Conference Session

Reimagining Engineering Information Literacy: Novel Perspectives on Integration, Assessment, Competencies & Information Use

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Farshid Zabihian, West Virginia University Institute of Technology; Mary L. Strife, West Virginia University; Marian G. Armour-Gemmen, West Virginia University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Libraries

effectiveness in regards to the project’s purpose and information’s credibility. One of the librarians presented an option to use for evaluating information sources. The ABCD process was adapted from a pneumonic that was used at Harvard University Libraries. The “A” represents Authority---who provided the information and what is the affiliation of the person. “B” represents bias. Is it obvious that the creator has a specific point of view or is there an effort to represent the entire picture? Bias is not necessarily bad, but must be recognized and used properly in the project. “C” stands for how current the item is. If recent information is required on a topic, something from 1975 probably will not be adequate. Students were

Conference Session

Teaching and Learning Strategies II

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

David Reeping, Ohio Northern University; Kenneth J Reid, Virginia Tech

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

Measure of Similarity Classified Course A AND / OR Classified Course B Quantitative By Outcome Summary Figure 4: Depiction of the Function of the Mathematical Model Page 26.795.7Use of the Proposed Methodology Thus FarIdentify System to ModelClearly, the first step in

Conference Session

Mathematics Division Technical Session 4

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Peter Goldsmith P.Eng., University of Calgary

Tagged Divisions

Mathematics

, mechanical, aerospace, andchemical engineering involve the study of interconnected dynamic systems modeled bydifferential or difference equations, such as feedback control systems. The traditional frameworkfor the analysis and design of such systems is based on the transfer function, which modelssingle-input single-output (SISO) linear time-invariant (LTI) systems. It can be defined by takingthe Laplace transform of a differential equation (in continuous time) or the z-transform of adifference equation (in discrete time).In the continuous LTI case, the differential equation may be written the form ua(D) = yb(D),where u ∈ C∞ is the input signal, y ∈ C∞ is the output signal, a, b ∈ R[x] are real polynomials withb = 0, and D is the differential

Conference Session

Two-year College Division: Authors Address Transfer Matters-Part I

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Tanya Karam-Zanders, Louisiana State University; Dina Acklin, Louisiana State University; Sarah Cooley Jones, Louisiana State University; Warren N. Waggenspack Jr., Louisiana State University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Two Year College Division

implications. Community College Journal of Research and Practice, 28, 331 – 351. Page 26.289.8 APPENDIX A  SECTION 1 In this section, you will be asked to think back to when you were about to transfer to LSU. Specifically, what were your concerns regarding the potential hurdles you were going to face?   1. Did you expect to face any ACADEMIC hurdles?   a. If so, please describe them:  b. How did you plan to overcome the hurdles?  c. Did you actually experience these hurdles in your first year?   d. If so, how did you overcome them

Conference Session

Engineering Economics New Frontiers

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Hector E. Medina, Liberty University; Kyle Michael Ceffaratti, Liberty University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Economy

consideration. The presentworth (PW) and Costs (C) associated with those alternatives are provided in Table 1.Alternatives are labeled A, B, C, D, E, F, G, and H, for simplicity. Using incremental BCRanalysis, determine the best alternative to be recommended.Solution (Note: All cash flows presented from now on are to be understood as to be multipliedby 1000. So for example, in table 1, the cost of alternative A is to be understood as $4 million($4,000 *1000), the PW Benefit of alternative H as $20 million (20,000 *1000), and so forth.):Step 1) Since the potential alternatives are already provided, step 1 is already taken care of. Step2) we calculate the BCR of each alternative, which is shown in Table 2; only those alternativeswith BCR ≥ 1 are further

Conference Session

Engineering Physics & Physics Division Technical Session 3

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Andrew Elby, University of Maryland, College Park; Eric Kuo, Stanford University; Ayush Gupta, University of Maryland, College Park; Michael M. Hull, Wayne State College

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Physics & Physics

this paper,we argue that there can be a trade-off between emphasizing mathematical sense-making andemphasizing traditional problem-solving, both of which we define more carefully below.Our data come from the first-semester physics course taken by almost all engineering majors atBig University. One section, taught by an experienced, well-regarded professor, emphasized“traditional” quantitative problem solving (Instructor A). Two other sections, one taught by anovice instructor (Instructor B) and the other taught by an instructor experienced with “active-learning” pedagogy (Instructor C), emphasized mathematical sense-making. Our evidence showsthat traditional problem solving and mathematical sense-making do not automatically reinforceeach other

Conference Session

K-12 & Pre- College Engineering Division Poster Session

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Lawrence E. Whitman, Wichita State University; Alex Petersen, STEMpact2020; Christopher D Wyant, Wichita East High School

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

. Thispaper has presented a pilot effort to increase the supply of mentors to existing Youth ServingOrganizations. The paper presented levels for mentor commitment and intensity. Furthermore, itdefined a progression we all experience when individuals begin something new and laid out thesimple steps it takes to go from being a basic STEM volunteer making a small, but importantimpact on a child to becoming a mentor that is highly committed to high intensity mentoring andmaking a deep and lasting impact on a child.References[1] D. Chubin, K. Donaldson, B. Olds, and L. Fleming, "Educating Generation Net—Can US Engineering Woo and Win the Competition for Talent?," Journal of Engineering Education, vol. 97, pp. 245-257, 2008.[2] S. M. Takaghaj, C

Conference Session

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation Division – Program Development & Desired Outcomes

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ikhlaq Sidhu, University of California, Berkeley; Paris Deletraz, IE Business School

Tagged Divisions

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation

Press.Ibarra, H. (2003). Working Identity. Cambridge: Harvard Business School Press.Little, B. R. (2011). Personal Projects and Free Traits: Personality and Motivation Reconsidered. ThousandOaks, CA: Sage.Mauer, René et. al. (2009). Self-Efficacy: Conditioning the Entrepreneurial Mindset. International Studies inEntrepreneurship, 24, 233-257.Shepherd, Dean A. et. al. (2010). Entrepreneurial Spirals: Deviation-Amplifying Loops of an EntrepreneurialMindset and Organizational Culture. Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice, 34, 59-82.Suchman, L. (1987). Plans and Situated Actions. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Page 26.575.10Weick, K

Conference Session

Electrical and Computer Engineering Curriculum Design and Evaluation

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Paul Benjamin Crilly, U.S. Coast Guard Academy; Richard J. Hartnett P.E., U.S. Coast Guard Academy

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

assessment process as described by Colella2 and diagramed in Figure1. The assessment process shown in Figure 1 illustrates the key elements of the assessmentprocess which include (a) department review, (b) program review and (c) end of course review(EOCR). Note this process involves the stakeholders such as students, alumni, graduatingseniors, and faculty and addresses the appropriate ABET criteria. Note that this process is not Page 26.1420.2confined to a single program, but when appropriate reaches out to assist other programs anddepartments for mutual benefits. Particularly noteworthy is when the outcomes of one courseimpact another. A similar

Conference Session

Concept Inventories and Assessment of Knowledge

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Carli Denyse Flynn, Syracuse University; Cliff I. Davidson, Syracuse University; Sharon Dotger; Meredith Sullivan

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

Graduated cylinders 2 Q8c Ice blocks 4 HECI Q9c Cool tea 2 Q10c Sponge dye 2 a. Question 1a scored with a 2 point value (1 point for each numerical value and units) b. Question modified from Carlson et al. (2002)17 c. Questions taken with permission from the HECI18Administration The instrument was administered in the Spring 2014 semester in a sophomore civil andenvironmental engineering class of 78 students (57 civil engineers, 15 environmental engineers,4 other). The average GPA at the beginning of course

Conference Session

NSF Grantees’ Poster Session

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kyoung-Yun Kim, Wayne State University; Carolyn E Psenka PhD, Wayne State University; Kathy Schmidt Jackson, Pennsylvania State University, University Park; Karl R Haapala, Oregon State University

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees Poster Session

coursecame from their participation in a team project that called for designing a sustainablemanufacturing process for a product. The teams were encouraged to select the product central totheir design, instead of the product being chosen for them by the instructor. Twenty-six engineering students in Class B, a course in integrated product development,participated in this study. A majority of the students in this class reported that they were pursuinga master’s degree in engineering, although four undergraduates and two doctoral alsoparticipated in the study. The age of the students in Class B ranged from 22 to 45 year old withmajority of the students reporting an age of less than 27 years old. The aim of this class is tofamiliarize students

Conference Session

New Teaching Pedagogies: Methods and Assessments

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jennifer Mott, California Polytechnic State University; Steffen Peuker, California Polytechnic State University

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

alsosignificant (p = 0.0001, t = 7.21). The conclusion from Figure 2 is that the students must worktogether and be engaged in order to achieve the high tRAT scores.When the students do the tRAT, they do not know the correct answers until they scratch the IF-AT card. If everyone in the team has a different answer, they do not know who is correct andmust debate to determine the correct answer. During the tRAT, typical conversations overheardby the instructors include students saying “Why did you choose A?”, “I chose A because of X,which means that Y must be true” and “I remember reading X, Y, Z, so the answer cannot be B”. Page 26.1686.6This sort of back and

Conference Session

Fundamental: Metrics & Assessment for K-12 Engineering Education

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Tamara J Moore, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Siddika Selcen Guzey, Purdue University, West Lafayette; James Holly Jr., INSPIRE Institute, Purdue University

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

). West Lafayette, IN: Purdue Press.8. Olds, B. M., Moskal, B. M., & Miller, R. L. (2005). Assessment in engineering education: Evolution, approachesand future collaborations. Journal of Engineering Education, 94(1), 13-25.9. Daugherty, J., Custer, R. L., Brockway, D., & Spake, D. A. (2012). Engineering concept assessment: Design &development. Proceedings of the 119th American Society for Engineering Education Annual (ASEE) Conferenceand Exposition, San Antonio, TX. Page 26.177.710. Dyehouse, M., Diefes-Dux, H. A., & Capobianco, B. (2011). Measuring the effects of integrating engineeringinto the elementary school

Conference Session

Innovative Use of Technology I

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Oscar Antonio Perez, University of Texas, El Paso; Mike Thomas Pitcher, University of Texas, El Paso; Pedro Arturo Espinoza, University of Texas, El Paso; Hugo Gomez, University of Texas, El Paso; Herminia Hemmitt, University of Texas, El Paso; Randy Hazael Anaya, University of Texas, El Paso; Peter Golding, University of Texas, El Paso; Hector Erick Lugo Nevarez, University of Texas, El Paso

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

. The firstclass consisted of twenty-six students (Class B); the second class had twenty-two students (ClassC), and the third class had twenty-four students (Class D). Students were enrolled mainly in corecurriculum classes such as Foundations of Engineering, Pre-calculus, History, and PoliticalScience. All of the students in these classes were first semester freshmen and the class distributionrepresents the university demographics5. This type of enrollment reduced outside factors thatinfluence student learning and allowed the 3D printer to be one of few variables.The materials used for this research consisted of the Makerbot Replicator Desktop Printer (fifthgeneration with a build volume of 25.2 L x 19.9 W x 15.0 H and capable of printing 456

Conference Session

Statics Online

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Devin R. Berg, University of Wisconsin, Stout

Tagged Divisions

Mechanics

surroundings? (a) I am not sure how the statics and dynamics principles discussed in this class relate to real life. (b) I can understand the application of statics and dynamics to a real life example when shown an example. (c) I can identify the statics and dynamics principles discussed in this class when I see them. (d) I can analyze the statics and dynamics principles relevant to a situation that I observe. 2. How prepared are you to discuss engineering mechanics with others? (a) I do not think that I could carry on a conversation about engineering mechanics with others. (b) I could describe simple engineering mechanics ideas with someone but not in detail. (c) I

Conference Session

Engineering Ethics Division Technical Session 3

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Susan L. Murray, Missouri University of Science & Technology; Amber M. Henslee, Missouri University of Science & Technology; Douglas K. Ludlow, Missouri University of Science & Technology

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Ethics

." Question 1 - Is it plagiarism if the following sentence appears in your paper? He heard the usual sounds of the sea and the birds. After a while, he could hear the other sounds that weren't so apparent at first (Covey, 1989, p. 293). A) Yes, this is plagiarism. The author's exact words are not in quotation marks. B) No, this is not plagiarism. The author's exact words are properly cited. C) I don’t know. Page 26.642.5This question tested the need for quotation marks. The passage is taken verbatim from theoriginal text. While a citation is given, the necessary quotation marks are not. The correctanswer is A. Question

Conference Session

Manufacturing and Machine Component Design

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ali R. Mohammadzadeh, Grand Valley State University; Salim M. Haidar, Grand Valley State University

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

B Z RAY A RBY Y Gear D Gear C Figure 1 Page 26.470.3Load and Shaft Diameter ConsiderationTo show the importance of dynamic load effects, calculations for shaft design are carried outconsidering the manufacturing and adjustment defects of the gears; the results are then comparedwith the usual treatments of static load considerations.Assuming that gear C delivers the power to the shaft and

Conference Session

Construction Engineering Division Poster Session

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Namhun Lee, Central Connecticut State University; Sangho Park, Central Connecticut State University

Tagged Divisions

Construction

.27Wheatstone28 first introduced stereoscopic visualization based on human perception of depth in3D space.20 Stereoscopic visualization is a promising alternative to the perspective view-basedvisualization, and is actively used for transfer-of-training from virtual environment to realenvironment.21, 22Stereopsis MechanismFigure 2 shows how stereopsis is achieved in human visual perception. When a person seesobjects in 3D space, the two eyes converge to focus on an object of interest (e.g., the chair inFigure 2-a) and another object (e.g., the cube) appears shifted differently in the retina of left eye(Figure 2-b) versus right eye (Figure 2-c) due to binocular disparity. Even if the two eyesreceive the different images respectively, our brain not only

Conference Session

Computer-Based Tests, Problems, and Other Instructional Materials

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Alex Daniel Edgcomb, University of California, Riverside; Joshua Sai Yuen, University of California, RIverside; Frank Vahid, University of California, Riverside

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

: true-false (Figure 2(a)), multiplechoice (Figure 2(b)), and short answer (Figure 2(c)). For true-false, the explanation givenwas the same whether true or false was clicked. For multiple choice, each clicked choiceprovided a different explanation. For short answer, a user enters an answer into a textinput and has the options of clicking the Show answer or Check button. Clicking theShow answer button twice reveals the answer and explanation. Clicking the Check buttonwhen the text input has the right answer reveals the answer and explanation. Clicking theCheck button when the text input has the wrong answer reveals a hint. The hint is thesame for any wrong text input. Figure 2. (a) True-false, (b) multiple choice, and (c) short answer question

Conference Session

First Year Programs Division Poster Session: The Best Place to Really Talk about First-Year Education

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sarah Jane Grigg, Clemson University; Elizabeth Anne Stephan, Clemson University

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

the survey were used as the sample assessed in this paper. In order toensure this group was representative, the distribution of final course grades were compared forthe survey respondents to 1) all students who completed the course in one of the sections wherethe survey was distributed and 2) all students taking the class. The survey respondent group hada slightly higher response rate from students earning A or B grades and a slightly lower responserate from students earning D or F grades. As illustrated in Table 2, the groups appear to havesimilar final grade distributions. No other factors were evaluated to determine differencesbetween groups.Table 2: Distribution of students in the sample Survey All

Conference Session

Materials Division Poster Session

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Barry Dupen, Indiana University Purdue University, Fort Wayne

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Materials

self-identify as visual learners, so a graph is more appropriate for theirlearning style.In reality, B-/C+ students do not suddenly earn 100% on all remaining assignments; nor do theytypically stop turning in work for the last two weeks of a course. Instead, they tend to continue atthe same level of performance.In my freshman Materials & Processes class, I staple each student's course grade graph to his orher graded Midterm Exam. The passing grade in this class is 70%. In the following course gradegraphs from Fall 2014, the vertical scale is 70% to 100%, unless the student has course gradesbelow 70% (Students Black and Red). Students can readily see whether they are improving overtime, and whether they are on track to pass the course

Conference Session

Computer-Based Tests, Problems, and Other Instructional Materials

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Matthew West, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign; Geoffrey L. Herman, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign; Craig Zilles, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

(a) 100 (b) 25 90 20 number of students total exam score 80 15 70 60

Conference Session

Research to Practice: STRAND 3 – Principles of K-12 Engineering Education and Practice

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jonathan R Zubarriain, Vaughn College of Aeronautics and Technology; Nicholas Kumia, Vaughn College of Aeronautics and Technology; Shouling He, Vaughn College of Aeronautics & Technology

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

. Thecompact form brought in the wheels while also allowing a room to install necessary sensors. Thisled to a structurally strong chassis, as well as the added effect of a tighter turning radius for moreresponsive control. Although enough room was created for the inclusion of necessary sensors,like encoders, it was not as much room as the expanded form which allowed for other sensors,such as line tracking sensors and ultrasonic range finders.Students needed to decide, as a group, which design approach would be best for them to achievethe goals of their final project. Their final projects required them to complete a task throughdesigning and programming a robot. (a) (b

Conference Session

Statics and Finite Element Analysis

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sarah C. Baxter, University of St. Thomas; Ann Johnson, University of South Carolina; Bethany S. Fralick, University of South Carolina

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

truss analysis, which is standard, but extends the problemto asking how the initial truss could be redesigned to meet different criteria. In each case, thepractical application, the “how-to” of the technique is presented. Details of the underlyingmathematical/ geometrical theory are beyond the scope of this paper but are available in theliterature.5,15,16.Terms used in Graphical StaticsThe main element in a graphical analysis is the construction of a force triangle or force polygon.This is the descriptive name for graphical vector addition where vector A is added to vector B by Page 26.1344.3putting the tail of B at the head of A and

Conference Session

Engineering Laboratory Experiences

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Tzu-Liang Bill Tseng, University of Texas, El Paso; Aditya Akundi, University of Texas, El Paso; Norman Love, University of Texas, El Paso

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

to assess the level of knowledge of each student on the laboratory practice topic.The quiz consisted on 3 questions related to different parts of the experiment, which wereexpected to be learned by the students after the laboratory practice. The quizzes were graded andthe results were separated by group. The average grade for the traditional and experimentalgroups on the quiz can be observed in Figure 5 (A) and (B), respectively. Page 26.978.6 Figure 4: Methodology FollowedFrom the results, it can be observed a wide range of average grades for both the traditional andexperimental groups. For the traditional

Conference Session

Civil Engineering Division Technical Session 9

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Heather Annette Sustersic, Pennsylvania State University; Caroline June Klatman, Pennsylvania State University

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

participate in this pilot research study. Twenty-three studentsagreed to participate in the survey and were present on the day of the study.MethodologyStudents received a background lecture in work-energy methods for computing deflections theweek before the study began, and were assigned relevant readings in their course textbook to becompleted before attending the study, similar to a flipped classroom. The study began with abrief presentation of the principle of virtual work for trusses after which students were dividedinto two groups, Group A and Group B. Group assignments were posted prior to studycommencement. Mid-term exam #1 grades were used to ensure equal ability levels were presentin each group. Informed consent, under approval of

Conference Session

New Engineering Educators Division Technical Session 4

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Faisal Shaikh, Milwaukee School of Engineering

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

New Engineering Educators

significantly limited its widespread adoption but is still a well researched andstudied topic3. This method allows only discrete and limited types of responses (eg. A, B, C orD), so questions have to be restricted to multiple choice type of questions.The third method (ABCD voting cards) in which each student has 4 big voting cards (each withA, B, C and D printed on it) and votes for an answer, solves the bigger drawbacks of the clickermethod by simplifying the entire response process4. It ends up loosing anonymity (if studentslook at others’ cards) and is also restricted to multiple choice type questions. Additionally,students do not get a glimpse of the class response in this method, unless the instructor informsthem how the class voted. Counting of

Conference Session

Learning Through Service

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Michael Foster, George Fox University; Gary E. Spivey, George Fox University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Community Engagement Division

of SurveysAs with our previous paper, we used two surveys to assess student self-efficacy with engineeringdesign and their perceived influence of service experiences on engineering learning objectives.Since the fall of 2012, all students in the GFU engineering program have completed the surveysin the first month of the fall semester each year they are in the program. Response data is shownin Tables 1 and 2. Student responses were grouped by their year in the program relative to SE: a. 2 yrs before SE (typically Freshmen) b. 1 yr before SE (typically Sophomores) Page 26.1202.9 c. Just before SE (Juniors) d. During SE (Juniors

Conference Session

Communication and Literacy

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Chad M Gotch, Washington State University; Quinn Langfitt, Washington State University; Brian F French, Washington State University; Liv Haselbach, Washington State University

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

our energy future. Retrieved from http://www.neefusa.org/pdf/roper/Roper2002.pdf13. Bittle, S., Rochkind, J., & Ott, A. (2009). The energy learning curve. Retrieved from http://www.publicagenda.org/media/the-energy-learning-curve14. Southwell, B. G., Murphy, J. J., DeWaters, J. E., & LeBaron, P. A. (2012). Americans' perceived and actual understanding of energy. (RTI Press peer-reviewed publication No. RR-0018-1208). Research Triangle Park, NC: RTI Press. Retrieved from http://www.rti.org/rtipress15. Langfitt, Q., Haselbach, L., & Hougham, R.J. (2014). Artifact-based energy literacy assessment utilizing rubric scoring. Journal of Professional Issues in Engineering Education and Practice. Retrieved from

Conference Session

Circuits and Systems Education 2

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Brian J Skromme, Arizona State University; Dan Robinson

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

precisely. Moreover, many textbook definitionsare not accurate or complete for the case of series elements, leading to many misconceptions.For example, students may think that elements must have a node in common to be in series,when they need not! Both elements can be part of a series chain of elements, without directly Page 26.158.6sharing any node. A complete definition states that: a) Two elements are in series if one (andonly one) end of each element is attached to a common node, and no other conducting element isattached to that node (or, equivalently, that a node connects one end each of exactly twoconducting elements); and b) If elements A