Conference Session

ASEE Multimedia Session

Collection

2002 Annual Conference

Authors

Kip Nygren

new ideas on all issues, but also seeks to understand, andthen it completes the process by acting on this new information to change its behavior. Allmembers of the organization are encouraged to participate and contribute to this process ofcontinuous adaptation and improvement. 5 The idea of involving students in this process isprobably the best means to model both the individual and the organizational behaviors we striveto teach. Multidisciplinary Problem Solving and Design. No purely technical problems exist in theworld. All authentic problems involve aspects of politics, social concerns, and economics aswell as technology. Real problems have their own history and can also be correlated to

Conference Session

ET Distance Learning: Instruction & Labs

Collection

2004 Annual Conference

Authors

Robert Easton; John Stratton

Technology. RIT was unique Proceedings of the 2004 American Society for Engineering Education Annual Conference & Exposition Copyright © 2004, American Society for Engineering Educationwithin western New York State in that it housed the only bachelor’s programs in EngineeringTechnology.The School of Engineering Technology, housed in the College of Applied Science andTechnology, was quick to realize this market potential. The initial approach for developing thispotential incorporated remote site teaching. In practice, it involved faculty members traveling toremote sites to conduct classes on a scheduled basis. Often it was possible to link with acommunity college in the off-campus area. The host school would provide the

Conference Session

Distance and Web-Based Learning in Engineering Technology: Part II

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Bruce Mutter, Bluefield State College

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

Total 15Italicized courses are either already offered or in development. We will need to initially rely onthe availability of some transfer coursework in the student’s area, on campus residency, or otheronline courses to round out these requirements. Common market agreements and fee structureswill need to be developed. A low residency program may develop to fill in some supervisionintensive laboratories. Our industrial advisory board has also indicated general support, offeredsome laboratory solutions, and will be called upon to share their concerns throughout thedevelopment process.5. MIET 101 – New Miner Training Course Units OverviewUnit 1: Line of AuthorityThis lesson is included in the New Miner Training program in the form of a

Conference Session

Four Pillars of Manufacturing Engineering

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Hugh Jack P.Eng., Grand Valley State University; Robert L. Mott, University of Dayton; Mark J. Stratton, Society of Manufacturing Engineers; Phil Waldrop, Georgia Southern University; Karen Wosczyna-Birch, CT College of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

remaincompetitive1. The major problem was the shortage of appropriately educated employees 2.Likewise, education has been the subject of major budget reductions, fewer students choosingmanufacturing, and lower resources to develop new curriculum. The number of manufacturingengineering programs was growing until 2001 when the number of programs began to shrink6.The growth before 2000 could be attributed to a great deal of planning and support6 formanufacturing education3,4,5.In 2006 the Manufacturing Education and Research Community of the Society of ManufacturingEngineers (SME) recognized and prioritized the issues permeating manufacturing education. Inresponse a number of events were developed including two forums7,8, one summit9, strategicmeetings, and

Conference Session

Engineering Ethics Division (ETHICS) Technical Session - Ethics education methodologies and interventions

Collection

2025 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Edwin R. Schmeckpeper P.E., Norwich University; Ashley Ater Kranov, Washington State University; Michael B. Kelley P.E., Norwich University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Ethics Division (ETHICS)

the EPSA “Offshore Wind Resources”scenario due to recent news concerning the offshore wind farms being constructed off the NewEngland coast. This scenario includes economic, political, regulatory, ethical, and environmentalconsiderations, including such issues as public use vs. private rights related to land-use, effectsof regulations on utility prices, reliability of renewable energy, global warming, and theinternational markets for energy.The EPSA Rubric provides a standardized means to evaluate the quality of student discussionsand makes evaluation of students’ work more consistent between the multiple sections of thecourse. The flexibility of the EPSA method allows it to be readily adapted for use in othercourses[7]. Since Norwich

Conference Session

SPECIAL SESSION: What Works to Retain Students in Chemical Engineering Programs

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Adrienne R. Minerick, Michigan Technological University; Donald P. Visco, Tennessee Technological University; Susan M. Montgomery, University of Michigan; Daina Briedis, Michigan State University; Neeraj Buch, Michigan State University; Jon Sticklen, Michigan State University; Colleen A. McDonough, Michigan State University; Patrick Walton, Michigan State University; Amanda M. Portis, Michigan State University; Eldred H. Chimowitz, University of Rochester; Willie (Skip) E. Rochefort, Oregon State University; Keith L. Levien, Oregon State University; Nimir Elbashir, Texas A&M University; Jennifer Condit, University of Rochester ; Stephen Lindeman

Tagged Divisions

Chemical Engineering

them to go to career fair. Three faculty members share their experiences in asimilar research panel organized by the instructor later in the Fall.  Some   chemical   engineering   departments   might   choose   to   address   some   of   these  career  issues  in  a  separate  1-­‐credit  survey  course  that  serves  as  an  overview  to  the  field,   with   discussions   of   career   paths,   panel   sessions   and   roundtable   discussions.  This  is  certainly  an  option  some  departments  might  consider.  Supporting all our studentsAt the end of every semester, I review all student transcripts and send email messages toabout half our students commending them for improvements in performance orexpressing concern about declines

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Tim Dallas, Texas Tech University; Heather Greenhalgh-Spencer, Nanyang Technological University; Kelli M. Frias

Tagged Topics

Diversity, NSF Grantees Poster Session

that summarize the discussions thatoccurred during their mentor meetings. Students were only given general suggestions on what todiscuss during the meetings. The mentors were not provided with any stipulations, althoughsome asked for suggestions on what to discuss. Thus, the direction and content of theconversations was open to the personal interests and concerns of the student and mentor(naturalistic inquiry method). Discourse analysis of the reports was used to better understand,over time, the nature of students concerns, how attitudes and expectations about internshipsprogressed, and what the mentor advised to better prepare the student for internships andpermanent employment.mentoring from the student’s perspective i. faculty

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Norb Delatte, Cleveland State University; Paul Bosela, Cleveland State University; Joshua Bagaka's, Cleveland State University; Rosemary Sutton, Cleveland State University

notonly about technical issues, but also about professional practice issues. Case study questionswere included on homework assignments and examinations. A detailed project plan has beenpresented elsewhere1.Project Results In surveys and focus groups, students were asked specifically about the technical lessonslearned, as well as their personal responses to the case studies. Survey questions linked studentachievement to the a – k ABET outcomes. Case studies are particularly useful for addressingthe outcomes concerned with professional and ethical responsibility, global and societal context,life-long learning, and contemporary issues. The latter two outcomes may be addressed bydiscussing recent collapses, such as the Pittsburgh Convention

Conference Session

College Industry Partnerships Division Technical Session 3

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Aaron Carpenter, Wentworth Institute of Technology; James R McCusker PhD, Wentworth Institute of Technology; Durga Suresh, Wentworth Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

College Industry Partnerships

semester.Further, as also described in Table 2, a few new students, largely focusing on theelectromechanical and biometric sensor concepts, were added to the team.In this semester, four faculty were in charge of the five different teams (three from the previoussemester, including the PI, and one additional person). These faculty were more communicativewith each other and with the students, specifically with the scope of the individual team goals.This communication was focused on a more isolated approach to each of the technical tasks.Student groups were given non-overlapping portions of the project and thus were able toaccomplish their task without being concerned with infringing on someone else’sresponsibilities.In the first semester, the team at

Conference Session

Cultivating Professional Responsibility

Collection

2002 Annual Conference

Authors

Betsy Dulin

public issues and concerns, in a manner that directly or indirectlyaffects the public. 15 In particular, in the United States, the conversion of a particular issue intopolicy may occur through various governmental bodies in the legislative, executive, and judicialbranches.Perhaps the type of policy development most familiar to the public is the legislative process, atboth the federal and state levels. The public at large becomes involved in this process primarilythrough the election of legislators. In addition, because state and federal legislation must gothrough “bicameralism and presentment” (passage by the legislative branch and signing by thePresident or governor, as appropriate), the public theoretically has another chance to

Conference Session

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation Division (ENT) Technical Session 1

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Heather Greenhalgh-Spencer, Texas Tech University; Tim Dallas P.E., Texas Tech University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation Division (ENT)

engineering, entrepreneurship, andsocial entrepreneurship fields.Multiple studies have shown that interdisciplinary knowledge and methods or key to the successof endeavors that bring together Engineering, entrepreneurship, and a focus on socialimprovement, especially as this concerns social entrepreneurship. Within the area of engineeringeducation, especially when there is a focus on solving social problems, interdisciplinary workhas long been touted as a key component for success (Van den Beemt et al., 2020). For example,Vogel-Houser et al. (2020) argue that emerging fields in engineering, such as cyber-physicalproduction systems, require interdisciplinary knowledge and methods. Dubey et al. (2020) arguethat new trends in engineering education

Conference Session

Architectural Engineering Division Technical Session 2

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sandeep Langar, The University of Texas at San Antonio; Arti Daga, SVKM's NMIMS University, Mumbai, India; Rachel Mosier, Oklahoma State University; Sanjeev Adhikari, Kennesaw State University

counterparts. Finally,agreement among genders could be observed in the areas of administration monitoring online teaching,factors impacting the productivity of the architecture educators, and concerns about working from home.KeywordsCOVID-19 Impacts, Architecture Educators, Gender Perspective, Online Learning Environment (OLE)TransitionIntroduction and BackgroundAlthough COVID-19 made its way worldwide, each country started seeing rises in cases at different times[1]. India began lockdown in March 2020 [2 and 3], with another surge occurring in April 2021 [4]. Thesecond wave was much worse in terms of hospitalizations in India [5]. Equity concerns in education havebeen highlighted by the pandemic, both for students and faculty, including the

Conference Session

Attracting Young MINDs

Collection

2005 Annual Conference

Authors

Michele Auzenne; Jeanne Garland; J. Phillip King; Ricardo Jacquez

efficiently andeffectively navigate the educational pathway between the two degree programs.Many of our students have become active participants in other New Mexico AMP-sponsoredprograms, including the Undergraduate Research Assistants (URA) Program, in which studentsbecome apprentice researchers on faculty member’s research projects, benefiting from practicalexperience and classroom knowledge and learning to research, write, and report their research.Others have entered the Computer Science, Engineering, and Mathematics Scholarship (CSEMS)program, providing scholarship recipients academic and professional workshops, discipline-specific faculty mentoring, and academic tutoring in Engineering, Engineering Physics, andComputer Science, as well as

Conference Session

Pedagogy and Learning Within Engineering Design Graphics II

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Daniel P. Kelly, North Carolina State University; Aaron C. Clark, North Carolina State University; Jeremy V. Ernst, Virginia Tech; Kevin Gregory Sutton, North Carolina State University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Design Graphics

times as an area where there may be issuesin implementing the flipped classroom. Respondents also addressed equity with respect tostudents having the needed resources at home to participate fully in the class. Finally, not all respondents felt all courses were appropriate for the flipped classroommodel. Some of the concern regarded the course content while others addressed issues such asdistance education. Regardless of the stated concerns, 41% of respondents stated that the flippedclassroom is appropriate for all students with most of responses qualified to include that properplanning and structure was required. Content delivery. The majority of respondents (89%) use learning management software(LMS) to deliver content outside of

Collection

2001 Annual Conference

Authors

Richard Seagrave; R. Vigil; Debra Hawker-Schreiner; Charles Glatz

of alumni, employers, and faculty from other institutions. As partof the meeting, the committee meets with seniors who have completed the Senior Survey anddiscusses with them any strengths or weaknesses in the program. This is done in the absence offaculty or staff and helps to clarify the findings of the Senior Survey. The committee is providedwith the report on the Senior Survey prior to their arrival on campus. In addition to discussingthe Senior Survey, other issues are discussed at the discretion of the DEO, the committee and thefaculty. The committee’s findings result in recommendations that are passed on to the faculty.The Program Review is a half-day meeting that occurs in the spring. This meeting includesalumni and employers who are

Conference Session

ERM Technical Session 14: Thinking about the Engineering Curriculum

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jillian Seniuk Cicek, University of Manitoba; Robert Renaud PhD, University of Manitoba

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

attributes cluster for a new engineer in engineering practice asperceived by key engineering stakeholders. The data consisted of perceived similarities between eachpossible pair of graduate attributes collected from engineering student, faculty and industrystakeholders. Multidimensional scaling analysis showed that the 12 graduate attributes can beconceptualized as four clusters, which we have suggested be titled, Problem Solving Skills,Interpersonal Skills, Ethical Reasoning, and Creativity and Innovation. These findings, supported bythe relevant literature, highlight the need to further explore how engineering competencies cluster inpractice to add empirical support for program changes aimed toward educating the whole engineer.1. Introduction and

Conference Session

Liberal Education for 21st Century Engineering

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Betty Harper, Pennsylvania State University; Lisa Lattuca, Pennsylvania State University; Alexander Yin, Penn State University; Patrick Terenzini, Pennsylvania State University

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education

studyand a coherent curriculum. Educators debated the role of general education and its propercontent, as well as the goals of academic specialization.14, 15 By 1945, a blue-ribbon committeeof the Harvard faculty issued a report calling for a balance between general and specializededucation. Known as the “Harvard Redbook,”16 the report defined general education not as“some airy education in knowledge in general” but as “that part of a student’s whole educationwhich looks first of all to his life as a responsible human being and citizen” (p. 51). The Page 15.844.5complement to general education was specialization, what we think of today as the major

Conference Session

Teamwork and Assessment

Collection

2004 Annual Conference

Authors

Dana Knox; Robert Barat

processes. But doesthis force a decreased emphasis on chemical processes and continuous processes? Feedback fromalumni and from industry continues to indicate the need for an even greater emphasis on writtenand oral communication skills, as well as the ability to function well in teams and inmultidisciplinary environments. But does this require less emphasis on engineeringfundamentals? Students often have difficulty synthesizing material from various courses. Candesign content be introduced throughout the curriculum to help resolve this without adverseeffects? These are the types of issues that must be addressed by all departments when theyundergo their periodic program reviews.The chemical engineering department at New Jersey Institute of

Conference Session

Minorities in Engineering Division Technical Session 5

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sarah Appelhans, University at Albany; Thomas De Pree, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute; J. Thompson, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute; Joerene Acerrador Aviles, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute ; Alan Cheville, Bucknell University; Donna M. Riley, Purdue University-Main Campus, West Lafayette (College of Engineering); Jennifer Karlin, Minnesota State University, Mankato; Soheil Fatehiboroujeni, Indiana-Purdue University; Atsushi Akera, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Minorities in Engineering

used to visualize women’s progress from PhD totenured faculty and senior leadership in academia [20], but has been repurposed as a metaphorfor the retention of all excluded identities in science and engineering. In this model, students arerecruited to STEM fields during their undergraduate degree and then slowly leak out at variousstages in their careers. The “successful” student emerges at the end of the pipeline as a careeracademic or industry professional in a scientific field. The leaky pipeline has been criticized bysome for its passive portrayal of students who are affected only by market forces [21]. Otherstake issue with the fact that this model does not acknowledge that some demographic groupsleave at greater rates than others

Collection

1997 Annual Conference

Authors

S. L. Ceccio; G. Tryggvason; Dawn M. Tilbury

structure of the anticipated programis shown in Table 3.While there is widespread support for the reforms among the faculty, a number ofsignificant concerns have been voiced, especially regarding modification of the corecurriculum. Practical issues involve the distribution of teaching load and how individualfaculty will be supported the department as they manage significant modifications to thecore courses. However, important pedagogical issues have been raised. Will larger corecourses make it more difficult for the students to gain exposure to many differentsubjects? Ideally, the large format will allow more integration and demonstration of theinterrelationship between the various topics. For electives, however, this can be a seriousconcern and at

Conference Session

Innovative ET Leadership

Collection

2005 Annual Conference

Authors

Vincent Amuso; Surendra Gupta; Maureen Valentine; Carol Richardson; Robert Merrill

participating administrators. • Departmental Mid-quarter Pizza Party: In the middle of each quarter, the Faculty Departmental Representative in each department will host a pizza party inviting all new (and continuing) scholars from that department. It will offer an opportunity for informal conversations in a small group setting. We can determine how new scholars are acclimating to RIT, and ask continuing scholars to provide guidance in resolving such problems and concerns. • Individualized Diagnosis and Intervention Program: At the end of each quarter, each Faculty Departmental Representative will evaluate the academic performance of each scholar in their department. They will

Conference Session

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation Division Technical Session 8

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sergio Celis, Universidad de Chile; Isabel Hilliger, Pontificia Universidad Catholica de Chile

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation

The program has allocated morethan 60 million dollars into ten selected engineering schools, an impressive sum for the Chileaneducational system. New Engineering 2030 represents an ambitious curricular and organizationalchange that requires an intense commitment from administrators and faculty. At multiple levels,this program means a transition from a traditional engineering education, where disciplinary silosare highly dominants, to a more flexible and multidisciplinary one, where global requirementsneed to be met in order to increase the contribution of engineering graduates to the economy andsociety.This study focuses in the approaches to change of two institutions participating in NewEngineering 2030: Universidad de Chile (UCH) and

Conference Session

Engineering Ethics Division: Computing, Technology, and AI

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kerrie Hooper, Florida International University; Trina Fletcher, Florida International University

ethics as an attempt to guide the behaviors of humans who design anddevelop artificial machines by carefully formulating the principles that govern our individual and socialcommitments and our highest ideals and values. We briefly discussed ethics in the previous section, andnow we will discuss a few reasons why AI ethics is a pressing concern. Walker-Osborn & Hayes (2018)wrote a special issue paper titled, Ethics and AI – A Moral Conundrum, where they expressed concernsabout the effects of AI on human populations. They discussed bias, racial discrimination, and gender biasthat can unintentionally occur by AI technology. They also highlighted global ethical challenges that AIhas on different countries where various countries have other laws

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Greg Strimel, Purdue University at West Lafayette (PPI); Sherylyn Briller; Douglas Pruim; Todd Kelley, Purdue University at West Lafayette (COE); Jung Sohn, Purdue University at West Lafayette (COE); Rebecca Martinez, Purdue Polytechnic Graduate Programs; Jackson Otto

institutional structures todetermine how teaching can span across disciplines and minimize the silo effect of academicdepartments/individual courses.To address these concerns, a National Science Foundation Improving Undergraduate STEMEducation project team is working toward developing a transformed, authenticallytransdisciplinary, and scalable educational model [referred to as the Mission, Meaning, Making(M3) model] for undergraduate learning focused on democratizing the practice of innovation. Toachieve this task, the project team is testing and refining a model to guide the transformation oftraditional undergraduate learning experiences to span academics silos. This educational modelinvolves a) co-teaching and co-learning from faculty and students

Collection

1997 Annual Conference

Authors

Alan K. Karplus

, manufacturability, comfort andeffectiveness for the user, and 4. safety standards as dictated by state, federal andindustrial guidelines. As the team departed from the first meeting, tractor, research ofexisting seating options, research on existing restraint systems, making sketches anddrawings, research into current safety requirements, and an examination of after marketsafety harnesses. The laboratory faculty responded to each team with a written memoemphasizing expression and summarizing their understanding of the project and a list ofitems which would be covered in the mid-term progress report.As the semester progressed each team met biweekly or as needed with one or more of thethree laboratory/team advisors to secure new resources, present their

Conference Session

Advancing Equity in Engineering Education

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Anya Work, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Minorities in Engineering Division(MIND)

S-STEM provides to support the sense of belonging andultimately persistence of low-income engineering students, it is important to discuss institutionalclassism’s effect on LIS’ feelings of belonging in higher education [3][35][33][39].Understanding the root of an issue enables institutional leaders to make more thoughtful changes.LIS are more likely than their high-income peers to have work or family responsibilities, whichmay mean less time for schoolwork or engagement opportunities [7][12]. In addition to work andfamily responsibilities, LIS may focus more on concerns around tuition and housing and foodinsecurity, which outweighs the desire to engage and increase their sense of belonging [34]. LIScan also feel like an outsider when they

Conference Session

International Engineering Education I

Collection

2003 Annual Conference

Authors

Ernest Goeres; Elisabeth Sanchez; Alejandro Lozano; Victor Mucino

the protective world of academia, something that has to do with thehuman dimension, the cultural baggage and with the need for lifelong learning skills required tomaintain competitiveness in all fronts.For the past six years, a program developed by West Virginia University in collaboration withuniversities and industry from Queretaro, Mexico has been addressing many of issues cited abovein the context of an experiential exercise. Each year, the program takes place during six weeks ofthe summer session, in which students and faculty from West Virginia travel to Mexico to join asimilar team of Mexican students, faculty plus industrial liaisons to work as a team, despitelanguage and cultural differences. A challenging industrial project (or

Conference Session

ChE: Innovation in Existing Courses

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

David Silverstein, University of Kentucky

Tagged Divisions

Chemical Engineering

plant safety, previously introduced in the context of safety andenvironmental law), green engineering (just-in-time production, waste minimization), fail-safes,and risk analysis (HAZOP and other methods). New topics include site vulnerability analysis,ventilation security, and cybersecurity. Extensive documentation is provided, as well asreferences to current information available regarding plant security.Introduction Among the effects of terroristic attacks in recent years is a heightened awareness of theneed to secure chemical plants from deliberately initiated catastrophic failures. While terrorismis not a new concern of the chemical industry, the current state of world affairs suggest that newchemical engineers should enter industry

Conference Session

ECCD - Technical Session 1 - Energy & Electrical Engineering

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Radian G. Belu, Southern University and A&M College; Lucian Ionel Cioca, Lucian Blaga University of Sibiu

Tagged Divisions

Energy Conversion and Conservation

engineering courses, new courses and topicsmust be included into curriculum, such as renewable energy, advanced power electronics, smartgrids, energy management, to mention a few of them while still ensuring a four-year graduationtimeframe. There are also increased demands for continuous education of the professionals,engineers and technicians in these emerging energy technological areas. A well-designed powerengineering curriculum must offer a judicious balance between the basic sciences, strongelectrical engineering foundations, laboratory and hands-on experience, design work,communication skills, management, economics and humanities. This paper is proposing todiscuss some of the energy engineering education challenges, issues and

Conference Session

Track: Special Topic - Identity Technical Session 13

Collection

2019 CoNECD - The Collaborative Network for Engineering and Computing Diversity

Authors

J. McLean Sloughter, Seattle University; Agnieszka Miguel, Seattle University; Mara Rempe, Seattle University; Katie Kuder P.E., Seattle University

Tagged Topics

Diversity, Special Topic: Identity

 student, in their survey responses, raised a concern with the phrasing of these questions. They noted that “differently” is not necessarily a negative, and that, ideally, faculty would treat students differently in response to the different needs that students have depending upon their backgrounds, their identity, and their current situations. This point is well taken, and we will be more careful in how we talk and think about these issues in future work. However, in this survey, it appears that students assumed the term referred specifically to negative treatments, and so we believe students’ responses here are still informative.  Almost 30% of all students surveyed observed that some students treat their classmates differently based on their