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Displaying results 211 - 240 of 1550 in total
Conference Session
Promoting Scientific and Technological Literacy
Collection
2006 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Jeremy Ernst, North Carolina State University; Aaron Clark, North Carolina State University
Tagged Divisions
K-12 & Pre-College Engineering
-basedfindings from projects such as VisTE provide for the continued successes in engineering,mathematics, science, and society. Page 11.1181.2I. IntroductionRapid discovery, development, and advancement have increasingly strengthened relationshipsbetween science, technology, and society 1. Unfortunately, schools find it difficult to modernizecurricula given the pace of innovation. The engineering profession is largely responsible forcontinued success in scientific and technological advancement, serving as the driving factor forexpanding the need of a technologically literate population 2. A technologically literate personunderstands and effectively
Conference Session
Design Projects
Collection
2006 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Todd Taylor, U.S. Coast Guard Academy; Kurt Colella, U.S. Coast Guard Academy; William Simpson, U.S. Coast Guard Academy
Tagged Divisions
Design in Engineering Education
practice) to conduct high quality design work in a “just in time” way • addresses a single comprehensive design problem of direct relevance to the Coast Guard and the Department of Homeland Security. • focuses on written and oral communication • relies heavily on both student and faculty teamwork and strategic planning • engages outside constituents as consultants, guest speakers and professional mentors • exposes students to, and involves them in professional society activityThe Ship Design AssignmentEach fall the 1/c (senior) NA&ME students carry out a semester-long design of a USCG cutter ina design team of 4 students. The team is assigned a 4-cubicle suite of design stations withinwhich the 4 designers face
Conference Session
Student Misconceptions and Problem Solving Abiltiy
Collection
2006 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Thomas Litzinger, Pennsylvania State University; Peggy Van Meter, Pennsylvania State University; Monica Wright, Pennsylvania State University; Jonna Kulikowich, Pennsylvania State University
Tagged Divisions
Educational Research and Methods
the strategic and meta-cognitive processes that learners use to integrate multiple representations and acquire knowledge that will transfer and be useful in problem solving. She can be contacted at pnv1@psu.edu. Page 11.15.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2006 A Cognitive Study of Modeling during Problem-solving: An integrated problem solving modelIntroductionA fundamental issue in engineering education is the question of how to improve students’analytical skills.1 Analysis skills are central to engineering students’ abilities to interpret andsolve problems and the
Conference Session
Curricula of the Past, Present, and Future
Collection
2006 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Thomas Litzinger, Pennsylvania State University; Robert Pangborn, Pennsylvania State University; David Wormley, Pennsylvania State University
Tagged Divisions
Educational Research and Methods
gained in creating and institutionalizing theLeadership Development Minor.15The Entrepreneurship Minor began as largely a “top down” approach to change, with those inleadership positions conceiving the vision and plan and then implementing them. In crafting asuccessful NSF Action Agenda effort, the opposite approach was used in which a vision andstrategy were built from the “bottom up.” Shortly after the formation of the Faculty AdvisoryBoard of the Leonhard Center, the Director began a strategic planning process with the FacultyAdvisory Board around the following question: “If you could make any changes you wished,what would you do to increase the success of your students in the workplace?” From thisdiscussion grew two major themes: (1) have
Conference Session
Student Learning and Teamwork
Collection
2006 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
David Myszka, University of Dayton
Tagged Divisions
Engineering Technology
their ownabilities. In most cases, success appeared to please the students and provide the internalmotivation to achieve a correct solution.Example ProjectsA few example projects are given below. The description given to the students alwaysincludes the same format, which includes background, underlying theory and the actualassignment. Also given below is a sample submission for each assignment. I. Slider-Crank Mechanism A. Description Given to the Students Background: Many machines, most notably compressors, operate by imposing movement on a piston, in a linear manner, by rotating a crank. This common machine element is called a slider-crank mechanism and shown in figure 1. Mechanical design engineers often
Conference Session
Curriculum for Green Materials
Collection
2006 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Katherine Chen, California Polytechnic State University; Linda Vanasupa, California Polytechnic State University; Blair London, California Polytechnic State University; Richard Savage, California Polytechnic State University
Tagged Divisions
Materials
Accordingly,our materials engineering curriculum at Cal Poly is currently being revised to nurture moreglobal, effective materials engineers for the future. Our department website4 highlights ourcommitment to sustainability (Figure 1). Figure 1. Cal Poly Materials Engineering department website4 displays the sustainability Page 11.763.2 theme in the curriculum.Our strategy is to infuse sustainability principles within the curriculum, rather than to offer astand alone course. The reasoning is to show how
Conference Session
Successful Outcomes of Student Entrepreneurship
Collection
2006 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Karen Thornton, University of Maryland-College Park; Anik Singal, Affiliate Classroom, Inc.; David Barbe, University of Maryland-College Park; James Green, University of Maryland-College Park
Tagged Divisions
Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation
significant positive influences of education andindustry experience, three further characteristics emerged in this study. These are the founder’ssocial capital, their passion for the new venture, and their personal confidence. Table 1. Comparisons and contrasts of founder characteristics Our Findings Literature Review Education Education Industry experience Industry experience *Social capital Entrepreneurial experience *Passion Founding team *Confidence * Emerging critical success
Conference Session
Electromechanical & Manufacturing ET Curriculum
Collection
2006 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Rodney Handy, Purdue University; Michael Whitt, Purdue University; Michael Lafreniere, Ohio University
Tagged Divisions
Engineering Technology
the addition of formalized lab modules tocomplement course lectures.IntroductionThe manufacturing processes associated with heavy industry have traditionallycontributed detrimentally to the overall health and well-being of factory workers exposedto various contaminants during a normal work shift 1-5. These processes produce airbornetoxins that many times exceed the worker permissible exposure limits allowed by currentoccupational standards. Since the societal pressures for the products created by heavy Page 11.1306.2industries is expected to increase well into the future, it only makes good sense to adopt asuccessful strategy for protecting
Conference Session
Faculty Reward System Reform Duplicate Session
Collection
2006 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Donald Keating, University of South Carolina; Thomas Stanford, University of South Carolina; John Bardo, Western Carolina University; Duane Dunlap, Western Carolina University; Dennis Depew, Purdue University; Niaz Latif, Purdue University; Gary Bertoline, Purdue University; Stephen Tricamo, New Jersey Institute of Technology; Harvey Palmer, Rochester Institute of Technology; Albert McHenry, Arizona State University; Eugene DeLoatch, Morgan State University; Mohammad Noori, California State Polytechnic; Ronald Bennett, University of St. Thomas; Jay Snellenberger, Rolls-Royce; Samuel Truesdale, Rolls-Royce
unittenure and promotion criteria that reflect teaching, professional scholarship, and engagement ofservice in engineering practice. Action 1 ─ To define types of professional scholarly activity or creative performance in professional aspects of engineering as a complement to research Action 2 ─ To define the characteristics of teaching / mentoring that enables growth of working professionals Action 3 ─ To define the characteristics of engagement to society at the advanced professional level in engineering practice Action 4 ─ To define new schemes for financing professional schools (similar to law schools) to sustain advanced professional engineering education
Conference Session
Electrical ET Curriculum
Collection
2006 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Steve Hsiung, Old Dominion University; Jeff Willis, Utah State University
Tagged Divisions
Engineering Technology
. The total design and development ofboth software and hardware was a two year evolutionary process.I. Introduction The 68HC11 EVB (evaluation board) was made by Motorola, Inc. in the 1980’s.9 Dueto the effort of Motorola University Support program, this EVB was very popular in most ofthe universities and community colleges microprocessor/microcontroller related courses andprojects designs. When Motorola spin off their microprocessor division to Freescale Inc., 5 the68HC11 EVB became very hard to obtain. The alternative EVB made by Axiom is moreexpensive. 1 Another draw back is that the alternative board has limited functions as comparedto the original Motorola 68HC11 EVB.1,9 In order to extend the use of the 68HC11 EVB and keep
Conference Session
Unique Laboratory Experiments and Programs
Collection
2006 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Charles Neuman, Queensborough Community College; David Lieberman, Queensborough Community College; Don Engelberg, Queensborough Community College; Alex Flamholz, Queensborough Community College; Paul Marchese, Queensborough Community College; George Tremberger, Queensborough Community College; Tak Cheung, Queensborough Community College
Tagged Divisions
Division Experimentation & Lab-Oriented Studies
' questionsas well as grade improvement.IntroductionOne of the most important functions of an introductory engineering physics course is to providea solid foundation for advancement into higher level courses in the various engineeringdisciplines. In fact, an engineering physics program, together with courses, could be viewed as auniversal donor 1. Fundamental concepts are usually covered in introductory engineeringphysics course. However, it was reported in a recent 2005 case study that some 10 to 15% ofsenior engineering students still have confusion about the difference of energy and temperature 2.The finding is consistent with an earlier 2000 report that some students identify movement ofelectricity and energy transfer as material flows, completely
Conference Session
Modern Software Measurement Techniques
Collection
2006 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
El-Sayed Aziz, Stevens Institute of Technology; Sven Esche, Stevens Institute of Technology; Constantin Chassapis, Stevens Institute of Technology
Tagged Divisions
Instrumentation
infeasible using the realequipment. For example, students use a real beam setup (see Figure 1), apply a sequence ofgiven forces at the free edge of the beam through a graphical user interface (GUI), and submitthe request to a Web server10,11,12. They then receive the experimental results delivered back tothe client side. Figure 1: Remote Beam ExperimentWith the development of the virtual laboratories described in this paper, the students furthermorehave the ability to change the beam dimensions, the beam material, and the location along thebeam axis or laterally besides the hole where the strain is to be determined. These parameterswere included into the simulation model, and their effects can thus be demonstrated with
Conference Session
Design of Laboratory Experiments
Collection
2006 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Ahmed Rubaai, Howard University; James Johnson, Howard University
Tagged Divisions
Division Experimentation & Lab-Oriented Studies
. Thelaboratory course brings together undergraduates from two engineering departments (electricaland mechanical) with plans to include systems and computer science students in the near future.Laboratory Hardware/Software InterfaceTo concentrate fully on the actual control design task and allow students to gain experience withindustrial control development tools, a dSPACE DS1104 DSP board6 is chosen as the maininterface between the controlled system (process) and the host computer. One of the salientfeatures of the dSPACE DS 1104 DSP-board is the ease of building real-time applications. Inorder for students to access the I/O dSPACE DS 1104 DSP-board, a software interface to theboard is required. Here, the student has two options: 1) the student can
Conference Session
Faculty Reward System Reform Duplicate Session
Collection
2006 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Dennis Depew, Purdue University; Niaz Latif, Purdue University; Gary Bertoline, Purdue University; Donald Keating, University of South Carolina; Thomas Stanford, University of South Carolina; Stephen Tricamo, New Jersey Institute of Technology; Duane Dunlap, Western Carolina University; Albert McHenry, Arizona State University; Harvey Palmer, Rochester Institute of Technology; Eugene DeLoatch, Morgan State University; Ronald Bennett, University of St. Thomas; Mohammad Noori, California State Polytechnic University; Jay Snellenberger, Rolls-Royce; Samuel Truesdale, Rolls-Royce
Conference Session
Revitalizing Cooperative Education and Engineering
Collection
2006 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Debbie Gulick, Georgia Institute of Technology; Debbie Pearson, Georgia Institute of Technology; Gayle Elliott, University of Cincinnati; Jennifer Oliver, IAESTE United States; Karl Zimmer, General Cable
Tagged Divisions
Cooperative & Experiential Education
program, he moved into a Six Sigma Blackbelt position, driving service improvements in the $1+ billion spare parts business. Starting with General Cable in 2001, Karl led the supply chain organization for the $300M communications product division prior to moving into a general management role heading the company’s $30 million harness & assembly business. During his 18-month tenure in the assembly business, sales increased by more than 25% and profitability more than doubled. Currently, Karl runs a Datacom manufacturing plant located in Jackson, Tennessee. Employing more than 300 people, the plant produces over 150 million feet of category 3 and category 5e cables
Conference Session
Modern Software Measurement Techniques
Collection
2006 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Charles Neuman, Queensborough Community College; David Lieberman, Queensborough Community College; Don Engelberg, Queensborough Community College; Alex Flamholz, Queensborough Community College; Paul Marchese, Queensborough Community College; George Tremberger, Queensborough Community College; Tak Cheung, Queensborough Community College
Tagged Divisions
Instrumentation
well documented 1, 2, 3, 4 . Computation andprogramming for a lecture setting was also reported 5. Various independent projects usingLabVIEW were well documented in many publications 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12. It is accepted that the useof LabVIEW is invaluable in general but is limited to hands-on intensive situations13. Ourexperience in using LabVIEW in our laser engineering technology program is consistent 14:LabVIEW’s virtual instrumentation and internet remote access features are not effective forhands-on intensive lab exercises.The teaching of introductory engineering physics lab exercises can be enhanced with LabVIEW.The virtual instrumentation and computational capabilities are incorporated into the laboratoryexercises. The virtual
Conference Session
New ET Curriculum and Teaching Methods
Collection
2006 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Charles Neuman, Queensborough Community College; David Lieberman, Queensborough Community College; Don Engelberg, Queensborough Community College; Alex Flamholz, Queensborough Community College; Paul Marchese, Queensborough Community College; George Tremberger, Queensborough Community College; Tak Cheung, Queensborough Community College
Tagged Divisions
Engineering Technology
, would beseamless.In general, the laboratory exercises are supplemented with numerical stimulation in analogy topractical situations where there are no closed form mathematical expressions. Simulation as aneducation tool has been used for at least 45 years 1. Using numerical simulation also has theadvantage of setting the student's attitude to understand the difficulties of the associated inverseproblems, which usually are the problems that demand attention in the upper division courses aswell as in the workplace. For a technology student, the transition from technical physics toengineering calculus physics is the crucial required paradigm shift in that student’s mindset. Thecalculus foundation is enhanced by the Excel programming.II-B Student
Conference Session
Practice/Partnership/Program Issues
Collection
2006 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Daniel Davis, University of Hartford
Tagged Divisions
Architectural
program. These are both developing programs,both in need of a better connection to industry, and it is through our newly formed advisoryboard that we are doing so. Our advisory board has played a key role in our program’s success,and the right mix of personalities and experience has helped keep us focused and on track tomeet our goals.References[1] Geehan Advisory Boards, “Advisory Board Facts”, http://www.geehanadvisoryboards.com/advisory.html (retrieved March 7, 2005).[2] Geehan Advisory Boards, ibid.[3] Free Complete Toolkit for Boards, “Overview of Board Roles and Responsibilities”, http://www.mapnp.org/library/ boards/boards.htm (retrieved April 25, 2005).[4] Free Complete Toolkit for Boards, ibid.[5] Bostwick, W. and Buchanan, W
Conference Session
Curriculum Development and Applications
Collection
2006 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Alice Scales, North Carolina State University; Aaron Clark, North Carolina State University
Tagged Divisions
Engineering Design Graphics
about the future because we will have to spend the rest of our lives there.”(CharlesFranklin Kettering, 1949)Many projects have been funded at both the local and national level for engineering education. Though theinvestigative research conducted for this paper, the authors identified 53 pre-engineering based federal and stateprojects. Of these, 15 have engineering graphics and/or design playing a role within the project. Considering this,the authors of this paper decided to include only those current and recent past projects that include engineeringgraphics in their program or project. See Table 1 for a listing of these projects.Table 1 Pre-engineering related projects that include some form of engineering graphics and/or designProject (both
Conference Session
Capstone Courses I
Collection
2006 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Paul Leiffer, LeTourneau University; Roger Gonzalez, LeTourneau University; Thomas Hellmuth, LeTourneau University
Tagged Divisions
Systems Engineering Constituent Committee
with concentrations inElectrical, Mechanical, Computer, Biomedical, and Materials Joining, it is our goal to involve asmany students as possible in an interdisciplinary design experience involving two or moreconcentrations. As we offer projects each year, we define more clearly the purposes andguidelines for the senior design experience, important lessons in interdisciplinary design, and thefactors for project success.Student involvement in interdisciplinary teams is not only an expectation of industry but also hasbecome a required outcome of the ABET engineering criteria. EC2000 criteria now includeoutcome 3d which states that “engineering programs must demonstrate that their graduateshave…an ability to function on multi-disciplinary teams.”1
Conference Session
ABET Accreditation of Multidisciplinary Programs
Collection
2006 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
James Farison, Baylor University; Carmen Li Shen, Baylor University
Tagged Divisions
Multidisciplinary Engineering
programsare identified. Engineering (31) and Engineering (General) (1) are listed together as 32Engineering programs. Programs with the title General Engineering (2) are listed with that title.There are 17 institutions with programs in Engineering Physics (or Physics – EngineeringPhysics option). There are 11 programs with the title Engineering Science or EngineeringSciences, plus 1 with a program titled Engineering and Applied Science, for a total of 12 in thisgroup. In summary, the subsequent information in this paper relates to the following programs: 32 Engineering programs 2 General Engineering programs 12 Engineering Science(s) 17
Conference Session
Innovative Teaching Methods in IE Education
Collection
2006 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Judith Norback, Georgia Institute of Technology; Ron Billings, Georgia Institute of Technology; Garlie Forehand, Georgia Institute of Technology
Tagged Divisions
Industrial Engineering
. Descriptions of each team’s projects appear below. Table 1. Description of Senior Design Team ProjectsTeam 1 Client A large package delivery service Project Help the company improve the use of part-time helpers that are hired for the peak load during the holiday season.Team 2 Client A major third-party logistics service Project Improve the efficiency of a regional transportation center focusing on four main aspects of its daily operations: flight tracking, field communications, scripting of phone calls, and work area setupTeam 3 Client A small variety store that is expanding into the distribution of toys
Conference Session
Emerging Trends in Engineering Education Poster Session
Collection
2006 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Esteban Rodriguez-Marek, Eastern Washington University; Min-Sung Koh, Eastern Washington University; Claudio Talarico, Eastern Washington University; William Loendorf, Eastern Washington University; Thomas Griffith, North Seattle Community College; Michael Brzoska, Eastern Washington University
serve as thecornerstone of the program. However, high school outreach, learning communities, mentorships,and culturally appropriate internships will also be used to attract and retain students. Thisprogram will provide a model for recruitment and retention that can be replicated in otheruniversities. Page 11.995.4Program PlanThe overarching goal of this project is to develop a dual-site EE program that provides students,including those underrepresented in engineering fields, with the skills and competencies to beeffective employees in a global economy. The project has five principal objectives:Objective 1: Create a dual-site EAC of ABET
Conference Session
What's New in Mechanics of Materials?
Collection
2006 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Nashwan Younis, Indiana University-Purdue University Fort Wayne
Tagged Divisions
Mechanics
of light byreflection and Brewster’s law5. When a polarized beam propagates through a transparent plasticof thickness t, where X and Y are the directions of principal strains at the point underconsideration, the light vector splits and two polarized beams are propagated in planes X and Y.If the strain intensity along X and Y is ε1 and ε2, Brewster established that the relative change inindex of refraction is proportional to the difference of principal strains or: (n x − n y ) = K (ε 1 − ε 2 ) (1)Where n is the index of refraction. The constant K is called the strain-optical coefficient andcharacterizes a physical property of the material. It is a dimensionless constant usuallyestablished by calibration and may be considered
Conference Session
Forum on Collaborative Information Literacy Programs
Collection
2006 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Honora Nerz, North Carolina State University; Lisa Bullard, North Carolina State University
Tagged Divisions
Engineering Libraries
vastness of the information universe, a piece of data they find in Perry’s could, inall likelihood, be found somewhere else, but that other source will not have the authority thatPerry’s has, and that is why, as future chemical engineers, they must know about these sources. The assignment below is given to students following the library presentation. Typicallythey are given 2-3 weeks to complete it. CHE 205 Library Assignment1. Select a chemical substance from Table B.1 in your textbook that begins with the same letteras your first name or the nearest possible letter (for example Andy -> Aniline). Find and reportthe following data for this substance in references other than the course text or CD, and
Conference Session
NEW Lab Experiments in Materials Science
Collection
2006 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Glenn Kohne, Loyola College in Maryland; Steven O'Donnell, Loyola College in Maryland
Tagged Divisions
Materials
Middle River Aircraft Systems. His interests include skiing, waterskiing, fishing and traveling. Page 11.393.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2006 Demonstration of Circuit Design using Randomness, Evolution and Natural SelectionKey Words: circuit design, analog filter, Darwinian circuit, evolutionary circuit, genetic circuitdesign, transfer function, iterative solution, student research projectPrerequisite Knowledge: Basic Linear Circuit Analysis and Windows Applicationprogramming.Objective(s):1. To explore the design of circuits using randomness and evolutionary principles;2
Conference Session
Curriculum Development and Applications
Collection
2006 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Eric Wiebe, North Carolina State University
Tagged Divisions
Engineering Design Graphics
animation are likely to change shape, location, etc. ordisappear altogether as the animation plays. There may also be an issue as to whethercognitive processing can keep up with the rate of presentation 37, 42.GuidelinesDerived from cognitive load theory and multimedia learning theory are a number ofguidelines that find broad support among researchers. As with any heuristic, there arealways exceptions and cases of interactions with other elements that cannot be predicteda priori. So, with that caveat, here are some guidelines that are both regularly violatedand, if followed, are likely to improve learning:1. Make use of multimedia elements when they provide the sources of informationrelevant to the learning goals. In particular, use the mode of
Conference Session
Emerging Trends in Engineering Education Poster Session
Collection
2006 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Darryl Morrell, Arizona State University; Chell Roberts, Arizona State University; Robert Grondin, Arizona State University; Chen-Yuan Kuo, Arizona State University; Robert Hinks, Arizona State University; Mark Henderson, Arizona State University; Thomas Sugar, Arizona State University; Scott Danielson, Arizona State University
, theoutcomes structure, and the initial experience of using the outcomes in the Fall 2005 semester.1 IntroductionThis paper describes the design of a novel program-level framework for student assessment in anew multidisciplinary engineering program. This framework, consisting of engineering studentoutcomes and associated developmental levels, has been dramatically influenced by constituentinput and the assessment structure and practices of Alverno College. This framework is intendedto play a central role in the student educational experience as well as structure the assessment ofstudent achievement and overall program effectiveness.The engineering outcomes have been developed in the context of creating a multi-disciplinaryengineering program in the
Conference Session
Professional Development Programs for Teachers
Collection
2006 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Stephen Thompson, University of South Carolina; Jed Lyons, University of South Carolina; Amber Caicedo, University of South Carolina
Tagged Divisions
K-12 & Pre-College Engineering
sections: (1) factors influencing participation, (2) long-term benefits, (3) frequency of integrating engineering-related concepts into the classroom, and (4) how participation has affected teaching overall.The second section, identifying long-term benefits, was subdivided into three subsets for Page 11.845.3simplicity and organization: content and knowledge, teaching strategies, and attitude andresourcefulness. With the exception of the fourth survey section, which was free response, all ofthe survey items utilized either a 4- or 5-category forced choice Likert Scale.The survey was sent out to the
Conference Session
Knowing Our Students I
Collection
2006 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Eugene Rutz, University of Cincinnati; Virginia Westheider, University of Cincinnati
Tagged Divisions
Educational Research and Methods
NSF’sBridges for Engineering Education program (grant # EEC-0341842). This project also sought toquantify differences in student performance and engagement with various learning technologies2.Kolb’s Learning Styles Inventory was used as a measure of student learning styles preferences.This paper reports on several aspects of these projects and compares our results to publishedstudies regarding the learning styles of students. Two questions are addressed: 1) how doengineering and engineering technology students at the University of Cincinnati compare toother similar populations?; 2) are there significant differences in the learning styles ofengineering students as compared with engineering technology students? Educators whounderstand these various