engineering literacy began to be conducted in a traditional academic contextand administered much in the manner of a general education course; that is to have broad appeal,to be non-threatening to students (especially with respect to grade point average outcome), andbe both a function of the faculty’s area of expertise and a function of the audience to whom thecourse or program is directed.The next dimension of technological and engineering literacy was to add entrepreneurship andmove it into an economic dimension, a more practical business / commercial framework from itbeing an abstract research initiative [6]. And then the discussion (Keilson) took the STEMconcept, expanding it to STEAM to move technological and engineering literacy into being
definitions in a context.Another class of definitions that is less useful is extensional or denotive, that define by listingmembers of a class. Under this type of definition are ostensive definitions define by examples orcase. As Davis 3 points out, many definitions of “engineer” are ostensive and thus prone tological errors and circular arguments. 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 2020Figure 1: Temporal sequence of some major engineering education reports. Italicized reportsare not covered in this work.To make the process of exploring how definitions change over time manageable, a selected set ofreports was chosen, shown in the timeline of Figure 1. These documents were chosen byskimming a large number
Cohen, 1994, p.395) [14]. Cohen (2012, p.66) [15] argues that this outcome was far from the author’s original intentions, but the very nature of cultural entrepreneurship means that the forces set in motion often exceed what was originally intended” p.66 [11].Mokyr’s and Cohen’s assertions seem to indicate that cultural attitudes can not only lift societybut can also send it into decline. This observation is not to ignore the fact that the Islamic Empiresuffered several major Mongol invasions including the destruction of Bagdad by Hulagu Khan in1258, but many historians point to a declining Islamic society going back to the 11 th and 12thcentury [16].The Platonic-Aristotelian tradition established an in-group / out-group