Conference Session

Teaching Technological Literacy - Engaging Students

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

William Loendorf, Eastern Washington University

Tagged Divisions

Technological Literacy Constituent Committee

technology driversof agriculture and war are studied in detail. Through innovations agriculture was able to producemore food allowing populations to grow. While new inventions created more effective anddevastating weapons of war used to kill and destroy. Throughout the course, numeroustechnologies are scrutinized and examined in terms of their cost versus benefit to society. It alsoinvestigates how technologies are inter-related and how cultural factors affect the acceptance orrejection of technology. The intent of the course was to enhance the student’s understanding ofhow technologies developed and why. The material covered helps the student to understand andrecognize our dependence on technology and its impact on our lives. In this course the

Conference Session

Understanding and Measuring the Impact of Multidisciplinarity

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Alexandra Coso, University of Virginia; Reid Bailey, University of Virginia

Tagged Divisions

Multidisciplinary Engineering

Page 15.546.4than traditional practice.14 The focus of many IUEs on engineering in context strengthens theneed to investigate potential gender differences in students’ interdisciplinary understanding.The use of a disciplinary affiliation lens for this project was grounded in several studies. A studyat the University of California – Berkeley, for instance, revealed that undergraduate engineeringstudents have a strong belief system surrounding the nature of disciplines, which negativelyaffected the integration of these disciplines within the curriculum.15 Another study analyzedstudents’ perceptions of a lab course in communication systems.15,16 The results indicated thestudents viewed electrical engineers as technicians, focusing on the

Conference Session

Classroom Engagement

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Tamara Floyd-Smith, Tuskegee University; Denise Wilson, University of Washington; Ryan Campbell, University of Washington; Rebecca Bates, Minnesota State University, Mankato; Diane Jones, University of Washington; Donald Peter, Seattle Pacific University; Melani Plett, Seattle Pacific Univ; Elaine Scott, Seattle Pacific University; Nanette Veilleux, Simmons College

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

aptitude (cognitive factors). Historically, engineering educationresearch has emphasized making improvements in how students learn primarily from a content-oriented or cognitive perspective. More recently, attention has been given to improvinginstructional modes to make them more student-centered, but little has been done beyond the K-12 level to understand how connections-to-community (CTC) contribute to student engagement Page 15.59.2in higher education, particularly in STEM fields.The literature on belonging, gathered from higher education, K-12, and organizationalpsychology clearly supports the importance of community in influencing engagement

Conference Session

Engaging Students

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Nicole Berge, University of South Carolina; Joseph Flora, University of South Carolina

Tagged Divisions

Environmental Engineering

, quantify dye removal, and test for scale up. Aftereach class, students submit a journal response to specific questions about class activities,explaining how and why the material learned in that class helps them in their design, and howthis new knowledge has impacted or changed their initial design. Journal submittal andassessment is performed with an in-house on-line tool developed with a rubric specificallydesigned to evaluate core knowledge and critical thinking. The on-line tool has built-in metricassessment, and the rubric has been shown to have inter- and intra-rater reliabilities greater than0.7. The final class of an EFFECT is used to discuss what was learned during the active learningexperiences to determine the most appropriate design

Conference Session

Engaging Students

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Junko Munakata-Marr, Colorado School of Mines; Jennifer Schneider, Colorado School of Mines; Barbara Moskal, Colorado School of Mines; Carl Mitcham, Colorado School of Mines; Jon Leydens, Colorado School of Mines

Tagged Divisions

Environmental Engineering

sanitation.Content was integrated into the course using a case-study approach. Between weeks three andseven of a 15-week semester, students investigated and contrasted common sanitation practicesin the U.S. and developing nations and then began work on mini-case studies focused on specificcommunities in developing countries. Guest speakers supplemented instruction by sharingexperiences from living and working in such communities and overseeing sanitation-engineeringprojects. In week nine, student teams described their chosen community, its relevantdemographics, current sanitation practices, and the team’s initial sanitation options. In week 12,student teams identified key community stakeholders, conducted a sanitation options assessment,and assembled

Conference Session

Engaging Students

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kristen Sanford Bernhardt, Lafayette College; Sharon Jones, Lafayette College; Christopher Ruebeck, Lafayette College; Jacqueline Isaacs, Northeastern University

Tagged Divisions

Environmental Engineering

their reconstructedknowledge. In addition, students are free to research the various technologies to reconstruct theirknowledge based on more than just observations of game situations. Shortfall also includesaspects of behavioral theory in the repetition of the decision processes for the 10 rounds.The Environmental Policy Research Project and Participating CoursesIn summer 2007, we received a grant from NSF to develop improved tools for environmentalpolicy-making by combining life-cycle assessment and strategic market analysis in a simulationcontext. As stated, the project meets the “broader impacts” criterion via self-containededucational modules used as part of more traditional policy, social science, and engineeringundergraduate courses

Conference Session

Engaging Students

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Leslie Hadaway, Norwood High School; Megan Urbaitis, Norwood High School; Regina Lamendella, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory; Daniel Oerther, University of Cincinnati; Andrea Burrows, The University of Cincinnati; Mike Borowczak, The University of Cincinnati; Anant Kukreti, The University of Cincinnati

Tagged Divisions

Environmental Engineering

paper presents an innovative teaching approach, how it is implemented, student responseresults of the implementation, and the assessment of impact on student learning. The findings arebased on surveys given to the students after each lab lesson taught in partnership with university(Project STEP) and community members. The purpose of this paper is to showcase authentic molecular technology research methods thathave been incorporated into a high school level water quality study in cooperation with awatershed restoration program. Typically, water quality studies focus on chemical analysis suchas pH, dissolved oxygen, biochemical oxygen demand, orthophosphates, nitrates, temperature,turbidity, macro-invertebrate survey and fecal coliform cultures

Conference Session

Mentoring First Year Students

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Rose Marra, University of Missouri; Whitney Edmister, Virginia Tech; Bevlee Watford, Virginia Tech; Barbara Bogue, Pennsylvania State University; Chia-Lin Tsai, University of Missouri; Fleur Gooden, Virginia Tech

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

AC 2010-384: PEER MENTORING: IMPACT ON MENTEES AND COMPARISONWITH NON-PARTICIPANTSRose Marra, University of Missouri ROSE M. MARRA is an Associate Professor in the School of Information Science and Learning Technologies at the University of Missouri. She is Co-Director of the NSF-funded Assessing Women andMen in Engineering (AWE) and Assessing Women In Student Environments (AWISE) projects and Co-PI of the National Girls Collaborative Project. Her research interests include gender equity issues, the epistemological development of college students, and promoting meaningful learning in web-based environments.Whitney Edmister, Virginia Tech WHITNEY A. EDMISTER is the Assistant Director of the

Conference Session

Mentoring & Outreach for Girls & Minorities

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Aurenice Oliveira, Michigan Technological University

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

intocollege. Students learn Electronic Communication Technologies through an intense loadof hands-on activities closely coordinated with theoretical classroom discussion focusingon exciting real-world engineering applications of a variety of communication systems.The course attendees responded an end of course survey to assess the success of thecourse in achieving its goal in terms of impacting students’ knowledge on engineeringand on the specific subject, and attitude towards college education and STEM areas. Thesurvey results revealed, among other findings, that students’ interest in college educationfurther increased. These results will assist us to refine our goals, and on the development

Conference Session

Engineering Collaboration: Faculty & Student in K-12 Programs

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Rajesh Ganesan, George Mason University; Philip Henning, James Madison University; Donna Sterling, George Mason University

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

training, exchange of information, andintegration of scientific research from diverse STEM disciplines with teaching to make scienceexciting for students. Sponsored by NSF's GK-12 program, the GMU implementation serves asan exemplary model for the emerging trends in STEM education at the elementary school level.One of the objectives of this project is to provide professional development opportunities tofellows, particularly, communication and teaching skills. This paper presents project evaluationevidences (quantitative and qualitative) of the impact of the project on the professionaldevelopment of its participants, particularly the graduate fellows. The data and the resultsindicate that the fellows significantly improved their communication

Conference Session

Service Learning and Societal Issues in the First Year

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Brian Savilonis, Worcester Polytechnic Institute; David Spanagel, Worcester Polytechnic Institute; Kristin Wobbe, Worcester Polytechnic Institute

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

the earliest stage of a collegestudent’s education.Focus on the importance of the first year is not limited to engineering education. Many collegeshave developed new first-year programs designed to smooth the transition from high school tocollege. Some focus on study skills and transition issues, others use learning communities tobuild a network of social support for the academic mission, and yet others build first-yearseminars connecting students with faculty research interests.6 Among engineering educationprograms, however, freshmen seminars typically focus on bringing engineering and design intothe curriculum earlier, largely to spur student motivation, retention, and assistance in choosing amajor.7,8,9 These first year engineering

Conference Session

Research on The First Year II

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Melissa Dagley-Falls, University of Central Florida; Michael Georgiopoulos, University of Central Florida; Cynthia Young, University of Central Florida

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

understanding.Vincent Tinto44 believed that a student’s commitment to the institution and commitment tograduation led to departure decisions. This commitment impacted the social and academicintegration of the student into the institution’s community. Tinto suggested formal and informalareas such as academic performance, peer groups, faculty-student interaction, and extracurricularactivities as places in which social and academic integration, also known as student involvementor engagement, would take place in an institution. In his revised work, Tinto41 later suggestedthat community membership and the membership’s associated sense of belonging may play ascritical a role in persistence as academic and social integration. In an attempt to provide morestructure to

Conference Session

Administering First-Year Programs

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Russell Korte, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign; David Goldberg, University of Illinois, Urbana

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

prescribe similar solutions such asbetter emphasis on communications skills and teamwork in classrooms taught with greaterpedagogical skill. It is a bit of a puzzle that such widespread agreement has not resulted in moreeffective and sustainable change and better diffusion and pace of change.This paper takes the position that an important, largely unrecognized, reason behind the failurefor transformation efforts to take hold is that much of the effort—even much of the effort thatclaims to be student centered—remains inexorably faculty centered. Indeed there is a largeliterature of student-centered pedagogy, but the fundamental assumption behind much of it is thatteachers must behave differently to engage the student. On one level such an assertion

Conference Session

Global Engineering Education: Intercultural Awareness and International Experience

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Larry Bland, John Brown University

Tagged Divisions

International

professional and ethical responsibility (as understood in multiple cultures) ≠ Ability to communicate effectively (across language barriers) ≠ Broad education to impact engineering solutions for a global, economic, environmental, and societal context ≠ Recognition of the need for, and an ability to engage in lifelong learning (as new markets emerge around the world) ≠ Knowledge of contemporary issues (globalization)The author has highlighted existing global statements or added parenthetical modifiers todemonstrate how effective global education will help student develop the skills needed forinternational competency. Downey and Lucena (2006) have gone as far as recommending thefocusing of global elements into an

Conference Session

Innovative Courses/Pedagogies in Liberal Education II

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Paul Ross, University of Wisconsin, Madison

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education

” required in ABET certification standards and increasingly in work thatdemands a “liberal arts” perspective in addition to technical abilities.“High-impact educational practices” are well served by this syllabus.8 George D. Kuh’s“overview” includes the following examples of effective student engagement and contributionsto cumulative learning. Kuh includes first-year seminars and experiences, common intellectualexperiences, learning communities, writing-intensive courses, collaborative assignments,research, and global learning. Kuh notes that these and other practices may be carried out indifferent ways depending on the academic opportunities and environment. A detailed analysis isnot possible here, but the context of the UW-Madison FIGs program

Conference Session

Teaching Technological Literacy - Engaging Students

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Steven Walk, Old Dominion University

Tagged Divisions

Technological Literacy Constituent Committee

including communications, energy, medicine, transportation, and many other areas.A quantitative technology forecast will include the study of historic data to identify one of or acombination of several recognized universal technology diffusion or substitution trends. Rates Page 15.725.3of new technology adoption and rates of change of technology performance characteristics takeon common patterns. The discovery of such a pattern indicates that a fundamental trajectory orenvelope curve has been found and that reliable forecasts then can be made.The quantitative forecasting techniques are, to use the words of mathematician and theoristGregory Bateson4

Conference Session

Women in K-12 Engineeering & Outreach Programs

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ari Epstein, MIT; Beverly Mire, Cambridge Youth Programs; Trent Ramsey, Cambridge Youth Programs; Karen Gareis, Goodman Research Group; Emily Davidson, MIT; Elizabeth Jones, MIT; Michelle Slosberg, MIT; Rafael Bras, MIT

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

of experts that supervises the design and construction of a multibillion-dollar project to protect the City of Venice from floods. Page 15.1199.2© American Society for Engineering Education, 2010 Terrascope Youth Radio: Engaging urban teens in a unique university-community partnershipAbstractTerrascope Youth Radio (TYR) is an NSF-funded program in which undergraduate engineeringand science students at MIT mentor local urban teens as the teens produce radio/audioprogramming on environmental topics. The interaction has been remarkably fruitful, both for theteens and for the undergraduates. The

Conference Session

Past and Future of Manufacturing Education

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Hugh Jack, Grand Valley State University

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

that our current degree programs are no longer current with these advancements. To solve this we need to examine our graduates job roles and begin tailoring our programs to match theirs.Probably less the way we've traditionally taught. More interactive learning and more problem-based learning that requires student learners to be more engaged in their learning. Less cramming for the next test. More demonstra- tion of concept mastery by the learner. More facilitation of the learning pro- cess by the faculty. Probably more applied problem-solving and research on open-ended problems.The current technology or manufacturing degree programs are stuck with forty year or more education topics with many faculty teaching from

Conference Session

Case Studies, Engineering Education and Outcome Assessment Around the Globe

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Dan Baker, The University of Vermont; John Merrill, The Ohio State University; David Munoz, Colorado School of Mines

Tagged Divisions

International

: Perspectives on interdisciplinary projects in HondurasIntroductionSustainable community development is complex and dynamic. Engagement in the practicalaspects of this field presents great challenges and opportunities for academic institutions.Addressing the needs of rural communities requires high-levels of interdisciplinary coordinationand integration, as well as the commitment of time to understand the context of particularproblems and the impact of interventions. The challenge and opportunities of rural development,particularly in the developing world, attract faculty and students from higher education, who thenmust address the real constraints faced by engaging in long-term trans-disciplinary projects. Thispanel discussion

Conference Session

Computational Tools and Simulation III

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Stephen Crown, University of Texas, Pan American; Arturo Fuentes, University of Texas, Pan American; Robert Jones, University of Texas, Pan American; Rajiv Nambiar, University of Texas, Pan American; Deborah Crown, San Jose State University

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

students would relate to and clearly understand. An evaluation mode usesstudent interaction to assess the accuracy of student responses and provides an interestingenvironment for open ended student interaction on course concepts. The development andassessment of the knowledge base is primarily the work of students but is somewhat hidden fromthe users. The “chatbot” is currently being tested by four engineering professors and onebusiness professor with seven undergraduate courses. The paper outlines the response of studentsto this learner centered environment and its impact on student motivation, engagement, andultimately academic success. The success of this learning environment is also explained in termsof its relationship to the four dimensions

Conference Session

Best Zone Paper Competition

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Amelito Enriquez, Canada College

Tagged Divisions

Council of Sections

provideneeded real-time feedback and assistance to maximize student learning. This interactiveclassroom environment is created using wireless Tablet PCs and a software application,NetSupport School. Results from two separate controlled studies of the implementation of thismodel of teaching and learning in sophomore-level Introductory Circuit Analysis course show astatistically significant positive impact on student performance. Additionally, results of studentsurveys show overwhelmingly positive student perception of the effects of this classroomenvironment on their learning experience. These results indicate that the interactive classroomenvironment developed using wireless Tablet PCs has the potential to be a more effectiveteaching pedagogy in

Conference Session

International Study Abroad Programs & Student Engagements

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Diane Grayson, University of Pretoria

Tagged Divisions

International

quality of mathematics and science educationreceived by many black students is still inadequate for them to succeed in science-relateduniversity degrees.After 1994 academic support initiatives mushroomed. In 1996 a national study identified 22science or engineering academic support programs in South Africa, with more in the planningstages1. In many institutions, these programs were relegated to enthusiastic, idealistic, juniorstaff and paid for with donor funding. Many programs used innovative teaching methods andfocused on deep learning. Unfortunately, rarely did they impact on the style of teaching orcurricula of mainstream science-based courses, which tended to be largely “chalk and talk” (or“point and click”, with the advent of Powerpoint

Conference Session

Best Zone Paper Competition

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Michael Hunter, Georgia Institute of Technology; Dwayne Henclewood, Georgia Institute of Technology; Marion Usselman, Georgia Institute of Technology; Mshadoni Smith, Georgia Institute of Technology; Laurie Garrow, Georgia Institute of Technology; Angshuman Guin, Georgia Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Council of Sections

outreach.Introduction and BackgroundTo promote K-12 student engagement in science, technology, engineering and mathematics(STEM), it is imperative that science and math teachers effectively link their content material toissues of significance to the students. Transportation issues, in particular those that occur duringtimes of such national emergencies as hurricanes, earthquakes, or war, have recently come to theforefront of national concern. People at all levels, from students in elementary schools to policymakers to research scientists and engineers, have all attempted to comprehend and to mitigate thehuman impact inflicted by disasters such as Katrina and 9/11. Many of the lessons learneddirectly concern the engineering and science communities. How do we

Conference Session

Build Diversity in Engineering Graduate Programs

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ali Ansari, Virginia State University; Jahangir Ansari, Virginia State University; Krishan Agrawal, Virginia State University; Arthur Fridrich, Virginia State University

Tagged Divisions

Minorities in Engineering

, oral, and written competency gaps through academic and professional enhancement • Promoting graduate education through scientific researchThe concern for addressing the problems cited above is a national issue that requires furtherintervention by the academic community, industry, and the federal sector in order to ensurethe participation of underrepresented groups in the workforce 2011 and beyond. Pre-collegeand undergraduate student participation in the sciences, particularly in research, is a majorchallenge. Some of the most challenging and exciting research topics today are found at theintersections of disciplines and sub-disciplines. We, therefore, provided opportunities forstudents to become engaged in interdisciplinary

Conference Session

Measuring the Impacts of Project-Based Service Learning on Engineering Education

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Gary Chinn, Pennsylvania State University; Veena Raman, Pennsylvania State University; Steve A. Walton, Pennsylvania State University; Thomas Litzinger, Pennsylvania State University

Tagged Divisions

International

technologies and ethical issues surrounding them, and the role of information technologies in facilitating democratic participation and deliberation. Dr. Raman's research focuses on political impacts of communication technologies, digital governance, participatory and deliberative democracy, and civic engagement in the context of globalization.Steve A. Walton, Pennsylvania State University Steven A. Walton is an Assistant Professor of Science, Technology, and Society Program at Penn State. He has a background in mechanical engineering as well as the history and philosophy of science and technology and he works generally on the history of industrial production, especially for military

Conference Session

Measuring the Impacts of Project-Based Service Learning on Engineering Education

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kurt Paterson, Michigan Technological University; Colleen O'Holleran, Engineers Without Borders-USA; Cathy Leslie, Engineers Without Borders

Tagged Divisions

International

their time here, become morecivically engaged, to understand more about the world beyond our borders, reflect on their rolesin society, make contacts with the engineering community and develop their leadership andpersonal skills. And it's fun.” The responses clearly demonstrate that a diverse set of faculty canbe attracted to an organization and activity for very different reasons; none are more or less valid,and collectively help a university (or EWB) attract future faculty advisors. Page 15.577.31Page 15.577.4Page 15.577.53. Summit on Service LearningThe Summit on Service Learning, held September 25-26, 2009 in Boulder, Colorado, broughttogether 32 faculty advisors from EWB, ASME, and ASCE, in addition to ASME, ASCE

Conference Session

Student Engagement in ECE

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Eric Freudenthal, University of Texas, El Paso; Rebeca Gonzalez, Chapin High School; Sarah Hug, University of Colorado; Alexandria Ogrey, University of Texas, El Paso; Mary Kay Roy, University of Texas, El Paso; Alan Siegel, NYU

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

Computational Introduction to STEM StudiesAbstractWe report on the content and early evaluation of a new introductory programming course “Media PropelledComputational Thinking,” (abbreviated MPCT and pronounced iMPaCT). MPCT is integrated into afreshman-level entering students program that aims at retaining students by responding to the academicrecruitment and attrition challenges of computer science and other STEM disciplines.This course is intendedto provide meaningful experiences of relevance to students choosing majors that also fortifies theirqualitative understandings of foundational math and physics concepts. MPCT‟s activities are designed to provide analytical challenges typical of STEM professions and tomotivate additional inquiry

Conference Session

Special Session: Impacts of Service in Engineering

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Linda Barrington, University of Massachusetts, Lowell; John Duffy, University of Massachusetts Lowell

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

. Looking back groundsengineering work within the historical context of research progress to date. In defining termswith the same meanings as in the existing service-learning field, we build on existing researchand maintain the respect of the larger academic service-learning community.2. Service-Learning in Higher Education2.1 Historical context of service-learningService-learning is used to engage students in grade levels from kindergarten through graduateschool. Since the focus here is on higher education, Table 1 contains a summary of selectedhighlights.Table 1: Condensed history of service-learning in higher education (Learn and Serve America'sNational Service-Learning Clearinghouse, 2009) Date Activity Circa William James, John

Conference Session

Understanding and Measuring the Impact of Multidisciplinarity

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Eli Patten, University of California at Berkeley; Sara Atwood, University of California, Berkeley; Lisa Pruitt, University of California, Berkeley

Tagged Divisions

Multidisciplinary Engineering

how well the students thought they had achieved the learning objectives of the course,we asked them to rate their confidence, on a scale of 1-5, for the following learning objectives,both before the course and after the course: a) Operate and communicate effectively on a multi-disciplinary team with a variety of learning and personality styles b) Effectively communicate technical information in written and oral settings c) Critically evaluate the written, oral, and engineering analysis work of themselves and others by identifying the strengths and areas for improvement d) Assess the value of work from various sources such as the internet and peer reviewed journals e) Describe the importance of engaging the community

Conference Session

Attracting Young MINDS in Engineering - Part I

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Quintin Hughes, University of Oklahoma; Randa Shehab, University of Oklahoma

Tagged Divisions

Minorities in Engineering

thatthose who attend predominantly white colleges may be more susceptible to stereotype threat as aresult of their under-representation. Several studies report results that support the existence ofacademic disidentification and stereotype threat among African American students.1-5, 15 Influences Parents can be important influences in the pre-college lives and academic engagement ofstudents.18-21 Sharp et al. utilized NELS longitudinal data and suggested that African Americanparents positively impact their student’s desire to attend college, but were not guiding themthrough important aspects of college preparation.21 Gonzales et al. studied peer andneighborhood influence on the academic achievement of