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2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

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Tina Lee, University of Wisconsin-Stout; Devin R. Berg, University of Wisconsin, Stout; Elizabeth Anne Buchanan, UW-Stout

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Ethics and Acting Director, Office of Research and Sponsored Programs, at the University of Wisconsin-Stout. c American Society for Engineering Education, 2017 Exploring, Documenting, and Improving Humanitarian Service Learning through Engineers Without Borders USAAbstractExploring, Documenting, and Improving Humanitarian Service Learning through Engineerswithout Borders-USA is a four-year project exploring a variety of challenges and opportunities inuniversity-based service learning programs. Specifically, this project looks holistically at theinception and evolution of a new Engineers Without Borders USA chapter, while analyzingcharacteristics, values, and demographics of individuals involved

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NSF Grantees Poster Session

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2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

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Mary Katherine Watson, The Citadel; Kevin C Bower P.E., The Citadel; William J. Davis P.E., The Citadel

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Diversity, NSF Grantees Poster Session

-day educationalexperience. The mission of the cadet program is to educate and prepare graduates to serve asprincipled leaders by instilling core values focused on academics, duty, honor, morality,discipline, and diversity. The high ethical calling of engineering students is further supportedthrough the unwavering devotion to the honor code, which states, “A cadet does not lie, cheat, orsteal, nor tolerate those who do.” Additionally, the institution’s curriculum and studentdevelopment program include eight semesters of ROTC military leadership instruction andstudent-centered barracks campus life focusing on moral and ethical leadership principles.Students who enter the 2+2 program, which is offered in conjunction with Trident TechnicalCollege

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2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

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Richard E Groff, Clemson University; Ian D Walker, Clemson University; Pamela E Mack, Clemson University

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NSF Grantees Poster Session

academic and popular press about robots on ourroads, in the skies, in our offices, restaurants, factories, and more. Robotics and automation playan increasing role in the lives of ordinary people. New developments in robotics raise a varietyof social, economic, and ethical questions.As consumers, workers, leaders, and citizens, we all are involved in some way in the decisions toaccept, reject, or choose between new technologies. Most universities have recognized the needfor a science and technology literate citizenry and have incorporated a requirement into theundergraduate curriculum that seeks to motivate students to be inquisitive about the broaderimplications of science and technology and to provide them with the tools to analyze theadvantages

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2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

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Carla B. Zoltowski, Purdue University, West Lafayette (College of Engineering); Patrice Marie Buzzanell, Purdue University, West Lafayette (College of Engineering); Andrew O. Brightman, Purdue University, West Lafayette (College of Engineering); David Torres, Purdue University; Sean M Eddington, Brian Lamb School of Communication - Purdue

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Diversity, NSF Grantees Poster Session

and assessment tools and overseeing the research efforts within EPICS. Her academic and research interests include the profes- sional formation of engineers, diversity and inclusion in engineering, human-centered design, engineering ethics, leadership, service-learning, and accessibility and assistive-technology.Prof. Patrice Marie Buzzanell, Purdue University, West Lafayette (College of Engineering) Patrice M. Buzzanell is a Distinguished Professor in the Brian Lamb School of Communication and the School of Engineering Education (courtesy) at Purdue University. She serves as Butler Chair and Director of the Susan Bulkeley Butler Center of Leadership Excellence. Editor of four books and author of over 175 articles

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2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

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Tahira N Reid, Purdue University, West Lafayette (College of Engineering); Morgan M Hynes, Purdue University, West Lafayette (College of Engineering)

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global issues among other things (Kirkpatrick et al., 2011).Engineering design activities have been noted as the place to effect change (Kirkpatrick et al.,2011), since it is the ill-defined nature of design problems (Jonassen, 2000) that provide ampleopportunity to include global issues. Addressing global issues requires both technical abilitiesand social considerations. Likewise, ABET Criterion 3 outcomes a-k (ABET, 2012) calls forstudents to have much broader professional skills upon graduation. For example, engineeringgraduates shall know or be able to: design within constraints such as “economic, environmental,social, political, ethical, health and safety, manufacturability, and sustainability”; understand theimpacts of engineering

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2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

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Bijan Sepahpour, The College of New Jersey; Steven Schreiner P.E., The College of New Jersey; Diane C Bates, The College of New Jersey; Seung-yun Kim, The College of New Jersey; J. Lynn Gazley, The College of New Jersey

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Diversity, NSF Grantees Poster Session

undergraduate engineering programs. He has advised on over forty (40) Senior Design Projects and his teams of students have received five (5) National Championships and three Best Design Awards. In the recent years, he has challenged himself with the creation of an effective methodology for successful Invention and Innovation. He was part of a 14 member multi-disciplinary team to design and create the ”Society, Ethics, and Technology (SET)” course at TCNJ in 1994 and has taught multiple regular and Honors sections of this course since then. He is currently leading a multi- disciplinary team of faculty from TCNJ’s School of Engineering and the Department of Sociology for assessment of the Professional Formation of Engineers

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2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Donna M Riley, Virginia Tech; Jennifer Karlin, University of Southern Maine; Jennifer L Pratt, University of Southern Maine, Muskie School of Public Service; Stephanie Quiles-Ramos, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University

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Ethics Center.Ms. Jennifer L Pratt, University of Southern Maine, Muskie School of Public Service Jennifer Pratt is a Research Analyst with extensive experience conducting quantitative and qualitative evaluation projects. Jennifer’s strong organizational skills impact a variety of environments in her role at the Muskie School as she guides process flow for several inter-disciplinary teams. She assists with the development and implementation of data collection protocols and surveys. In addition Jennifer develops and facilitates design of databases and use of database management systems, including computer assisted qualitative data analysis tools. She provides technical support and assistance in performance quality

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2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kauser Jahan, Rowan University; Stephanie Farrell, Rowan University; Ying Tang, Rowan University; Cheryl A Bodnar, Rowan University; C. Stewart Slater, Rowan University; Mariano Javier Savelski, Rowan University; Parth Bhavsar, Rowan University; Angela D Wenger, Center for Aquatic Sciences; Patricia Lynn Hurley, Rowan University; Roisin Breen, Rowan University; DeMond S Miller, Department of Sociology and Anthropology; Kara Ieva Ieva, Rowan University; Megan Casey Mittenzwei

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thefields of water resources engineering, environmental engineering, cosmetics, and nutrition havebeen developed. By focusing on these fields, the positive impact that algae can have on issuesfaced by developing nations around the world was highlighted. Gas transfer and coagulationflocculation experiments have been used to research the sustainability of algae use in the watertreatment process, with a focus on the feasibility of replacing current processes with algae basedalternatives. Calorimeter tests have been conducted to research the potential nutritional benefit ofalgae based products. Exposure to social and environmental injustices along with ethics casestudies are also an integral part of the project. Ultimately, the purpose of this project

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2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

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Tamara J Moore, Purdue University, West Lafayette (College of Engineering); Kristina Maruyama Tank, Iowa State University; Aran W Glancy, Purdue University, West Lafayette (College of Engineering); Elizabeth Gajdzik, Purdue University, West Lafayette (College of Engineering)

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NSF Grantees Poster Session

, skills, and Processes (ETool) and tools engineers use in their work.Issues, Solutions, and Impacts To solve complex and multidisciplinary problems, students need to be able to understand the impact of (ISI) their solutions on current issues and vice versa. Ethics (Ethics) Students should consider ethical situations inherent in the practice of engineering. In K-12 engineering education, it is important to develop students’ abilities to participate as a contributing Teamwork (Team) team member. Communication Related to Communication is the ability of a student to effectively take in information and to relay

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2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

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Larry J. Shuman, University of Pittsburgh; Mary E. Besterfield-Sacre, University of Pittsburgh; Scott Duplicate Streiner, University of Pittsburgh; Gisele Ragusa, University of Southern California; Cheryl Matherly, Lehigh University; Lisa Benson, Clemson University

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Paper ID #20308Assessing the Spectrum of International Undergraduate Engineering Educa-tional Experiences: A Cross Institutional SurveyDr. Larry J. Shuman, University of Pittsburgh Larry J. Shuman is Senior Associate Dean for Academic Affairs and Distinguished Service Professor of industrial engineering at the Swanson School of Engineering, University of Pittsburgh. His research focuses on improving the engineering education experience with an emphasis on assessment of design and problem solving, and the study of the ethical behavior of engineers and engineering managers. A former Senior Editor of the Journal of

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2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

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Justin L Hess, Indiana University Purdue University, Indianapolis; Charles Feldhaus, Indiana University Purdue University, Indianapolis; Maher E. Rizkalla P.E., Indiana University Purdue University, Indianapolis; Mangilal Agarwal, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis

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Paper ID #17898An Evaluation of a Research Experience Traineeship (RET) Program for In-tegrating Nanotechnology into Pre-College CurriculumDr. Justin L Hess, Indiana University Purdue University, Indianapolis Dr. Justin L Hess is the Assistant Director of the STEM Education Innovation and Research Institute. In this role, Justin is working on improving the state of STEM education across IUPUI’s campus. Dr. Hess’s research interests include exploring empathy’s functional role within engineering and design; de- signing STEM ethics curricula; and evaluating students’ learning in the spaces of design, ethics, and

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2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Carl A. Nelson P.E., University of Nebraska-Lincoln; Greg Bashford P.E., University of Nebraska, Lincoln

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Diversity, NSF Grantees Poster Session

participants each year, spending approximately 40 hours per week onresearch and professional development activities. A smaller-scale follow-up program (fewerstudents) was also carried out in the summer of 2016. Faculty mentors paired with students,along with graduate student mentorship, to guide research projects in the area of biomedicaldevices, culminating in a research poster session at the end of the summer. Although many ofthe supplemental professional development activities focused on preparation for graduate study(GRE preparation, graduate school applications, professional skills, research ethics), seminarsand field trips designed to promote understanding of intellectual property, entrepreneurship, andindustry careers were also included as

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2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

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Noemi V Mendoza Diaz, Texas A&M University; So Yoon Yoon, Texas A&M University; Jacques C. Richard, Texas A&M University; Tanya Dugat Wickliff, Texas A&M University

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% Male (%) 20% Total (%) 15% 10% 5% 0%Figure 3. Other factors impacting development of student's successful engineering culture(knowledge, practices, and values) during semester. Gender breakdown.Female students viewed their interaction with others as more important than malestudents, who viewed “real world experiences” as most important. Work in other courseswas seen as important. Personal characteristics and experiences follow and some may bevia extra-curricular activities, clubs, etc. Some of the personal characteristics includepersonal attitudes, work ethic, time management, self-management, other varied personalinterests, learning ability, etc

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2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

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Elise Barrella P.E., James Madison University; Mary Katherine Watson, The Citadel; Olga Pierrakos, James Madison University

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NSF Grantees Poster Session

are necessary for assessing educationaloutcomes across engineering problem contexts. We are in the process of updating and refiningthe rubric’s content and structure to reflect current practices and ensure its applicability acrossdisciplines. A systematic literature review of sustainability and sustainable design in engineeringcurricula and practice confirmed most criteria in the rubric but also indicated several gaps. Somegaps were expected because the original rubric was directed towards civil and environmentalengineering projects, but most of the themes were confirmed in other disciplines. Examples ofpotential gap areas included ethics, affordability and equity, and innovation. While these areasare reflected in the SD Rubric 1.0, the

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2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

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Inez Hua, Purdue University; Monica E. Cardella, Purdue University, West Lafayette (College of Engineering); Michael L Curry, Tuskegee University

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Diversity, NSF Grantees Poster Session

. All teachers convened on the campus of PU for the orientation activities.The teachers than worked at their respective campuses for most of the summer, before re-convening on the campus of PU for the final presentations and program conclusion. The co-Director of the RET Site at PU visited the other campus (TU) for a mid-program review anddiscussion with teacher participants and other sustainable electronics researchers. Teachers wereintroduced to research ethics, research methods, research specific training, library resources, andstate science standards, among other topics, during the orientation week. Teachers were alsointroduced to resources on-campus that focus on P-12 STEM learning and outreach. Activitiesincluded lectures as well as hands

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2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

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Elizabeth Gross, Kettering University; Diane L Peters, Kettering University; Shanna R. Daly, University of Michigan; Stacy Lynn Mann, Kettering University

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NSF Grantees Poster Session

problems. • Interpret a formal technical drawing in your engineering discipline. • Apply technical, social, and environmental criteria to guide tradeoffs between design alternatives. • Analyze the tradeoffs between alternative design approaches and select the one that is best for your project. • Use technical literature or other information sources to fill a gap in your knowledge. • Work with others to establish project objectives when different project tasks must be completed. • Identify an ethical dilemma when it occurs in a project. Identify your professional responsibilities within a large engineering project.ResultsResponses to the first software use question, Do you use the same software in

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2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

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Keith W. Buffinton, Bucknell University; Vincent P. Manno, Franklin W. Olin College of Engineering; Joseph J. Helble, Dartmouth College; Susan M Lord, University of San Diego; Ann F. McKenna, Arizona State University, Polytechnic campus; Matthew W. Ohland, Purdue University, West Lafayette (College of Engineering)

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. Developing an entrepreneurial mindset is an important part of our education of 1 5 3.4 undergraduate engineering students.11. Developing ethics and empathy for others is an important part of our education 2 5 3.8 of undergraduate engineering students.12. Developing an appreciation for the global context of engineering is an 2 5 3.9 important part of our education of undergraduate engineering students.13. Engineering education research and innovation is important at my

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2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

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Jeremy Lewis Rickli, Wayne State University; Yinlun Huang, Wayne State University

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/Factory. Table 2 Schedule for 2016 site program (SDS-Skill Development Seminar, RS-Research Seminar, GL-Group Lecture, PV-Plant Visit, CA-Cultural Activity) Week Action/Event Orientation and Information Week 1. Student registration 2. Walking tour of WSU campus and Midtown Detroit 3. WSU College of Engineering Dean’s and chairs’ overview of the college and 1 participating departments. 6/1-6/7 4. RS 1: Technical and Projects Overview 5. SDS 1: Introduction to Academic Research, Responsibility, and Ethics (by the Office of Undergraduate Research at WSU) 6. GL 1

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2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

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Eduardo Santillan-Jimenez, University of Kentucky Center for Applied Energy Research; William Henderson III, University of Kentucky

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NSF Grantees Poster Session

andsocial validity (Gershenfeld, 2014). Objective parameters include both retention and performancedata, while subjective parameters include feelings of integration to the university environmentand perception of mentoring relationships, which are being gauged through survey instruments.Notably, the size of the population sample is within the range employed in some of the foremoststudies on mentoring in a college setting published to date (Frierson, Hargrove, & Lewis, 1994;Gershenfeld, 2014). This approach offers important advantages over a true randomizedexperiment, which has been associated with ethical concerns (Gershenfeld, 2014).Initial results of assessment: In terms of academic performance, participants in the research-center based

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2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

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Mohamed Elzomor P.E., Arizona State University; Kristen Parrish, Arizona State University

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resolving wicked problems. Journal of agricultural and environmental ethics, 25, 467-484.SHEPHERD, A. & COSGRIF, B. 1998. Problem-based learning: A bridge between planning education and planning practice. Journal of Planning Education and Research, 17, 348-357.TOMKINSON, B., TOMKINSON, R., DOBSON, H. & ENGEL, C. 2008. Education for sustainable development– an inter‐disciplinary pilot module for undergraduate engineers and scientists. International Journal of Sustainable Engineering, 1, 69-76. [1]

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2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

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Allison Jane Huff-Lohmeier, University of Arizona; Amee Jeanette Hennig, University of Arizona; Daniel Lamoreaux M.A., University of Arizona

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Diversity, NSF Grantees Poster Session

to share these developed skill sets within their tribal and urban communities.Activities and presentations the IOU-NA students participate in include 1) Native NationsInstitute: Workshop on Tribal Governance, 2) Laser Radiation Safety Training, 3) Chemical LabSafety Training, 4) Research Ethics Training, 5) Optics Research Workshop, 6) Sloan ScholarSpeaker Series, 7) Research Plan and Lab Notebook Training, 8) Kathryn Kellner PresentationSkill Lecture, 9) Dr. Julius Yellowhair, Sandia National Labs Presentation, 10) Joshua John,Raytheon Presentation, 11) GRE Preparation Course, 12) GRE Tutoring Sessions 13) GRE FinalReview, 14) Graduate School Symposium, 15) Don Asher’s “Getting into Grad School”Seminar, 16) Performing Research on

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2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

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Maria Soledad Santisteban, University of North Carolina at Pembroke; Jill E. Thomley, Appalachian State University; Rebecca Bullard-Dillard

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Diversity, NSF Grantees Poster Session

finding internships to every cohort during their first program semester.They also offered a service called “interview stream” for students to practice interviewing skills.Invited experts spoke on topics such as personal finance and ethical issues. Local speakers withSTEM industry experience talked to students about careers in forensics and clinical laboratories.COMPASS scholars attended two presentation and discussion sessions with Dr. Theresa Duelloof the University of Wisconsin-Madison, who has significant experience advising students andplanning for graduate school. The Collegial Academy of the North Carolina Academy of Science(CANCAS) workshop held off-campus at Pfeiffer University offered plentiful opportunities forCOMPASS scholars to learn

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2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

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Jacquelyn Kay Nagel, James Madison University; Christopher Stewart Rose, James Madison University; Ramana Pidaparti, University of Georgia; Cheryl Lea Beverly, James Madison University; Peyton Leigh Pittman

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Bio-inspired Design Using C-K TheoryIntroductionThe engineer of 2020 is expected to not only offer technical ingenuity but also adapt to acontinuously evolving environment. The ability to operate outside the narrow limits of onediscipline and be ethically grounded in solving the complex problems of the future will also beneeded. To address the competencies of the future engineer, undergraduate education must trainstudents to not only solve engineering challenges that transcend disciplinary boundaries, but alsocommunicate, transfer knowledge, and collaborate across technical and non-technical boundaries.One approach to train engineers in these competencies is teaching biomimicry or bio-inspireddesign in an engineering curriculum, which offers

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2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Tiago R Forin, Rowan University; Beena Sukumaran, Rowan University; Stephanie Farrell, Rowan University; Harriet Hartman, Rowan University; Kauser Jahan P.E., Rowan University; Ralph Alan Dusseau P.E., Rowan University; Parth Bhavsar, Rowan University; Jeff Hand; Theresa FS Bruckerhoff, Curriculum Research & Evaluation, Inc.

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Diversity, NSF Grantees Poster Session

specifically focused ondiversity), and their intentions to pursue engineering in the future.In addition to being asked parallel questions (to the student questionnaire) about their ownexperiences with diversity, faculty were also queried about curriculum design (both in terms ofexplicit focus on individuals from diverse backgrounds and in terms of the extent to which socialimpacts are considered in the presentation of theory, assessment of learning, and the applicationof technology); the extent to which non-technical professional skills are taught which wouldenable multidisciplinary and multicultural teams to function at a high level; the ethical andprofessional responsibilities of an engineer are communicated in a way which promotes social,global

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2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

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James D. Sweeney, Oregon State University; Milo Koretsky, Oregon State University; Michelle Kay Bothwell, Oregon State University; Susan Bobbitt Nolen, University of Washington; Devlin Montfort, Oregon State University

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a general email to thousands, or a brief presentation todozens, the student designers demonstrated an ethic of care by speaking individually with eachstudent.The new Pod members would be equally distributed, and each new Pod would include at leasttwo members of the student design team to serve as seeds of the desired community norms andpractices. During the first term the Pods were expected to meet a 2-5 times to agree on their ownmethods of achieving the four Pod goals. While the student designers developed materials andexamples of activities and practices that were likely to achieve the goals, none were specificallyrequired. This allowed the Pods the flexibility to develop individually, informed by the peopleparticipating.We have also

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2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Grisselle Centeno, University of South Florida; Susana Lai-Yuen, University of South Florida

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., Southerland, S.A., Gilmer, P.J., 2006, "Retaining undergraduate women in science, mathematics, and engineering", Journal of College Science Teaching, 36, 34. 11. Pei Cheng Ooi, Michelle T. T. Tan, “Effectiveness of Workshop to Improve Engineering Students’ Awareness on Engineering Ethics”, International Conference on New Horizons in Education, INTE 2014. 12. Micari, M., Drane, D., 2007, "Promoting success: possible factors behind achievement of underrepresented students in a peer-led small-group STEM workshop program", Journal of Women and Minorities in Science and Engineering. 13. Yost, E., Handley, D.M., Cotton, S., Winstead, V., Cater-Steel, A., Cater, E., 2010, "Understanding the links between mentoring

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2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Dave Kim, Washington State University, Vancouver; Wendy Michelle Olson, Washington State University, Vancouver; Kevin Michael Wandro, Washington State University - Vancouver; NarayanKripa Sundararajan, Washington State University, Pullman; Olusola Adesope, Washington State University

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-upThe details of each Day activities are the following:Day 1 began with introducing the fundamental knowledge of rhetorical writing and writingpedagogy, which is designed to address the workshop objective (i). More specific, theparticipants are introduced to the rhetorical situation (writer, audience, purpose, and context),rhetorical appeals (logical as logos, ethical as ethos, emotional as pathos), and the definition ofgenre.Days 1 and 2 were designed to the rubric development process, addressing workshop objective(ii), which began with deep reading sessions. In these deep reading sessions, small groups of 3-4participants from both engineering and English worked together to describe the strengths instudent writing samples from FYC and

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2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Catherine Clark Hain, Mansfield Public Schools; Wendy Christine Turek; Arash Esmaili Zaghi P.E., University of Connecticut; Alexandra Hain, University of Connecticut

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Diversity, NSF Grantees Poster Session

had minimal input from the PI or program manager to not hinder the stimulatingdiscussions between the participants Seminars on twice-exceptional education, creativity, andthe creative product were included. Workshops were presented on responsible conduct ofresearch and ethics, graduate school, preparing for the GRE exam, and technical writing. Thepresentation of the seminars and workshops by experts in their respective fields were successfulin increasing the participants’ self-awareness along with expanding their knowledge ofpossibilities following undergraduate education.Role of NSF RET FellowsThe program involved two local K-12 STEM teachers joining the University of Connecticut forsix weeks during summer 2016 to work alongside the REU

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2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Carolyn A. Nichol, Rice University; Carrie Obenland, Rice University; Alice Chow, Rice University; Christina Anlynette Alston, Rice University; Carolina Avendano, Rice University

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Diversity, NSF Grantees Poster Session

question about why they are interested in the research experience. A primary component of our initial selection rubric was the number of science and math courses they had taken and how they had performed in those classes. In year one of this project, we required that students must have taken a year of college calculus, physics, and chemistry to participate. However, we quickly observed that most of our applicants did not have these courses. Therefore, we modified our selection criteria so that we would not overlook students with great potential. The new rubric puts more weight on the teacher recommendation with an emphasis on work ethic and “grit”, students’ grades in the science classes they had taken, and their veteran status. Of the

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2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

David Reeping, Virginia Tech; Lisa D. McNair, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; Steve Robert Harrison, Dept of Computer Science, Virginia Tech; R Benjamin Knapp, Institute for Creativity, Arts, and Technology; Luke F Lester, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; Thomas Martin, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; Annie Yong Patrick; Matthew Wisnioski, Virginia Tech

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inteams, and critically explore the ethics and values of their work; yet, the current curriculum ispopulated by traditional engineering courses that follow the typical formula of lectures, close-end homework problems, and exams. Pathways in and out of the program are also scarce,influenced primarily by an assortment of required courses that fill much of student check sheets.In our plan to enact change to diversify the ECE department in terms of student make-up andconcentrations to choose from, identifying critical points in the student’s trajectory towarddegree completion was made the first course of action.To adopt a frame through which we can examine the curriculum, the idea of threshold conceptsproved to be an attractive foundation for the