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2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Senay Purzer, Purdue University, West Lafayette (College of Engineering); Nicholas D. Fila, Purdue University; Austin Spencer Bohlin, Purdue University, West Lafayette (College of Engineering)

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Paper ID #20442NSF CAREER: Towards a framework for engineering student innovationDr. Senay Purzer, Purdue University, West Lafayette (College of Engineering) Senay Purzer is an Associate Professor in the School of Engineering Education. She is the recipient of a 2012 NSF CAREER award, which examines how engineering students approach innovation. She serves on the editorial boards of Science Education and the Journal of Pre-College Engineering Education (JPEER). She received a B.S.E with distinction in Engineering in 2009 and a B.S. degree in Physics Education in 1999. Her M.A. and Ph.D. degrees are in Science Education from

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NSF Grantees Poster Session

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2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

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Cheryl Cass, North Carolina State University; Leda Lunardi, North Carolina State University; Olivia Christine Gordon, North Carolina State University

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Paper ID #20197Promoting academic and career success for Raleigh Future Scholars at NCStateDr. Cheryl Cass, North Carolina State University Cheryl Cass is a teaching assistant professor in the Department of Materials Science and Engineering at North Carolina State University where she has served as the Director of Undergraduate Programs since 2011. Her research focuses on the intersection of science and engineering identity in post-secondary and graduate level programs.Prof. Leda Lunardi, North Carolina State University Leda Lunardi received the BS and MS from University of S˜ao Paulo (USP), S˜ao Paulo, Brazil, and Ph.D

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2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

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Weihang Zhu, Lamar University; Julia Yoo, Lamar University; James C Curry; Brian Craig P.E., Lamar University; Jiang Zhou, Lamar University; Hsing-wei Chu P.E., Lamar University; Nicholas Andres Brake, Lamar University

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pedagogies into his curriculum. c American Society for Engineering Education, 2017 Industrial and Mechanical Engineering Scholars with Scholarships, CareerMentoring, Outreach and Advisement, Professional Societies and Engineering Learning Community (SCOPE) S-STEM ProgramAbstractIn 2015, Lamar University (LU) at Beaumont, Texas was awarded an NSF S-STEM grant titled“Industrial and Mechanical Engineering Scholars with Scholarships, Career Mentoring, Outreachand Advisement, Professional Societies and Engineering Learning Community (SCOPE) S-STEM Program.” The goal of the project is to recruit and retain more Industrial Engineering (IE)and Mechanical Engineering (ME) students by providing scholarship funding

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2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

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Linda M Laird, Stevens Institute of Technology (School of Systems & Enterprises)

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international students in our on-campus SwEengineering talent [6][7]. Unfortunately, the percentage of program; very few domestic students, other than thosewomen in computing has dropped dramatically from 30% supported by their companies, are enrolled in SwE. Inin the 1990s to 12% today [8]. While research suggests a 2014-15, ~10% percent of on-campus students were“leaky pipeline” for women, or women leaving STEM at domestic, all of whom were male. Approximately 25% ofeach stage of their education and career [3] [5], other the overall student enrollments are women.research finds that women take various “pathways” to enterSTEM fields or careers. In other words, while scientists andengineers typically start their

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2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

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Ruth A. Streveler, Purdue University, West Lafayette (College of Engineering); Holly M Matusovich, Virginia Tech; Cheryl Carrico P.E., Virginia Tech; Samantha Ruth Brunhaver, Arizona State University; Sheri Sheppard, Stanford University; Helen L. Chen, Stanford University; Angela Harris, Stanford University; Rohini N. Abhyankar, Arizona State University; Mitikaa Sama, Arizona State University

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study design and implementation. She is/was PI/Co-PI on 8 funded research projects including a CAREER grant. She has won several Virginia Tech awards including a Dean’s Award for Outstanding New Faculty. Her research expertise includes using motivation and related frameworks to study student engagement in learning, recruitment and retention in engineering programs and careers, faculty teaching practices and intersections of motivation and learning strategies. Matusovich has authored a book chapter, 10 journal manuscripts and more than 50 conference papers.Dr. Cheryl Carrico P.E., Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University Cheryl Carrico is a Postdoctoral Research faculty member for Virginia Tech. Her current

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2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

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Comas Lamar Haynes, Georgia Tech Research Institute; Sylvia L. Mendez, University of Colorado Colorado Springs; Valerie Martin Conley PhD, University of Colorado Colorado Springs; Rosario A. Gerhardt, Georgia Institute of Technology

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professional relationship. She teaches foundations, research, and supervised practice courses in the Educational Leadership MA Programs and the Leadership, Research, and Policy Ph.D. Program.Valerie Martin Conley PhD, University of Colorado Colorado Springs Valerie Martin Conley is dean of the College of Education and professor of Leadership, Research, and Foundations at the University of Colorado Colorado Springs. She previously served as director of the Center for Higher Education, professor, and department chair at Ohio University. She was the PI for the NSF funded research project: Academic Career Success in Science and Engineering-Related Fields for Female Faculty at Public Two-Year Institutions. She is co-author of

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2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

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Lisa Naderman, University of Wisconsin, Platteville; Lori Wedig, University of Wisconsin, Platteville

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Paper ID #18645STEM grown Master’sLisa Naderman, University of Wisconsin, Platteville Lisa Naderman graduated from the University of Wisconsin-Platteville in 2014 with a Masters of Science in Project Management through distance learning. She began her career at UW-Platteville working in Prospective Student Services as a recruiter, while taking on the roles of assistant women’s basketball coach and associate lecturer for the Health and Human Performance Department. Naderman is currently working in the Distance Learning center as an advisor for the undergraduate programs and student services coordinator. Naderman’s

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2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

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Justin L Hess, Indiana University Purdue University, Indianapolis; Charles Feldhaus, Indiana University Purdue University, Indianapolis; Maher E. Rizkalla P.E., Indiana University Purdue University, Indianapolis; Mangilal Agarwal, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis

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, urban school districts with research experiences and shared activities designed to increase their understanding of the challenges and demands of nanotechnology, collaborative research, and college/career opportunities in STEM fields. Lead participants in the creation of 15 hands-on, inquiry-based teaching modules (5 per year) which integrate multiple STEM disciplines, convey scientific-process skills, and align with Indiana State Standards and Next Generation Science Standards (NGSS) Introduce teaching modules and classroom assessment strategies into targeted school districts in an effort to cultivate a positive image of, and greater interest in, STEM fields among urban secondary students, many of whom are from underrepresented

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2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

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Joyce B. Main, Purdue University, West Lafayette (College of Engineering); Amanda L Griffith, Wake Forest University; Xinrui (rose) Xu, Purdue University; Alexandra Marie Dukes, Purdue University, West Lafayette (College of Engineering)

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Education at Purdue University. She also serves as a career consultant at Purdue University Center for Career Opportunities. Rose got a bachelor of science in electrical engineering focus on digital media, and a master of science in education in counseling focus on mental health. Her research interests are around students career development including interest development, major choice, career decision making, job search and hiring, career pathway, diversity issues in engineering, as well as students’ mental health.Ms. Alexandra Marie Dukes, Purdue University, West Lafayette (College of Engineering) Alexandra Dukes is a graduate student in the Aeronautics and Astronautics Engineering department with a concentration in

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2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

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Micah Lande, Arizona State University; Shawn S. Jordan, Arizona State University, Polytechnic campus

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electrical engineering and embedded systems design courses, and studies the use of context in both K-12 and undergraduate engineering design education. He received his Ph.D. in Engineering Education (2010) and M.S./B.S. in Electrical and Com- puter Engineering from Purdue University. Dr. Jordan is PI on several NSF-funded projects related to design, including an NSF Early CAREER Award entitled ”CAREER: Engineering Design Across Navajo Culture, Community, and Society” and ”Might Young Makers be the Engineers of the Future?,” and is a Co-PI on the NSF Revolutionizing Engineering Departments grant ”Additive Innovation: An Educational Ecosystem of Making and Risk Taking.” He was named one of ASEE PRISM’s ”20 Faculty Under 40

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2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Danyelle Tauryce Ireland, University of Maryland, Baltimore County; Penny Rheingans, University of Maryland, Baltimore County; Lee Blaney, UMBC; Marie desJardins, University of Maryland, Baltimore County; E. F. Charles LaBerge, University of Maryland, Baltimore County; Susan Martin, University of Maryland; Carolyn Seaman, UMBC; Gymama Slaughter, University of Maryland Baltimore County; Anne Marie Spence, Baylor University

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Technology (CWIT) at the University of Maryland, Baltimore County. She is currently on sabbatical leave as a Visiting Professor in the College of Computing and Information Sciences at Northeastern University. She received a Ph.D in Computer Science from the University of North Car- olina, Chapel Hill and an AB in Computer Science from Harvard University. She established an interna- tionally recognized visualization research program supported by over $9,000,000 in external funding as PI or CoPI, including the NSF CAREER award. Dr. Rheingans has over eighty peer-reviewed publications, including the NIH/NSF Visualization Research Challenges report, published in 2006 by IEEE. Dr. Rhein- gans co-chaired the papers program for

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2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

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Maria Soledad Santisteban, University of North Carolina at Pembroke; Jill E. Thomley, Appalachian State University; Rebecca Bullard-Dillard

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Paper ID #19499 particularly mathematically talented women. Her co-edited work The Encyclopedia of Mathematics and Society (3 volumes) was named a ”Best Reference 2011” by the editors of the well-respected Library Journal. She is also the proud co-creator of the Girl Scout Women in Mathematics Merit Badge program, which introduces middle school girls to the beautiful diversity of mathematics and women who work in the discipline, as well as the opportunities that exist today for girls and women who want to pursue careers in mathematics.Dr. Rebecca Bullard-Dillard, Dr. Rebecca Bullard Dillard is the current Associate Vice Chancellor for Research and Sponsored Pro- grams at the University of North Carolina Pembroke

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2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

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Lisa Benson, Clemson University; Catherine Mcgough Spence, Clemson University; Justine Chasmar, Clemson University

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category represents students with both a well-defined ideal and matchingrealistic future career. Sugar students are able to connect the future to present tasks and presenttasks back to their future. Waffle students had conflicting ideal and realistic future careers. TheWaffle FTP differs from the Sugar FTP in that the Waffle FTP does not have expressedoutcomes from these desired future careers. Cake students had limited expressions of the future,either lacking a well-defined desired future career or with ideas about possible future careers butlacking a sense of which one they desire.Analysis of the three case study students was conducted in Spring 2016. This included a prioricoding of the journals from the Fall using an SRL framework8 and a priori

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2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

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Brock J. LaMeres, Montana State University; Jessi L. Smith, Montana State University

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interventions to create change.Background – Utility Value Theory Research in social psychology has continually shown that students’ expectancies for success(e.g., self-efficacy) and the perceived value of a particular career predicts motivation to pursuethat career. Classic work within this Expectancy-Value framework (e.g., Eccles et al., 1983) hasexamined this relationship for decades on primarily non-engineering students (e.g., math andbiology, Eccles, 1984; Wigfield & Eccles, 1992; Sullins, Hernandez, Fuller, & Tashiro, 1995).Until relatively recently, the focus of expectancy-value research has centered predominately onthe “expectancy” side of the theory (and has extended into other theories such as social-cognitivecareer theory, Lent

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2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

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Carolyn A. Nichol, Rice University; Carrie Obenland, Rice University; Alice Chow, Rice University; Christina Anlynette Alston, Rice University; Carolina Avendano, Rice University

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Diversity, NSF Grantees Poster Session

elementary schools to promote STEM literacy, and provided in school STEM training for both teachers and students. She began her career at Rice in 2010 as a post-doctoral research fellow and then project manager in the Colvin labs. She joined the Rice Office of STEM engagement at the beginning of 2015 as Director of Programs and Operations. In her role Carolina is responsible for overseeing the program operations and the research efforts for the RSTEM group. c American Society for Engineering Education, 2017 Promoting STEM Education in Community College Students via ResearchAbstractThe REU (research experience for undergraduates) can be a formative and beneficial

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2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Cheryl Cass, North Carolina State University; Adam Kirn, University of Nevada, Reno; Marissa A Tsugawa, University of Nevada, Reno; Heather Perkins, North Carolina State University; Jessica Nicole Chestnut, North Carolina State University; Daniel Eamon Briggs, North Carolina State University; Blanca Miller, University of Nevada, Reno

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and motivational goal setting processes of engineering doctoral students? RQ3: How do these processes related to identity formation and motivation influence engineering graduate student retention, productivity, and pursuit of doctoral level engineering careers?Results of this study will inform programmatic decisions in engineering graduate programs andfacilitate targeted interventions that promote motivation and identity development of students.This work also aims to shape graduate education best practices for recruitment, retention, andtraining in engineering disciplines.Broad Methodological PlanIn the initial, qualitative phase (Phase 1) of the project, we recruited Ph.D. students inengineering programs to

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2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Shawn S. Jordan, Arizona State University, Polytechnic campus; Kalvin White, Department of Dine Education, Navajo Nation; Ieshya K Anderson, Arizona State University; Courtney A Betoney, Arizona State University, Polytechnic campus; Tyrine Jamella Pangan, Arizona State University (Polytechnic Campus); Chrissy Hobson Foster, Arizona State University

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several NSF-funded projects related to design, including an NSF Early CAREER Award entitled ”CAREER: Engineering Design Across Navajo Culture, Community, and Society” and ”Might Young Makers be the Engineers of the Future?,” and is a Co-PI on the NSF Revolutionizing Engineering Departments grant ”Additive Innovation: An Educational Ecosystem of Making and Risk Taking.” He was named one of ASEE PRISM’s ”20 Faculty Under 40” in 2014, and received a Presidential Early Career Award for Scientists and Engineers from President Obama in 2017. Dr. Jordan co-developed the STEAM LabsTM program to engage middle and high school students in learning science, technology, engineering, arts, and math concepts through designing and

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2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Hua Li, Texas A&M University, Kingsville; Kai Jin, Texas A&M University, Kingsville; Mohamed Abdelrahman, Arkansas Tech University

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opportunities forunderrepresented students. Students are expected to learn to work independently and tocollaborate with other group members as they conduct research in specific topics in energyresearch. This will enable them to understand their own levels of aptitude and interest in a careerin science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) and give them the tools to preparefor the next stage in their education and career development. Students will report and present theirresearch results in multiple settings. The research, educational, and career mentorship provided bythe program is envisioned to stimulate the students to look at their academic work in a new lightand to provide a spark for possible careers in academic research or industrial

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2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

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Eduardo Santillan-Jimenez, University of Kentucky Center for Applied Energy Research; William Henderson III, University of Kentucky

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pursuing academic careers. Originally from Mexico, Dr. Santillan-Jimenez joined UK first as an undergraduate research intern and then as a graduate student performing his doctoral research at UK CAER and at the University of Alicante (Spain). After obtaining his Ph.D. in 2008, he worked as a postdoctoral fellow at Utrecht University (The Netherlands) prior to retuning to UK CAER, where he now holds the position of Princi- pal Research Scientist. His current research focuses on the application of heterogeneous catalysis to the production of renewable fuels and chemicals, with emphasis on the upgrading of algae oil to drop-in hy- drocarbon fuels. His synergistic activities include participating in a number of K-20

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2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

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Marie C Paretti, Virginia Tech; Daria A Kotys-Schwartz, University of Colorado Boulder; Susannah Howe, Smith College; Julie Dyke Ford Ph.D., New Mexico Tech; Benjamin David Lutz, Virginia Tech; Kevin Kochersberger, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; Chris Gewirtz, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; Laura Mae Rosenbauer, Smith College; Sidharth Arunkumar, New Mexico Tech

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Paper ID #19371Collaborative Research: From School to Work: Understanding the Transi-tion from Capstone Design to IndustryDr. Marie C Paretti, Virginia Tech Marie C. Paretti is a Professor of Engineering Education at Virginia Tech, where she co-directs the Vir- ginia Tech Engineering Communications Center (VTECC). Her research focuses on communication in engineering design, interdisciplinary communication and collaboration, design education, and gender in engineering. She was awarded a CAREER grant from the National Science Foundation to study expert teaching in capstone design courses, and is co-PI on numerous NSF grants

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2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

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Katherine C Tetrick, Washington State University; John B. Schneider, Washington State University; Charles Pezeshki, Washington State University

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Diversity, NSF Grantees Poster Session

eligible. A studentis considered academically disadvantaged if the student graduates from a Washington State highschool where 30% or more of its students are receiving free or reduced-price lunch. Uponadmission to the WSU STARS program, students have access to individual mentoring, intrusiveadvising, a community of engineering students, specialized courses, and mathematics, physics,and chemistry tutoring. Each aspect of the program layers the foundation of success in academicperformance and career preparation.WSU STARS accepts a maximum of 32 students each academic year. During the first threeyears of the program, recruitment began in May after Pell Grant eligibility information wasreleased and largely took place in the summer months when students

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2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

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Grisselle Centeno, University of South Florida; Susana Lai-Yuen, University of South Florida

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Diversity, NSF Grantees Poster Session

. In addition, 90% of students who participated in Workshop 1 and 87% ofthose in Workshop 2, positively responded that after the workshop, they were more interested inpursuing engineering as a career (impacting both motivation and retention). The encouragingresults support this intervention as an effective tool to showcase the connection betweenengineering and healthcare, and to increase student motivation in engineering- irrespective ofgender.Keywords:Diversity, engineering education, healthcare, active learning, workshop.1. IntroductionUndergraduate education statistics show that in 2015 women earned 57% of all bachelor’s degreescompleted. However, only 19.9% of women earned a bachelor’s degree in engineering [1].Conversely, the bachelor’s

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2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

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Katherine G. Herbert, Montclair State University; Thomas J Marlowe, Seton Hall University; Jerry Alan Fails, Boise State University; Cyril S Ku, William Paterson University; Kelly M Goedert, Seton Hall University; Emily Hill, Drew University; Nina M Goodey, Montclair State University; Donal Thomas MacVeigh S.J.

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], tackles these challenges in a novel way. Mostapproaches to increasing STEM (science, technology, engineering and mathematics) enrollment ingeneral – and computer science enrollment in particular – focus on secondary or even primaryschool students or underclass college students. NECST, however, looks to interest undergraduatesclose to graduation, recent alumni, or returning students from any discipline in graduate study incomputer science. These interests are motivated as a change in career direction, or equally often as ameans to acquire skills, concepts, and frameworks that complement their original discipline or careerplans [4]. This can be an advantage for students of all disciplines, including undergraduatecomputing majors, since employers

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2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

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Marian S. Kennedy, Clemson University; Heather L Cox, Clemson University - Department of Materials Science and Engineering; Shelby K Lanier, Clemson University

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- Department of Materials Science and Engineering c American Society for Engineering Education, 2017 Tracking Research Self-Efficacy of Participants in an NSF Research Experience for Undergraduates SiteIntroduction and BackgroundParticipation in research during undergraduate engineering and science programs has beenshown to increase the retention of students into both technical careers and graduate studies.1Significant funding to support undergraduate student research in engineering and science isprovided by the National Science Foundation (NSF) through its Research Experience forUndergraduates (REU) program. REU sites generally host between eight and ten students duringthe summer months to

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2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

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James E. Payne, Orangeburg-Calhoun Technical College; Linda Lawson Payne, Orangeburg-Calhoun Technical College; Charles Richard Murphy, Orangeburg-Calhoun Technical College

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the state and regional level and an e-learning platformhosted by the College to provide dissemination of the resources for K-16 instructors and studentsboth statewide and nationally.B. Introduction:Each of the NSF-ATE projects at Orangeburg-Calhoun Technical College has worked closelywith other two-year colleges and with K-12 schools in the College’s service area along with K12systems throughout the state to develop and/or enhance the pipeline from K-12 into STEMprograms. The first project in this series of three (Diverse Engineering Pathways: CurriculumInnovation and Best Practice for Recruitment, Retention and Advancement of EngineeringTechnology Majors) was designed to promote access to STEM careers and provide courses forunder-prepared

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2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

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Lee Ann Jerome Clements, Jacksonville University; Huihui H Wang, Jacksonville University; Anna Little, Jacksonville University; W. Brian Lane, Jacksonville University; Han Duong, Jacksonville University

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without a transfer to an AI, or majors in Mathematics, Physics orComputer Science. The project has 3 major goals: 1) improve the enrollment of students in engineering relateddegree programs at Jacksonville University, 2) improve enrollment of underrepresented groupsin engineering related disciplines at Jacksonville University and 3) improve retention throughgraduation or transfer to an affiliated institution in engineering-related disciplines. Programgoals are met through targeted support of the student in co-curricular and extra-curricular areas.Co-curricular Activities (Maria) MEPS program arranged a number of co-curricular activities and facilities for the students sothat the students can be better prepared for their careers. Career

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2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Inez Hua, Purdue University; Monica E. Cardella, Purdue University, West Lafayette (College of Engineering); Michael L Curry, Tuskegee University

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, and substantial societal benefits accrue from a scientifically literate citizenry.In recognition of these demands and benefits, the National Research Council (NRC) set forththree goals for K-12 STEM education [1]: increasing the number of students who earn advanceddegrees and choose careers in STEM fields, increasing the “STEM-capable” workforce, andincreasing science literacy for all students, regardless of career choice [1]. Broadening theparticipation of underrepresented groups underpins the first two goals. Teachers of K-12 STEM play a key role in meeting these goals; thus, teacher preparationand professional development are also greatly needed. A number of studies have demonstratedthat student learning benefits from highly

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2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Nasser Alaraje, Michigan Technological University; Aleksandr Sergeyev, Michigan Technological University; Bassam H Matar, Chandler Gilbert Community College

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Logic Array (FPGA) architecture and design methodology, Engineer- ing Technology Education, and hardware description language modeling. Dr. Alaraje is a 2013-2014 Fulbright scholarship recipient at Qatar University, where he taught courses on Embedded Systems. Ad- ditionally, Dr. Alaraje is a recipient of an NSF award for a digital logic design curriculum revision in collaboration with the College of Lake County in Illinois, and a NSF award in collaboration with the University of New Mexico, Drake State Technical College, and Chandler-Gilbert Community College. The award focused on expanding outreach activities to increase the awareness of potential college stu- dents about career opportunities in electronics

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2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Erica Winterer, University of Texas, Austin; Jeffrey E. Froyd, Texas A&M University; Maura J. Borrego, University of Texas, Austin; Julie P Martin, Clemson University; Nathan Hyungsok Choe, The University of Texas, Austin; jared michael halter, Clemson University; Margaret J. Foster, Texas A&M University

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of Mechanical Engineering and Curriculum & Instruction at the University of Texas at Austin. She previously served as a Program Director at the National Science Foundation, on the board of the American Society for Engineering Education, and as an associate dean and director of interdisciplinary graduate programs. Her research awards include U.S. Presidential Early Career Award for Scientists and Engineers (PECASE), a National Science Foundation CAREER award, and two outstanding publication awards from the American Educational Research Association for her journal articles. Dr. Borrego is Deputy Editor for Journal of Engineering Education. All of Dr. Borrego’s degrees are in Materials Science and Engineering

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2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Yongpeng Zhang, Prairie View A&M University; Xiaobo Peng, Prairie View A&M University

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(68%) have a college degree ormore, compared to just under one-third (31%) in non-STEM fields. Nearly one quarter (23%)have completed an associate’s degree or similar. Only 9% STEM works have a high schooldiploma or less (Commerce Blog, 2012). For a prospective student intends for STEM as the career plan, the analysis of the linkagebetween STEM jobs and STEM education indicated two patterns. Firstly, a STEM degree is thetypical path to a STEM job, as more than two-thirds of STEM workers with a college degreehave an undergraduate STEM degree. Secondly, STEM degree holders receive an earningspremium relative to other college graduates, whether or not they end up in a STEM job. Likewise,college graduates including non-STEM educated enjoy an