for the Advancement of Engineering Education and focused on students’experiences as they move into, through, and beyond their undergraduate engineeringeducations.10 Data collection occurred during a four-year period at four U.S. institutions: a Page 14.360.3public institution specializing in teaching engineering and technology; a private, historicallyblack university in the mid-Atlantic; a large, public university in the Northwest; and a suburban,private university on the West Coast.Nominal, initial APS sample size was 160 students, approximately 40 at each institution, butexact sample size varied with year and data collection method. Although