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Displaying results 31 - 60 of 73 in total
Collection
ASEE-NE 2022
Authors
Andrew Michael Seredinski, Wentworth Institute of Technology
coursegrade in each of these three semesters.2.1 Exit Ticket PromptsThe exit tickets in this study consisted of two main prompts. While phrasing varied slightlybetween semesters, their content was unchanged. The prompts are: 1) What question do you still have after today’s class? 2) Apply today’s topic to something in the world around you.The second prompt was notably changed for part of the Spring 2021 semester as a pilot of usingmultiple choice questions to check students’ ability to apply the material. For example, after aclass introducing Newton’s laws, students were asked “Which of these examples illustrates zeronet force acting on an object? a) A train brakes to slow to a stop at a station, b) A bicyclistmaintains a steady speed, c) A
Collection
ASEE-NE 2022
Authors
Marisha Rawlins, Wentworth Institute of Technology; Pilin Junsangsri
30 20 10 0 Traditional Traditional CBG Refinement 1 CBG Refinement 2 CBG Original Summer 2019 Summer 2020 Summer 2021 Summer 2021 Fall 2020 (Instructor 2) (Instructor 2) (Instructor 1 ) (Instructor 2 ) (Instructor 3) A B C D F Figure 2 percentage of A, B, C
Collection
ASEE-NE 2022
Authors
Hugh L Mcmanus, Northeastern University; Kris Jaeger-Helton, Northeastern University
advance and bring to the review was encouraged, but none was officiallyrequired.Setting the Stage: Coordinator Preparation. Before the PRR meeting, teams were assessed ona variety of measures by the two course coordinators. The coordinators divided the assessmentsbetween them; both assessed every team, but on separate criteria aligned with their individualareas of expertise and their roles in the course. The assessments were done using (a) a set ofinformal prompts or thinking points (Table 2), and (b) a more formal rubric which was alignedwith the ABET student learning outcomes (Table 3). The informal prompts created notes anddiscussion points for the review; the rubric was assessed with a letter grade and accompanied byspecific comments. These
Collection
ASEE-NE 2022
Authors
Daisy Ren, University of Connecticut; Pierredens Fils, University of Connecticut; Shinae Jang P.E., University of Connecticut
six Departments of Transportation (DOTs), includingConnecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Vermont. This surveywill be useful in determining the future needs of joint monitoring systems and practices.Survey QuestionnaireThe survey questionnaire consists of the following questions in Table 1. Table 1. Joint Monitoring Practice Survey Questionnaire How often do you conduct bridge inspections? a. Biannual (twice a year) b. Annual (once a year) c. Biennial (every two years) d. Other Does your team currently engage in long-term monitoring of expansion joints? To what level? a. Yes - we have an internal system to monitor during our inspections b. Yes - we have a designated research group or point people
Collection
ASEE-NE 2022
Authors
Dimitrios Bolkas, Pennsylvania State University, Wilkes-Barre Campus; Jeffrey Chiampi; Carol L. Morman PE, PS, Cincinnati State Technical and Community College
search was made forvirtual methods that would allow someone to experience surveying. Penn State Wilkes-Barrecollaborated with UESI, as Penn State Wilkes-Barre already had developed a software tosimulate differential leveling in virtual reality [19] and [20]. Virtual reality technology was usedin the differential leveling part of the competition. Two leveling tasks had to be completed bystudents (Figure 1): (1) collect a set of differential leveling measurements between twobenchmarks, reduce and adjust their misclosures, and (2) calculate elevations on a sewer linefrom profile leveling data.Figure 1. The virtual leveling tasks. (a) top view; (b) side view.Of the twelve regional first place teams, ten teams accepted the invitation to compete in
Collection
ASEE-NE 2022
Authors
Trinh Huynh, Wentworth Institute of Technology; Pilin Junsangsri, Wentworth Institute of Technology
robot car projects have problems with an auto-switch off power supply when using a portablebattery in low-current robotic projects. In this paper, two portable batteries are used. The 5Vportable battery is responsible for the stability of the Raspberry Pi and Arduino board. Anotherportable battery, which is capable of providing various output voltages (5V, 9V, and 12V), is usedto power wheels’ motors to vary the speed of a car. Within WiFi range, the car can be remotelycontrolled and operated basic tasks such as running from point A to point B, collecting images andvideos data, and sending data files to an assigned host in the same network. In the future, the self-driving feature will be added into this robot car. The human-supervised will no
Collection
ASEE-NE 2022
Authors
Sharif IM Sheikh, Wentworth Institute of Technology; Ahmed Hassebo, Wentworth Institute of Technology; James R McCusker PhD, Wentworth Institute of Technology
verification is complete, students were trained on the process of generatingPCB layout manually and using the software. Since most of the students did not have any PCBdesign/fabrication experiences, the instructor provided them with a customized PCB board shownin figure 2(a). Once the students are confident about their PCB layout, they were asked to placethe components on the PCB board and start the soldering process. For normal PCB boards, thisprocess can be considerably improved by using an automated layout generator and printing themLPKF PCB plotter. Figure 2(a) PCB board (b) PCB of a BJT amplifierThe most challenging part was the soldering of the components to the PCB board. Due to remotelearning in previous semesters
Collection
ASEE-NE 2022
Authors
Ning Fang, Utah State University
B Std. error coefficients Beta t Sig. Constant 1.258 0.442 2.846 0.005 ACT English 0.036 0.024 0.174 1.496 0.137 ACT math 0.068 0.025 0.310 2.750 0.007 ACT reading 0.016 0.021 0.081 0.742 0.459 ACT science -0.051 0.030 -0.225 -1.688 0.093From Table 2, it can be seen that based on the datasets collected from students in all threeacademic years as a whole, “in general,” ACT math score is a statistically significant
Collection
ASEE-NE 2022
Authors
Sarira Motaref P.E., University of Connecticut
think and share suggestions to reduce a measured parameter (for example, deflectionin a beam by changing the beam properties). The relationship between beam properties anddeflection is formed gradually as students provide feedback during this activity.Think-Pair-shareThink-pair-share technique allows the students to think individually, interact with their pair andshare the information with all the students and their teacher. This technique helps students toimprove and enhance their knowledge by sharing all the information, ideas, and skills [7].Pictures from real-life examples relevant to the course topics are shared during class shortrecitation. Figures 2 (a) and (b) display examples of deflection in a baby toy and shearing stressdue to hole
Collection
ASEE-NE 2022
Authors
Joshua Luckens, Wentworth; Afsaneh Ghanavati, Wentworth Institute of Technology
, happiness, health, learning, grades, success,satisfaction, community, et al.) and decrease what I want less of? How can I design a semester ofmaximum value to me? What would I need to change, and how would I do so?Prompt 3– Metacognition and You: Part A) Theory - How can metacognition help you become amore innovative thinker? Part B) Application - Describe a scenario in which your ability to betterunderstand your own thought processes helps you to solve a problem creatively. Give a specificexample of metacognition applied to your life!Future DirectionThe Engineering Notebook exists to help novice engineers to take ownership over their newlyforming professional identities. Throughout the semester, the efficacy of the project at meetingits stated
Collection
ASEE-NE 2022
Authors
Gabriella C Butler; Hailey Dooley, Northeastern; Liam O'Buachalla; Matthew John Urbano; Bala Maheswaran, Northeastern University
] [5] M. Bonanni, P. Groen, B. Liang, O.Porth, S. Pozder, and B. Maheswaran, “Renewable Energy Generation from Repetitive Human Activity: Proposal for a Door-Opening Based Electric Generator,” American Society of Engineering Education Northeast Conference, 2016. [6] Coefficient of friction, Rolling resistance and Aerodynamics. Coefficient of friction, rolling resistance, Air Resistance, aerodynamics. (n.d.). Available: https://www.tribology- abc.com/abc/cof.htm. [Retrieved December 3, 2021] [7] N. Irgolic, “Gear design & drawing in Solidworks,” Gear design & drawing in Solidworks | GrabCAD Tutorials. Available: https://grabcad.com/tutorials/gear-design-drawing-in
Collection
ASEE-NE 2022
Authors
Rinchen Tsewang Sherpa, University of Connecticut, Civil Engineering; Shinae Jang P.E., University of Connecticut
apparatusResultsRF ResultsFigures 7 (a), (b), and (c) show the deterioration of the concrete caused by the freeze-thawcycles. This shows that the freeze-thaw table was effective in creating quick deterioration in thebeams, thus suitable test specimens for damage detection using resonant frequency. This isuseful, since quick deterioration and greater damage will help to identify if the RF testing iseffective in monitoring and tracking such changes. (a) (b) (c) Figure 7 Specimen (a) before freeze-thaw (b) after freeze-thaw (c) zoomed in photoFigure 8 shows the results of measured RF of the reference beam stored in the curing room and abeam from the same concrete mix exposed to freeze-thaw
Collection
ASEE-NE 2022
Authors
Jake Robert Ross, Northeastern University; Kevin You-Ichiro Ohgami, Northeastern University; Nicholas Jasper Gillespie, Northeastern University; Owen Krivacek, Northeastern University; Benjamin Service; Bala Maheswaran, Northeastern University
Handcars Work." MekanizMalar. Accessed December 08, 2021. https://www.mekanizmalar.com/how-sheffield-handcars-work.html. [7] O. Lathrop, “DC Motor as a Generator Voltage and Current.” Electrical Engineering Stack Exchange, February 2, 2015. https://electronics.stackexchange.com/questions/152171/dc-motor-as-a-generator- voltage-and-current. [8] A. Saeed, R. Bhaleshah, B. Nooranni, F. Mairaj, and M. Siddiq, “Steps towards sustainability: Energy generating seesaw,” Conference Paper, October 2018, DOI: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/329616077AppendicesAppendix 1: Solidworks DesignAppendix 2: Arduino Board Construction and Generator TestingAppendix 3: TestingAppendix 4: Arduino Code for Measuring
Collection
ASEE-NE 2022
Authors
Daniil Slutskiy, Wentworth Institute of Technology; Ricardo Moreira, Wentworth Institute of Technology ; Michael McGuire, Wentworth Institute of Technology ; Saurav Basnet, Wentworth Institute of Technology
, and the gear box is the mechanical system. A. DesignThe design of this device has a few key steps: picking a DC motor and determining Voltage toRPM ratio, designing a gear box, designing the electric circuit, and picking the components.After that is done, 3D models are to be made and printed, knowing the needed dimensions. B. Determining voltage to RPM ratio of the motorThe process started with picking the radial flux permanent magnet DC motor available in thelaboratory. All the characteristics of the motor were unknown, except for the maximum voltage.The characteristics needed for the calculations later are the voltage at which the motor operatesand the RPM at this value. In order to obtain the value of the RPM the stroboscopic
Collection
ASEE-NE 2022
Authors
Emily Deterding, University of Massachusetts Lowell; Nathan Agyeman; Susan Thomson Tripathy, University of Massachusetts Lowell; Carter Keough, University of Massachusetts Lowell; Sumudu Lewis, University of Massachusetts Lowell; Kavitha Chandra, University of Massachusetts Lowell
Tagged Topics
Diversity
representation of diverse viewpoints in the focus groups. With the results from this study, our research team will use the data collected to considerpossible changes in Introduction to Mechanical Engineering teamwork projects during Fall 2022.We also hope to involve other Introduction to Engineering courses from different disciplines(i.e., Biomedical Engineering, Electrical Engineering, Civil Engineering, etc.) in a follow-upstudy to create a larger sample size and have a bigger impact.References[1] B. Beigpourian and M.W. Ohland, “A systematized review: Gender and race in teamwork inundergraduate engineering classrooms,” presented at ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition,Tampa, Florida, June 15, 2019. Available: https://peer.asee.org/32011[2
Collection
ASEE-NE 2022
Authors
Ashanthi Shanika Maxworth, University of Southern Maine
or compute values or mid-level comprehension.Based on the cumulative grades of the students 18.9% of the students have obtained the ‘A’ orupper ‘B’ (B+) grades. These students were capable of attempting a problem creatively, selectingsuitable design parameters, and applying the knowledge they gained in the class to computevalues. Although, more than 25% of the students who completed the self-assessmentquestionnaire indicated that they have the highest level of comprehension, according to the finalcumulative grade distribution this percentage is only 19% when the entire student population wastaken into account.The majority (56.6%) of the students have obtained either ‘B’ or ‘C’ grades indicating that theycan apply the knowledge and compute
Collection
ASEE-NE 2022
Authors
Rithvik Rao Katikaneni, Northeastern University; Matteo Farah; Carlos Mario Martinez, Northeastern University; Kabato Burka; TOBECHUKWU CHIGOZIRIM ANIAGBOSO, Northeastern University; Bala Maheswaran, Northeastern University
are essential to improve this prototype further and to make itefficient for everyday use. As mentioned before, the integration of TEGs in everyday life wouldbe to improve the overall efficiency of existing power sources and to be used in tandem with thembut not as an absolute replacement to them.References [1] University of Leicester Self Study Researchers. (n.d.). Generation of Electricity. University of Leicester. Retrieved December 7, 2021, from https://www.le.ac.uk/se/centres/sci/selfstudy/egy3.htm. [2] Thermoelectric generators: Progress and applications. Encyclopedia. (n.d.). Retrieved March 31, 2022, from https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/1682 [3] N. Jaziri, A. Boughamoura, J. Muller, B. Mezghani, F. Tounsi, and M
Collection
ASEE-NE 2022
Authors
SUSRUTHABABU SUKHAVASI, University of Bridgeport; Khaled Elleithy, University of Bridgeport; Ahmed El-Sayed, University of Bridgeport; SUPARSHYA BABU SUKHAVASI; Abdelrahman Elleithy, William Paterson University
Approach 99.0Conclusion ReferenceThis paper proposes novel deep network approaches to determine the driver's emotions Sukhavasi, Susrutha B., Suparshya B.in a real-time driving environment through facial expression recognition to assist Sukhavasi, Khaled Elleithy, Ahmed El-advanced driver assistance systems in intelligent vehicles. These two approaches are Sayed, and Abdelrahman Elleithy. 2022.trained with different optimizers on the selected benchmark datasets
Collection
ASEE-NE 2022
Authors
Ahmed Hassebo, Wentworth Institute of Technology; Sharif IM Sheikh, Wentworth Institute of Technology; Wayne Bynoe, Wentworth Institute of Technology
Packet Scheduler for M2MTraffic,” ICSPCS, 2013, Carrara, Victoria, Australia.[14] A. Aijaz and A. H. Aghvami, ‘‘on radio resource allocation in LTE networks with machine-to-machine communications,’’ inProceeding of IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC-Spring), Dresden, Germany, pp. 1–5, Jun. 2013.[15] A. Elhamy and Y. Gadallah, ‘‘BAT: A balanced alternating technique for M2M uplink scheduling over LTE,’’ in Proceedings ofIEEE 81st Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC-Spring), pp. 1– 6, May 2015.[16] J. B. a. J. Y. Khan, "Performance analysis of an LTE TDD based smart grid communications network for uplink biased traffic," inIEEE Globecom Workshops, Anaheim, CA, USA, 2012[17] 3GPP TS 36.211 V8.9.0 (2009-12), “Evolved Universal Terrestrial
Collection
ASEE-NE 2022
Authors
Emmanuel James Theodore; Saurav Basnet, WentWorth Institute of Technol; Brendan Gibbons; Cameron James Dore, Wentworth Institute of Technology
indoors, can easily be removed for maintenance and modified to allow the electrical components to interact withrecharging, as well as being implemented into Apple’s each other wired and wirelessly. Aligned with the constraints ofHomeKit smart home platform for remote viewing. the project, the device must attach to the door through non- There are already a few products available to the public for invasive measures and must be easy to install.added security on a consumer’s front door. For example, there A Raspberry Pi (3 B+, raspberrypi.org) is the computer foris the Ring doorbell, which is mounted in place of a doorbell the Smart HomeKit
Collection
ASEE-NE 2022
Authors
Basile Panoutsopoulos, Community College of Rhode Island
2001 Sydney, NSW, Australia[8] B. Lucas and J Hanson. “Thinking Like an Engineer. Using Engineering Habits of Mind andSignature Pedagogies to redesign Engineering Education.” International Journal of EngineeringPaidagogy. Vol. 6. No 2 (2016).[9] Hytiris, N., Kominos, A. (2001) “Rion-Antirion Bridge, Greece – measuring a moving gap”,Civil Engineering 144, pages 166-169.[10] Jacques Combault, Alain Peeker, Jean-Paul Teyssandier, Jean-Marc Tourtois. “Rion-Antirion Bridge, Greece- Concept, Design, and Construction.” Structural EngineeringInternational February 2005.[11] Jim Anderson. “Engineers versus Nature: An Impossible Bridge”. July 28, 2020. [Online]Available: https://www.engineeredmechanicalsystems.com/engineers-vs-nature-an-impossible
Collection
ASEE-NE 2022
Authors
Jiaqiao Liang, Wentworth Inst. of Tech.; James R McCusker PhD, Wentworth Institute of Technology; Gloria Guohua Ma, Wentworth Institute of Technology; Louis Munson; Chandler Chen
. 64, no. 10, October 2009[7] N. Mangayarkarasi, G. Raghuraman and S. Kavitha, "Influence of Computer Vision and IoT for Pipeline Inspection-A Review," 2019 International Conference on Computational Intelligence in Data Science (ICCIDS), Chennai, India, February 21 – 23, 2019, pp. 1-6, doi: 10.1109/ICCIDS.2019.8862109.[8] Yun Xu, Bo Dai, Zurong Xie and Xiaoping Tian, "Electromagnetic field analysis for outer orientation problems in in-line pipeline inspection," 2010 Chinese Control and Decision Conference, Xuzhou, China, May 26 – 28, 2010, pp. 1129-1134, doi: 10.1109/CCDC.2010.5498144.[9] C. Ékes and B. Neducza, "Robot mounted GPR for pipe inspection," 14th International Conference on Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR
Collection
ASEE-NE 2022
Authors
Vacharaporn Paradorn; Sunita Rajni Virk Singh Poma; Nathan Agyeman; Kavitha Chandra, University of Massachusetts Lowell; Susan Thomson Tripathy, University of Massachusetts Lowell; Tiana Robinson, University of Massachusetts Lowell
QFT?"[Online]. Available: https://rightquestion.org/what-is-the-qft/. [Accessed l4 February 2022][3] B. R. Allenby, "Sustainable engineering and industrial ecology," The Global Supply Web, pp. 79-l0l, 20ll. Available: http://www.econis.eu/PPNSET?PPNl;687946670.[4] S. Hill, "The history of PLM: From paper to the cloud," Arena, 25-Aug-202l. [Online]. Available: https://www.arenasolutions.com/blog/the-history-of-plm-from-paper-to-the- cloud/. [Accessed: l8-Feb-2022].[5] O. Kleppner, Advertising Procedure: The Purposes of Advertising, Prentice-Hall, Inc., l925, pp. 5[6] R. Spiegel, "A Brief History of PLM", Design News, July 20l7. Available: https://www.designnews.com/design-hardware-software/brief-history-plm[7] J. Stark
Collection
ASEE-NE 2022
Authors
Filip Cuckov, Wentworth Institute of Technology; Marisha Rawlins, Wentworth Institute of Technology; Pilin Junsangsri, Wentworth Institute of Technology; Wayne Bynoe, Wentworth Institute of Technology; James R McCusker PhD, Wentworth Institute of Technology; José R. Sánchez, Wentworth Institute of Technology
Council (WEEF-GEDC), Nov. 2020, pp. 1–6. doi: 10.1109/WEEF-GEDC49885.2020.9293654.[2] X. Xu, Y. Lu, B. Vogel-Heuser, and L. Wang, “Industry 4.0 and Industry 5.0—Inception, conception and perception,” J. Manuf. Syst., vol. 61, pp. 530–535, 2021.[3] P. O. Skobelev and S. Y. Borovik, “On the way from Industry 4.0 to Industry 5.0: From digital manufacturing to digital society,” Ind. 40, vol. 2, no. 6, pp. 307–311, 2017.[4] P. K. R. Maddikunta et al., “Industry 5.0: A survey on enabling technologies and potential applications,” J. Ind. Inf. Integr., p. 100257, 2021.[5] F. Sánchez Carracedo et al., “Competency Maps: An Effective Model to Integrate Professional Competencies Across a STEM Curriculum,” J. Sci. Educ. Technol., vol. 27
Collection
ASEE-NE 2022
Authors
Naziah Edwards, American Society of Mechanical Engineers Club at the University of Bridgeport; Elphaz Girma Gesesse, University of Bridgeportf; Nathan Sahle
Paper ID #36001Smart Door Knob CleanserMr. Naziah Edwards, American Society of Mechanical Engineers Club at the University of Bridgeport A highly motivated mechanical engineering student planned to graduate in May 2022 with a background in project design and electrical installation. Also passionate in aerospace, and industrial machinery sector. Lastly, acquired interest in stock portfolio building, music, technology industry, and traveling.Mr. Elphaz Girma Gesesse, University of BridgeportfNathan Sahle American c Society for Engineering Education, 2022ABSTRACT
Collection
ASEE-NE 2022
Authors
Isabella Serrano, Northeastern University; Kaitlyn Williams-Koester; Kaden Clark, Northeastern University; Blade Rocket Kalikow, Northeastern University; Bennett Hartley; Bala Maheswaran, Northeastern University
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Kalikow, and Bala Maheswaran College of Engineering Northeastern UniversityAbstractOur world’s demand for water continues to surge, while there is a fixed amount of fresh water onthe planet. As human-induced climate change affects the world in potentially irreversible ways,our access to freshwater continues to decline. The considerable use of water in agriculture isfrequently unnecessary as farmers use water-intensive irrigation techniques. Doing so is beneficialin having low equipment costs, but it wastes water due to evaporation, infiltration, and runoff [1].Additionally, irrigating a plant too much can negatively impact garden health and
Collection
ASEE-NE 2022
Authors
Gagik Sarkisian, Wentworth Institute of Technology; Kai Ren, Wentworth Institute of Technology
Paper ID #36172Deployable Log-Periodic Dipole Array Antenna for CubeSatsMr. GAGIK SARKISIAN, Wentworth Institute of Technology I graduated from Wentworth Institute of Technology in 2017 with a Bachelors in biomedical engineering and am currently pursuing a Masters in electrical engineering, focusing on antenna engineering. I have a strong passion for learning about all things related to science and engineering, as well as about history, culture, and international relations. I am an automotive and technology enthusiast with a great interest in space exploration.Prof. Kai Ren, Wentworth Institute of Technology Dr. Kai
Collection
ASEE-NE 2022
Authors
Brennan Patrick Miller-Klugman, Wentworth Institute of Technology; Yali Izzo, Wentworth Institute of Technology; Corey Comperchio, Wentworth Institute of Technology; Marisha Rawlins, Wentworth Institute of Technology
Paper ID #35967Low-Cost Open-Source Robotics for EducationMr. Brennan Patrick Miller-Klugman, Wentworth Institute of Technology Brennan Miller-Klugman is student at Wentworth Institute of Technology. He is currently working to- wards completing a B.S. in Computer Engineering.Yali Izzo, Wentworth Institute of Technology Computer Science student and Robotics/Game Development enthusiast.Corey Comperchio, Wentworth Institute of Technology Corey Comperchio is in his final year studying electrical engineering at Wentworth Institute of Technol- ogy. His previous co-ops include electrical engineering internships at Stantec in
Collection
ASEE-NE 2022
Authors
Maria Katerina Apostle, Wentworth Institute of Technology; Saurav Basnet, WentWorth Institute of Technol; Luke Clarke Bassett
Paper ID #35861Autonomous Inventory TrackingMaria Katerina Apostle, Wentworth Institute of Technology Current sophomore at Wentworth Institute of Technology pursuing a bachelor’s in Computer Engineering and a minor in Physics. My interests include robotics and embedded systems.saurav basnet, WentWorth Institute of TechnolLuke Clarke Bassett American c Society for Engineering Education, 2022 Autonomous Inventory Tracking Maria Apostle, Luke Bassett, Saurav Basnet Computer Engineering
Collection
ASEE-NE 2022
Authors
Diane Ward, Educator
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Engineering Outreach: Project-Based Learning for Elementary and Middle School StudentsAbstract: Parents have sought out engineering preparatory programming for their children whohave expressed an interest in the field as a college major and as a career. The supplementaleducational industry which has arose to train the hard and soft skills required to prepare studentscontinues to grow and transform the way elementary and middle school engineering education isshared. The cost of these supplemental programs is a future investment in that they provide anentry to engineering concepts, exploration of first principles, and project based learning. Newadditions to this market such as Ad Astra/Astra Nova and Synthesis have sought to