A Population Dynamics Model for Gender Diversification in Orthopaedic Surgery: A Case Study with Relevance to Engineering

Jenni Buckley; Amy Trauth; Manuela Restrepo Parra; Laura Meszaros Dearolf; Lisa L Lattanza

Download Paper | Permalink

Conference: 2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Location: New Orleans, Louisiana
Publication Date: June 26, 2016
Start Date: June 26, 2016
End Date: June 29, 2016
ISBN: 978-0-692-68565-5
ISSN: 2153-5965
Conference Session: Women in Engineering Division Technical Session - Development Opportunities for Diverse Engineering Students
Tagged Divisions: Minorities in Engineering and Women in Engineering
Tagged Topics: Diversity and ASEE Diversity Committee
Page Count: 9
DOI: 10.18260/p.26398
Permanent URL: https://peer.asee.org/26398
Download Count: 608

Paper Authors

biography

Jenni Buckley University of Delaware

visit author page

Dr. Buckley is an Assistant Professor of Mechanical Engineering at University of Delaware. She received her Bachelor’s of Engineering (2001) in Mechanical Engineering from the University of Delaware, and her MS (2004) and PhD (2006) in Mechanical Engineering from the University of California, Berkeley, where she worked on computational and experimental methods in spinal biomechanics. Since 2006, her research efforts have focused on the development and mechanical evaluation of medical and rehabilitation devices, particularly orthopaedic, neurosurgical, and pediatric devices. She teaches courses in design, biomechanics, and mechanics at University of Delaware and is heavily involved in K12 engineering education efforts at the local, state, and national levels.

visit author page

biography

Amy Trauth University of Delaware orcid.org/0000-0002-5146-592X

visit author page

Amy Trauth-Nare, Ph.D., is the Associate Director of Science Education at the University of Delaware's Professional Development Center for Educators. In her role, Amy works collaboratively with K-12 science and engineering teachers to develop and implement standards-based curricula and assessments. She also provides mentoring and coaching and co-teaching support to K-12 teachers across the entire trajectory of the profession. Her research focuses on teacher education, classroom assessment, and P-16 environmental and engineering education.

visit author page

author page

Professor and Chief of Hand, Elbow and Upper Extremity Surgery at UCSF
Hand and Upper Extremity Surgery Fellowship Director
President and Co-Founder of The Perry Initiative, a non-profit organization dedicated to increasing diversity in STEM and Orthopaedic Surgery.

visit author page

Download Paper | Permalink

Abstract

Despite widespread effort over the past decade on the part of K12 and university educators, the private sector, and state and federal agencies, women are still under-represented in at the undergraduate level in some STEM disciplines, such as physics, mathematics, and mechanical and electrical engineering, while simultaneously equally or even over-represented in fields such as biosciences, environmental science, and biomedical engineering. This unequal distribution of female talent persists, despite increased awareness and achievement in STEM amongst high school age women. In many respects, this situation is similar to the medical profession, where women are entering and completing medical school at equal rates to their male colleagues, but they are concentrated in specific specialties, such as pediatrics and family medicine, while sparse in others. Orthopaedic Surgery is one of the least gender-diverse medical specialties, with 4% women in practice and 14% in residency (5-year apprenticeship following medical school). The affected population is relatively small, with approximately 28,000 practicing orthopaedic surgeons and 700 new surgeons licensed annually.

Since 2009, our group has conducted targeted outreach and mentoring efforts amongst the high school, college, and medical school population to improve gender diversity in the orthopaedic surgeon population. The program reaches upwards of 3,500 young women annually at program locations across the country. Similar to gender diversification of STEM majors in college, there is a long lead-time for orthopaedic surgery between intervention at the K12 level and the desired impact on the field in terms of recruitment of female talent. To track our progress towards our eventual end-goal of 30% females in the residency population, we have created a discrete logistic population dynamics model of the orthopaedic surgery pipeline, with “birth” (matriculation) and “death” (graduation) of the residency population by gender equating to an annual residency class of 670 to 700, anticipating growth of the overall residency class. The effect of our outreach programs was modeled with the birth rate for female residents equal to the sum of: (1) the steady-state birth rate (14% for the past 5 years); and (2) and the annual recruiting rate into the orthopaedics pipeline for our high school, college, and medical school outreach programs. A discrete, annual time-step approach was used to incorporate the appropriate time delay to account for the time it will take each cohort to enter residency. Recruiting rates were obtained from a 6-year follow-up study of our high school program and 3-year follow up of our medical school program. The results of this model indicate that our outreach efforts will yield 30% female residency population by program year 2020, and that these results may be sustained without further intervention until 2024.

Our results from this case study of the orthopaedic surgery profession are particularly relevant to diversification efforts for individual colleges’ engineering programs. Cohort sizes for most incoming engineering classes are similar to orthopaedic residency (on the order of 10^3), and multiple outreach efforts may exist at any given university with the mission to affect gender or racial diversification. We present our population dynamics model as a straightforward method for gauging the potential impact of such outreach efforts on student body composition. Outcome measures, such as time to achieve a particular gender and racial composition for an engineering class, may be obtained by specifying the recruitment rate for each outreach program, with an appropriate time delays for the developmental age of each outreach population. We advocate that engineering outreach efforts at the college level can be “re-engineered” with the guidance of this population dynamics model to reach desired diversity targets.

Citation
Format

Buckley, J., & Trauth, A., & Restrepo Parra, M., & Meszaros Dearolf, L., & Lattanza, L. L. (2016, June), A Population Dynamics Model for Gender Diversification in Orthopaedic Surgery: A Case Study with Relevance to Engineering Paper presented at 2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition, New Orleans, Louisiana. 10.18260/p.26398

TY  - CPAPER
AB  - Despite widespread effort over the past decade on the part of K12 and university educators, the private sector, and state and federal agencies, women are still under-represented in at the undergraduate level in some STEM disciplines, such as physics, mathematics, and mechanical and electrical engineering, while simultaneously equally or even over-represented in fields such as biosciences, environmental science, and biomedical engineering. This unequal distribution of female talent persists, despite increased awareness and achievement in STEM amongst high school age women. In many respects, this situation is similar to the medical profession, where women are entering and completing medical school at equal rates to their male colleagues, but they are concentrated in specific specialties, such as pediatrics and family medicine, while sparse in others. Orthopaedic Surgery is one of the least gender-diverse medical specialties, with 4% women in practice and 14% in residency (5-year apprenticeship following medical school). The affected population is relatively small, with approximately 28,000 practicing orthopaedic surgeons and 700 new surgeons licensed annually. 

Since 2009, our group has conducted targeted outreach and mentoring efforts amongst the high school, college, and medical school population to improve gender diversity in the orthopaedic surgeon population. The program reaches upwards of 3,500 young women annually at program locations across the country. Similar to gender diversification of STEM majors in college, there is a long lead-time for orthopaedic surgery between intervention at the K12 level and the desired impact on the field in terms of recruitment of female talent. To track our progress towards our eventual end-goal of 30% females in the residency population, we have created a discrete logistic population dynamics model of the orthopaedic surgery pipeline, with “birth” (matriculation) and “death” (graduation) of the residency population by gender equating to an annual residency class of 670 to 700, anticipating growth of the overall residency class. The effect of our outreach programs was modeled with the birth rate for female residents equal to the sum of: (1) the steady-state birth rate (14% for the past 5 years); and (2) and the annual recruiting rate into the orthopaedics pipeline for our high school, college, and medical school outreach programs. A discrete, annual time-step approach was used to incorporate the appropriate time delay to account for the time it will take each cohort to enter residency. Recruiting rates were obtained from a 6-year follow-up study of our high school program and 3-year follow up of our medical school program. The results of this model indicate that our outreach efforts will yield 30% female residency population by program year 2020, and that these results may be sustained without further intervention until 2024.

Our results from this case study of the orthopaedic surgery profession are particularly relevant to diversification efforts for individual colleges’ engineering programs. Cohort sizes for most incoming engineering classes are similar to orthopaedic residency (on the order of 10^3), and multiple outreach efforts may exist at any given university with the mission to affect gender or racial diversification. We present our population dynamics model as a straightforward method for gauging the potential impact of such outreach efforts on student body composition. Outcome measures, such as time to achieve a particular gender and racial composition for an engineering class, may be obtained by specifying the recruitment rate for each outreach program, with an appropriate time delays for the developmental age of each outreach population. We advocate that engineering outreach efforts at the college level can be “re-engineered” with the guidance of this population dynamics model to reach desired diversity targets.
AU  - Jenni Buckley
AU  - Amy Trauth
AU  - Manuela Restrepo Parra
AU  - Laura Meszaros Dearolf
AU  - Lisa L Lattanza MD
CY  - New Orleans, Louisiana
DA  - 2016/06/26
PB  - ASEE Conferences
TI  - A Population Dynamics Model for Gender Diversification in Orthopaedic Surgery: A Case Study with Relevance to Engineering
UR  - https://peer.asee.org/26398
DO  - 10.18260/p.26398
ER  -