. It includes a discussion of the performance of the fatigue tester, and theassessment, evaluation and improvement planned for the project. Lastly, it describes the broaderimpact of this project to better educate engineering technology students in the implications offatigue failures.IntroductionIn the limits of the classroom, both time and space, it is difficult for students

Conference Session

Faculty Involvement in International Engineering Education

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mark Henderson, Arizona State University

Tagged Divisions

International

,February 26-27, 2004.The workshop structure included sessions entitled Inspiration, Discernment, Breakout Discussionand Collective Summation and Planning. The overall goal was to define the major issues in GEEand to reach consensus on action items to further the success and spread of GEE. Concludingwith action items was a strategic necessity. Ending the workshop with a list of issues andconclusions without “marching orders” would have been incomplete. The action items help the Page 11.1027.2attendees to continue the workshop discussion as they return home and give a sense of purposeand a plan for continuing the workshop in coming years.Among the

Conference Session

Integrating Math, Science, & Engineering

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sarah Maor, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology; Igor Verner, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Mathematics

meetings were dedicated to project guidance and studiodiscussions. Emphasis was put on the mathematical aspects of the project.The tessellation project assignment was as follows:Design a tessellation of a floor surface of 34×55 m2 by means of identical rectangularmodules. The module should be a periodic combination of various geometrical figures.Define proportions and dimensions of the figures using golden section ratio and Fibonaccinumbers. Develop a concept of the designed module choosing one of the followingmetaphoric subjects: a temple, kinder garden, political message, harmony with nature, andmusical impression.The curved surfaces project assignment:Design a plan of a gas station. Start from a zero level plan including access roads, parking

Conference Session

A Serving Profession: Service Learning in Civil Engineering Education

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Nathan Gartner, University of Massachusetts-Lowell; John TIng, University of Massachusetts-Lowell; Oguz Gunes, University of Massachusetts-Lowell; Xiaoqi Zhang, University of Massachusetts-Lowell

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

AutoCAD; being able tocommunicate technical information to an audience in written form; and being able to function Page 11.1358.4effectively in groups. Figure 2. Example design for Davidson Street Parking Lot Re-design Project.Project 2: Intersection Analysis – Traffic Signal Control (Implemented in Fall 2005)The intersection of University Avenue and Riverside Street in Lowell is highly congested and theCity of Lowell plans to optimize the traffic signal settings to improve the operational efficiencyand effectiveness of this intersection control.A traffic study was performed by the Junior class taking core course

Conference Session

Knowing Our Students I

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Trevor Harding, Kettering University; Cynthia Finelli, University of Michigan; Donald Carpenter, Lawrence Technological University; Matthew Mayhew, University of North Carolina-Wilmington

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

individual. When comparing the ethical decision-making of engineering andhumanities students, the authors rely on a modified form of the Theory of Planned Behavior5,6 asa model of the decision-making process used by students when forming an intention to cheat.The purpose of this study, therefore, is to measure the predictive validity of the modified Theoryof Planned Behavior as a model of cheating behavior and the intention to cheat.Theory of Planned BehaviorTo provide a theoretical foundation for this study, the authors chose a modified form of Ajzen’sTheory of Planned Behavior (TPB)5. The modified model includes the explicit variables of theTPB (shown inside the dashed box in Figure 1), plus a variable describing past behavior and anadditional