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Displaying results 35521 - 35550 of 45028 in total
Collection
2001 Annual Conference
Authors
Vikas Yellamraju; Kurt Gramoll
plant in India before starting his graduateprogram in U.S. His present work involves research on multimedia and online learning technology for engineeringapplication.KURT GRAMOLLKurt Gramoll is the Hughes Centennial Professor of Engineering and Director of the Engineering Media Lab at theUniversity of Oklahoma. He has developed and published CDs and web-based sites for engineering education, K-12instruction, and training in industry. He has started two multimedia companies for the development and distributionof technical electronic media. Dr. Gramoll received his B.S. degree in Civil engineering and M.S. degree inMechanical Engineering, both from the University of Utah. He received his Ph.D. in Engineering Science andMechanics from Virginia
Conference Session
Virtual Laboratories: Experimentation and Laboratory-oriented Studies
Collection
2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access
Authors
Pamela L. Dickrell, University of Florida; Lilianny Virguez, University of Florida
Tagged Divisions
Experimentation and Laboratory-Oriented Studies
, University of Florida Lilianny Virguez is a Instructional Assistant Professor at the Engineering Education Department at Uni- versity of Florida. She holds a Masters’ degree in Management Systems Engineering and a Ph.D. in Engineering Education from Virginia Tech. She has work experience in telecommunications engineer- ing and teaches undergraduate engineering courses such as engineering design and elements of electrical engineering. Her research interests include the intersection of core non-cognitive skills and engineering students’ success. American c Society for Engineering Education, 2021 Combining a Virtual Tool and Physical Kit for Teaching Sensors
Conference Session
Designing and Evaluating Engineering Leadership Programs
Collection
2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access
Authors
Angie Moussa, University of Massachusetts Lowell ; Yanfen Li, University of Massachusetts Lowell
Tagged Divisions
Engineering Leadership Development
Champaign. Her current research is in engineering education with a focus on curriculum development and retention of female and minority students in engineering. American c Society for Engineering Education, 2021Development of Leadership and Communication Skills in an Experiential Learning Project Management CourseAbstract Engineering students are equipped with technical knowledge and skills in order to solvereal-world problems. However, it has become increasingly clear that engineering students alsorequire training in non-technical skills beyond the technical knowledge and analytical skillstraditionally taught in engineering undergraduate
Collection
Middle Atlantic ASEE Section Spring 2021 Conference
Authors
Gary P. Halada, Stony Brook University
a little chemistry help Syrian refugees grow food in thedesert”, Chemistry World, Royal Society of Chemistry, February 12, 2020. Available at:https://www.chemistryworld.com/news/old-mattresses-and-a-little-chemistry-help-syrian-refugees-grow-food-in-the-desert/4011118.article#/ [Accessed February 10, 2021]14 Long Island Sound Study, “Sea Level Affecting Marshes Modeling“, Available at:https://longislandsoundstudy.net/research-monitoring/slamm/ [Accessed February 11, 2021]15 S.J. Lee and T.C. Reeves, T. C., “Edgar Dale: A significant contributor to the field ofeducational technology”, Educational Technology, vol. 47(6), p. 56, 2007.16 Jennifer Pocock, “A Grand Challenge? Maybe Not”, ASEE Prism, vol. 27, no. 4, pp. 24-29,2017.
Conference Session
FPD11 -- Multidisciplinary Experiences
Collection
2007 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
John-David Yoder, Ohio Northern University; Beverly Jaeger, Northeastern University; John K. Estell, Ohio Northern University
Tagged Divisions
First-Year Programs
AC 2007-1599: ONE-MINUTE ENGINEER, NTH GENERATION: EXPANSION TOA SMALL PRIVATE UNIVERSITYJohn-David Yoder, Ohio Northern University JOHN-DAVID YODER is an Associate Professor of Mechanical Engineering at ONU. His Doctorate is from the University of Notre Dame. Research interests include education, controls, robotics, and information processing. Prior to teaching, he ran a small consulting and R&D company and served as proposal engineering supervisor for GROB Systems, Inc.Beverly Jaeger, Northeastern University Beverly Jaeger, PhD is a member of Northeastern University’s Gateway Team, a selected group of full-time faculty expressly devoted to the first-year Engineering Program at Northeastern
Conference Session
Potpourri II
Collection
2008 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Caroline Hayes, University of Minnesota
Tagged Divisions
Women in Engineering
. Atkin, A. M.; R. Green and L. McLaughlin, (2002) “Patching the Leaky Pipeline,” Journal of College Science Teaching, 32(2):102-108.11. Nelson, D. (2007) “A National Analysis of Minorities in Science and Engineering Faculties at Research Universities,” October 31, 2007. http://cheminfo.ou.edu/~djn/diversity/Faculty_Tables_FY07/FinalReport07.html12. U.S. Department of Education (2003) “The Condition of Education, 2002,” National Center for Education Statistics, Washington D.C., USA.13. National Science Foundation (2007) “Science and Engineering Degrees: 1966-2004,” Division of Science Resources Statistics, January 2007, http://www.nsf.gov/statistics/nsf07307/content.cfm?pub_id=3634&id=214. Blum, L
Conference Session
Engineering Ethics Division Poster Session
Collection
2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Roman Taraban, Texas Tech University; William M. Marcy PE, Texas Tech University; Lakshmojee Koduru, Texas Tech University
Tagged Divisions
Engineering Ethics
The National Insti- tute for Engineering Ethics Texas Tech University Lubbock, TexasMr. Lakshmojee Koduru, Texas Tech University Lakshmojee Koduru is a Data Science graduate student at Texas Tech University. His research interests are more inclined to Healthcare Analytics and Natural Language Processing. c American Society for Engineering Education, 2018 Tools to Assist with Collection and Analysis of Ethical Reflections of Engineering StudentsAbstractEthical engineering practice is a global issue. However, cultural norms and social realities mayresult in differences in points-of-view on ethical practice. The present project seeks to facilitatediscussion and analysis
Conference Session
Case and Scenario in Engineering Ethics Instruction
Collection
2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Jonathan Beever, University of Central Florida; Justin L Hess, IUPUI, Indianapolis
Tagged Divisions
Engineering Ethics
Science Foundation. Jonathan’s research focuses on questions of ethics, science, and representation. He teaches a wide variety of under- graduate and graduate courses on related topics.Dr. Justin L Hess, IUPUI, Indianapolis Justin L. Hess received his PhD from Purdue University’s School of Engineering Education along with his Master’s of Science and Bachelor of Science from Purdue’s School of Civil Engineering. Justin is currently a Postdoctoral Researcher in the STEM Education Research Institute at IUPUI. Justin’s research interests include developing pedagogical strategies to improve STEM students’ ethical reasoning skills; exploring the role of empathy within design, innovation and sustainability; synthesizing the
Conference Session
Construction Division Poster Session
Collection
2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Carla Lopez Del Puerto, University of Puerto Rico - Mayaguez; Jose J. Fontan-Pagan, University of Puerto Rico - Mayaguez; Omar I. Molina-Bas, University of Puerto Rico - Mayaguez Campus; Tim L. Mrozowski, Michigan State University
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Construction
: construction project closeout process, change orders, vendor performance assessment, Post Oc- cupancy Evaluation, construction management of steel construction, warehouse worker safety, application of LEED R to design and construction, energy codes, and energy assessments. c American Society for Engineering Education, 2016 Safety Training on Warehouse Worker Hazards for Structural Steel Latino Workers: Phase 2 Implementation and AssessmentStructural steel workers are at an increased risk of work related injuries due to the nature of theirwork. Past research has shown that increasing awareness of warehouse hazards through formaltraining reduces the risk of workers being involved in accidents that may
Conference Session
Curriculum and the Classroom
Collection
2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Mustafa Shraim, Ohio University
Tagged Divisions
Engineering Management
misconceptions about statistics, inaddition to lack of interest. Many students have negative attitude or when it comes to learningstatistics, besides the anxiety that comes with it [2]. As misconceptions and attitudes have beenfound to correlate with performance in statistics courses [3], changing them can be challengingfor educators [4].Research shows that students learn better if they are engaged in, and motivated to struggle with,their own learning. For this reason, if no other, students appear to learn better if they workcooperatively in small groups to solve problems [5]. Collaborative learning has been describedin college level statistics courses in various forms [6-10]. Educators employing collaborative orcooperative learning methods reported
Conference Session
Enhancing Success/Peristence at Two-Year Colleges
Collection
2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Dan G. Dimitriu, San Antonio College; Jerry O'Connor, San Antonio College
Tagged Divisions
Two Year College Division
Division of ASEE in 2002. His research interests are in renewable energy, plastics, robotics, and engineering education.Prof. Jerry O’Connor, San Antonio College Jerry O’Connor has been teaching physics (along with a few engineering and math) courses since 1980. He is currently Department Chairperson, and has persistently promoted and supported the integration of findings from physics and engineering education research with education practice. Page 24.446.1 c American Society for Engineering Education, 2014 EDGE 2013 Program – A Redesign Work in ProgressAbstractThis paper
Conference Session
Architectural Engineering Division (ARCHE) Technical Session 2
Collection
2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Pavel Navitski, Oral Roberts University; Rachel L. Budavich, Oral Roberts University; Anna K. Kinnunen, Oral Roberts University; Nathaniel Youmans, Oral Roberts University; Tanner David Craig, Oral Roberts University; Hannah Marie Lucy, Oral Roberts University
Tagged Divisions
Architectural Engineering Division (ARCHE)
, including humidity, temperature, and light intensity,ensuring optimal growth conditions. Furthermore, the project's methodology encompassed theformulation of standardized maintenance protocols aimed at perpetuating plant health andpreserving the tapestry's aesthetic allure.Moreover, the project's maintenance regime, encompassing the upkeep of the structure, plants,and automated systems, is engineered to be readily manageable by student research assistants,irrespective of their engineering acumen, thereby infusing an educational dimension into theproject, facilitating hands-on learning experiences and fostering practical proficiency in plantcare and system maintenance.Background AnalysisThe development of innovative engineering projects often draws
Conference Session
Developing Young MINDS in Engineering - Part II
Collection
2010 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Richard Harris, Northeastern University; Carrie Boykin, Northeastern University; Bala Maheswaran, Northeastern University
Tagged Divisions
Minorities in Engineering
AC 2010-1907: A PARTNERSHIP OF NON-TRADITIONAL ACCESS INTOENGINEERING VIA NUPRIME AND THE UJIMA SCHOLARS PROGRAMRichard Harris, Northeastern UniversityCarrie Boykin, Northeastern UniversityBala Maheswaran, Northeastern University Page 15.70.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2010 1 A Partnership of Non-Traditional Access into Engineering via NUPRIME and The Ujima Scholars ProgramBackground:There are social and cognitive factors which may hinder the academic achievement of under-represented minority (URM) students in science and
Conference Session
Recruitment & Retention of Women II
Collection
2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Mary R. Anderson-Rowland, Arizona State University; Armando A. Rodriguez, Arizona State University; Anita Grierson, Arizona State University
Tagged Divisions
Women in Engineering
teacher for 2009-2010. She received the WEPAN Engineering Educator Award 2009, ASEE Minorities Award 2006, the SHPE Educator of the Year 2005, and the National En- gineering Award in 2003, the highest honor given by AAES. In 2002 she was named the Distinguished Engineering Educator by the Society of Women Engineers. Her awards are based on her mentoring of students, especially women and underrepresented minority students, and her research in the areas of re- cruitment and retention. A SWE and ASEE Fellow, she is a frequent speaker on career opportunities and diversity in engineering.Ms. Anita Grierson, Arizona State University Anita Grierson, AZ State University ANITA E. GRIERSON is the Director of the METS Center in
Conference Session
Aerospace Technical Session
Collection
2010 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Nidal Al-Masoud, Central Connecticut State University; Viatcheslav Naoumov, Central Connecticut State University; Zbigniew Prusak, Central Connecticut State University
Tagged Divisions
Aerospace
AC 2010-760: NASA MOONBUGGY SENIOR DESIGN PROJECT AS ANASSESSMENT TOOL AND POTENTIAL CAREER PATH IN AEROSPACENidal Al-Masoud, Central Connecticut State University Dr. Al-Masoud, Associate Professor, earned his Ph.D. in Mechanical Engineering from The University at Buffalo, The State University of New York in 2002. Dr. Al-Masoud has taught at both graduate and undergraduate level courses at University at Buffalo, he joined Central Connecticut State University as an Assistant Professor in 2003. At CCSU, he teaches courses mechanics, Thermo-fluid, and Control Systems and Dynamics. Dr. Al-Masoud research interests are in the fields of Control Systems and Dynamics, HVAC systems, and Engineering
Conference Session
Engineering Technology Division (ETD) Technical Session 2
Collection
2025 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Otilia Popescu, Old Dominion University; Dimitrie C Popescu, Old Dominion University; Emanuel PUSCHITA
Tagged Divisions
Engineering Technology Division (ETD)
Paper ID #45722Collaborative Online Interactive Laboratory on Software Defined Radio FundamentalsDr. Otilia Popescu, Old Dominion University Dr. Otilia Popescu received the Engineering Diploma and M.S. degree from the Polytechnic Institute of Bucharest, Romania, and the PhD degree from Rutgers University, all in Electrical and Computer Engineering. Her research interests are in the general areas of communication systems, wireless communications, control theory, signal processing and engineering education. She is currently an Associate Professor in the Department of Engineering Technology at Old Dominion University in
Conference Session
Diversity, Inclusion, and Representation in STEM
Collection
2025 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Daniel B Oerther P.E., Missouri University of Science and Technology
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Community Engagement Division (COMMENG)
five Ps – partnerships, peace, people, prosperity, and planet. People are supported throughaccess to food and a reduction in loss of life due to dangerous fishing. The planet is supportedthrough a change in fishing behaviors to reduce activities which damage catch fisheries.Prosperity is supported through a financial instrument of parametric insurance. As part of adiplomacy lab project, the students understand how partnerships are encouraged betweendeveloped and developing nations. An additional aspect of this work is an introduction to theconcept of peace. As described by Drexel University’s program of peace engineering, the goal ofpeace is to prevent and reduce violent conflict through education and research, which integratestechnologies and
Conference Session
ECE-Instructional Tools and Online Resources
Collection
2025 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Branimir Pejcinovic, Portland State University; Jamie Lyn Kennedy, The College of New Jersey; Melinda Holtzman, Portland State University
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Electrical and Computer Engineering Division (ECE)
development. His research interests are in the areas of engineering education, microwave absorber design, ferroelectrics, photovoltaics, THz sensors, signal integrity, and semiconductor device characterization, design and simulation. He is a member of IEEE and ASEE.Dr. Jamie Lyn Kennedy, The College of New Jersey Jamie Kennedy is currently a Director of Innovation and Research at Chadwick School in Palos Verdes Peninsula, California. She has been teaching for over a decade at both the higher education and K-12 levels. Currently, she teaches 6th - 12th grade in areDr. Melinda Holtzman, Portland State University Melinda Holtzman is an Assistant Teaching Professor and undergraduate advisor for the Electrical and Computer
Conference Session
ECE Pedagogy and Assessment
Collection
2006 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Richard Freeman, Valparaiso University; Mani Mina, Iowa State University
Tagged Divisions
Electrical and Computer
. Classroom Assessment provides two-waycommunications for faculty and students to give feedback on teaching and learning.Different CATs can be used to target different types of learning, or understanding, and attitudes.Of the fifty CATs Angelo and Cross list, about half are designed to uncover learning, and theother half to uncover student attitudes. Researchers such as Benjamin Bloom, identified threedomains related to educational activity- Cognitive, Affective, and Psychomotor. The CognitiveDomain represents mental skills (knowledge), the Affective Domain represents emotions orgrowth in feelings (attitudes), and the Psychomotor Domain represents manual or physical skills(skills). Bloom's Taxonomy divides each domain into levels, or subdivisions
Conference Session
Mechanical Division Poster Session
Collection
2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Diane L. Peters, Kettering University; Joy Arbor, Kettering University
Tagged Divisions
Mechanical Engineering
Paper ID #8496Student Perceptions of Connections between Statics Class and Co-op WorkExperienceDr. Diane L Peters, Kettering University Diane L. Peters is an Assistant Professor of Mechanical Engineering at Kettering University in Flint, MI. Her engineering education research focuses on the links between industry and academia.Dr. Joy Arbor, Kettering University Joy Arbor is assistant professor of communication in the Department of Liberal Studies at Kettering University. She teaches communication, public writing, and ethics
Conference Session
Experimentation and Laboratory-Oriented Studies Division Technical Session 2: Instructional/Learning Resources and Pedagogies
Collection
2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
stavros kalafatis, Texas A&M University; Kevin Nowka, Texas A&M University; John Lusher, Texas A&M University
has published 6 papers and has 2 pending submission. His research interests lie in: AR, VR solutions, Robotics, High performance computing and networking and AI applications in Agriculture.John D Lusher (Associate Professor of Practice) © American Society for Engineering Education, 2022 Powered by www.slayte.comTools and methods for enabling senior design classes during the COVID-19 pandemic andtheir application to future challengesAbstractEngineering curricula across the United States seek to develop well-rounded engineers with theability to solve real problems upon graduation. To that end, capstone/senior design classes arepresent in most if not all ABET accredited
Collection
2023 Rocky Mountain Section Conference
Authors
Eric Bogatin; Mona ElHelbawy
Education Journal, December 1994, Vol. 3, Issue 6, pp. 287 – 290.[12] P. Coppen, J. V. Bossche, and M. D. Cock, “Goals of Lab Work in Electronics: Student andStaff Ideas,” The International Journal of Electrical Engineering and Education, August 2015, Vol.53, Issue 2, pp. 124 – 136.[13] K. Moozeh, J. Farmer, D. Tihanyi, T. Nadar, and G. Evans “A Prelaboratory FrameworkToward Integrating Theory and Utility Value with Laboratories: Student Perceptions on Learningand Motivation,” Journal of Chemical Education Research, July 5, 2019, 96(8), pp.1548–1557.https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jchemed.9b00107
Conference Session
Chemical Engineering Pedagogy
Collection
2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access
Authors
Justin Shaffer, Colorado School of Mines
Tagged Divisions
Chemical Engineering
Paper ID #33134What Kinds of Advice do Chemical Engineering Students Give to FutureStudents for Success in High-structure Courses?Dr. Justin Shaffer, Colorado School of Mines Dr. Justin Shaffer is a Teaching Associate Professor in Chemical and Biological Engineering at the Col- orado School of Mines. Dr. Shaffer’s research focuses on high structure course design and student atti- tudes towards biology. He teaches thermodynamics, material and energy balances, anatomy and physiol- ogy, and introductory biology. American c Society for Engineering Education, 2021 Work
Conference Session
NSF Grantees’ Poster Session
Collection
2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Patrick A. Tebbe, Minnesota State University, Mankato
Tagged Topics
NSF Grantees Poster Session
Paper ID #12567Engaged in Thermodynamics – Bringing it to Industry and the ClassroomDr. Patrick A. Tebbe, Minnesota State University, Mankato Page 26.602.1 c American Society for Engineering Education, 2015 Engaged in Thermodynamics – Bringing it to Industry and the Classroom AbstractThis paper will discuss an on-going NSF-CCLI grant that addresses improvements in studentpedagogy and educational materials for the engineering thermodynamics curriculum bycompleting development of the Engaged
Conference Session
Flipped Classrooms in Mechanical Engineering
Collection
2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
John-David S Yoder, Ohio Northern University
Tagged Divisions
Mechanical Engineering
, Pasadena, CA and an Invited Professor at INRIA Rhone-Alpes, Monbonnot, France. Research interests include computer vision, mobile robotics, intelligent vehicles, entrepreneurship, and education. c American Society for Engineering Education, 2016 Flipping the Design Class using “Off-the-shelf” Content: Can it work?ABSTRACTThe benefits and challenges of flipping classrooms have been demonstrated in many recentpapers, including several presented in the Mechanical Engineering Division at AmericanSociety for Engineering Education (ASEE) Annual Conference and Exposition. This,combined with very negative student reviews of the current textbook, convinced the authorat Ohio Northern University (ONU) to experiment with a
Conference Session
Programs that Serve Industry & Academia
Collection
2008 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Lakshmi Munukutla, Arizona State University; Carol Popovich, Corporate member, Microchip Technology Inc.; John McGrane, Microchip Technology Inc.
Tagged Divisions
Continuing Professional Development
AC 2008-578: UNIVERSITIES COLLABORATE WITH INDUSTRY TO FILL NEEDFOR HANDS-ON WORKSHOPSLakshmi Munukutla, Arizona State University Lakshmi Munukutla received her Ph.D. degree in Solid State Physics from Ohio University, Athens, Ohio and M.Sc and B.Sc degrees from Andhra University, India. She has been active in research and published several journal articles. She is the Chair of the Electronic Systems Department at Arizona State University at the Polytechnic campus.Carol Popovich, Corporate member, Microchip Technology Inc. Carol Popovich has over 30 years experience in all aspects of business, including Operations Management, Budgeting, Sales, Marketing, and Finance. She currently works for
Conference Session
Enhancing Engineering Management
Collection
2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
La Tondra Murray, Duke University
Tagged Divisions
Engineering Management
. Page 23.396.1 c American Society for Engineering Education, 2013 Developing Community for Distance Learners in an Engineering Management ProgramAbstractAs universities explore options for the delivery of high quality degree programs to distancelearners, some students will look for innovative offerings that combine virtual instruction withelements of face-to-face interaction. Distance learners often select programs that support theasynchronous delivery of core classroom material to retain the momentum of established careersand better manage work-life commitments. There is additional value in distance educationopportunities that combine a flexible, academically rigorous curriculum with
Conference Session
Embedded Computing
Collection
2005 Annual Conference
Authors
Daniel Pack; Barry Mullins
Page 10.421.1 Proceedings of the 2005 American Society for Engineering Education Annual Conference & Exposition Copyright © 2005, American Society for Engineering Educationcomponents of the completed project. The student chose this project because it waschallenging and stimulated his interests. He was given three weeks to complete the finalproject.The experience was invaluable in motivating the student to become a better digitalelectrical engineer for three reasons: (1) the project stimulated his personal interests; (2)the project enriched his abilities to gain new knowledge as he researched therequirements and capabilities of the AND1371, an NES controller and the game of Tetris;and (3) programming video game graphics
Conference Session
Activities for the Materials Classroom
Collection
2003 Annual Conference
Authors
Donald Goddard
. Page 8.16.3Proceedings of the 2003 American Society for Engineering Education Annual Conference & Exposition Copyright© 2003, American Society for Engineering EducationThe Experimental Plan - Materials Assessment PhaseTo this point, the students’ lab and homework activities have been directed to researching thealloy specification, and planning and executing the heat treatment. They now have a certain“investment” in the experiment. This is motivational, and they will now have to find out theresults of their efforts. The scenario of laboratory activities continues as follows:• Tensile testing of the specimens: This includes the comparison of the ductility and “cup and cone” rupture of the annealed specimen which stands in stark contrast
Conference Session
Integrating Math in Mechanical Engineering Curriculum
Collection
2003 Annual Conference
Authors
Surendra Gupta
. Page 8.505.1 Proceedings of the 2003 American Society for Engineering Education Annual Conference & Exposition Copyright  2003, American Society for Engineering EducationIntroductionIn order to teach well, every instructor should be ready to answer a student’s (often unasked)question: “Why should I learn this?” In fact, an instructor should have several different andpersuasive answers to this question that help provide students a context where they might use thecourse material as well as motivate them to learn it better.This project resulted from bi-weekly lunch conversation series that the two authors had abouttheir teaching styles and their impact on the learning outcomes of students. Carol expressed