Collection

2004 ASEE North Midwest Section Conference

Authors

Richard E. Smith

Description of the TX-0 Computer,” Memorandum 6M-4789-1, MIT Lincoln Laboratory, Lincoln, MA, October 1958. On-line (retrieved 8 July 2004) at http://bitsavers.org/pdf/mit/tx- 0/6M-4789-1_TX0_funcDescr.pdf 3. Bell, C. Gordon, J. Craig Mudge, and John E. McNamara, Computer Engineering: A DEC View of Hardware Design, Digital Press, Bedford MA, 1978. 4. Osborne, Hugh, "The Postroom Computer," Journal on Educational Resources in Computing, Volume 1, Issue 4 (December 2001), pp. 81 - 110.

Conference Session

Experimentation and Laboratory-oriented Studies Division Technical Session 2

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Michael G. Patterson, University of Pennsylvania ; Carolyne H. Godon, University of Pennsylvania; Leann Dourte Segan, University of Pennsylvania; Sevile Mannickarottu, University of Pennsylvania

Tagged Divisions

Experimentation and Laboratory-Oriented Studies

mechanical design, andelectronics. For small lab spaces without the resources of larger groups, such as a universitylibrary system, dealing with controlled access of space and equipment, equipment maintenance,stocking of supplies, and orders for students can be extremely difficult. Also, using complexsystems can be burdensome for student employees with quick turnover. We provide a low costand customer friendly model for lab operations and staff training.References1 Mannickarottu, Sevile G. “From Course Instruction to Bio-MakerSpace: Creating a Lab Spacefor Independent Investigation and Innovation.” In American Society for Engineering Education:Annual Conference, Tampa, Fl, June 2019.2 Papert, S. & Harel, I. (1991). “Situating Constructionism

Collection

2000 Annual Conference

Authors

Robert DeMoyer

/ Page 5.385.6Bibliography1. Building GUIs with MATLAB Version 5, The Mathworks, 1998.2. Dean, Loren, The Design of Callbacks, The Mathworks, 1997.3. Hanselman, D., Littlefield, B., Mastering MATLAB 5, Prentice Hall, 1998, Chapters 31 & 32.4. Using MATLAB Graphics Version 5.2, The Mathworks, 1998, Chapter 8.ROBERT DeMOYERBob DeMoyer is a faculty member in the Weapons and Systems Engineering Department of the United StatesNaval Academy. He has been active for years in the CoED Division of ASEE, and currently serves asSecretary/Treasurer. Dr DeMoyer received a BS degree in Electrical Engineering from Lehigh University and a MSand PhD in System Engineering from the Polytechnic Institute of Brooklyn

Conference Session

Educating Students for the 21st Century: History, Reflection, and Outcomes

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Anthony Joseph, Pace University; Mabel Payne, Independent Education Researcher

Tagged Divisions

Cooperative & Experiential Education

understanding ofindustry culture and practices3,6,12,13. Some coop ed programs are selective and favor Page 22.365.2academically competent and professionally informed students17.We have hardly seen any study that used non-engineering or non-computing students as a basisfor studying the participation of engineering and computing students in coop ed programs. Forthis work, computing comprises computer science, information systems, and technology systemsmajors. Because of the origins, purpose, and benefits of coop ed programs, it would be bothinformative and instructive to know the extent to which engineering and computing students areusing the services of

Conference Session

Diversity Research - Session I

Collection

2018 CoNECD - The Collaborative Network for Engineering and Computing Diversity Conference

Authors

Jacklin Stonewall, Iowa State University; Michael Dorneich, Iowa State University; Cassandra Dorius; Jane Rongerude PhD, Iowa State University

Tagged Topics

Diversity, Diversity Research

Paper ID #242512018 CoNECD - The Collaborative Network for Engineering and ComputingDiversity Conference: Crystal City, Virginia Apr 29A Review of Bias in Peer AssessmentJacklin Hope Stonewall, Iowa State University Jacklin Stonewall is a Ph.D. student in the Departments of Industrial and Manufacturing Systems Engi- neering and Human Computer Interaction at Iowa State University. Her research interests include: gender HCI, decision support systems, sustainability, and the creation of equitable cities and classrooms.Prof. Michael Dorneich, Iowa State University Dr. Michael C. Dorneich is an Associate Professor at Iowa State

Conference Session

Tablet PC use in Education

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Chia-Keng Lee, University of California, Riverside; Thomas Stahovich, University of California, Riverside; Robert C. Calfee, University of California, Riverside

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

, Dr. Stahovich joined the Mechanical En- gineering Department at UC Riverside in 2003 where he is currently a Professor and Chair. His research interests include pen-based computing, educational technology, design automation, and design rationale management.Robert C Calfee, Graduate School Of Education, University of California Riverside Page 22.82.1 c American Society for Engineering Education, 2011 A Pen-Based Statics Tutoring SystemAbstractWe present an intelligent pen-based tutoring system for Statics – the sub-discipline ofengineering mechanics concerned with the

Conference Session

Digital Communications Systems

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Joseph Hoffbeck, University of Portland; Andrew Melton, University of Portland

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

2006-995: RF SIGNAL DATABASE FOR A COMMUNICATION SYSTEMSCOURSEJoseph Hoffbeck, University of Portland Joseph P. Hoffbeck is an Associate Professor of Electrical Engineering at the University of Portland. He has B.S.E.E, M.S.E.E., and Ph.D. degrees from Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana. He has also worked with digital cellular telephone systems at Lucent Technologies (formerly AT&T Bell Labs) in Whippany, New Jersey. He is a member of the IEEE and the ASEE, and his technical interests include communication systems, digital signal processing, and remote sensing. His email address is hoffbeck@up.edu.Andrew Melton, University of Portland Andrew Melton is an electrical engineering

Conference Session

Information and Network Security

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Alireza Kavianpour, DeVry University; Ricardo Monterrosa, DeVry University; Rammy Badran, DeVry University

Tagged Divisions

Information Systems

AC 2010-679: AUTOMATED LUGGAGE TRACKING SYSTEMAlireza Kavianpour, DeVry University Dr. Alireza Kavianpour received his PH.D. Degree from University of Southern California (USC). He is currently Senior Professor at DeVry University, Pomona, CA. Dr. Kavianpour is the author and co-author of over forty technical papers all published in IEEE Journals or referred conferences. Before joining DeVry University he was a researcher at the University of California, Irvine and consultant at Qualcom Inc. His main interests are in the areas of embedded systems and computer architecture.Ricardo Monterrosa, DeVry University Ricardo Monterrosa is a Computer Engineering Technology graduate from DeVry

Conference Session

New Approaches to the Development of Online Learning and International Programs

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

David Batts, East Carolina University; Richard Monroe, East Carolina University; Leslie Pagliari, East Carolina University; Sherion Jackson, East Carolina University; Cheryl McFadden, East Carolina University

Tagged Divisions

Continuing Professional Development

suggest a broaderapproach which is summarized in the following statements: • “qualification of the instructors should be a first consideration. • … those who teach online courses should understand what their roles are and adjust their attitudes for this role change. • … it is important for instructors to master design and delivery strategies, techniques, and methods for teaching online courses. • … the institution should provide technical and financial support for faculty. • …[and] school administrators should also realize what their role and responsibilities are in ensuring quality online instruction”.34These observations share some common ground

Conference Session

Transformative Learning in STEM: Accessibility, Social Impact, and Inclusivity in Higher Education

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

D. C. Beardmore, University of Colorado Boulder; Angela R Bielefeldt, University of Colorado Boulder

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Culture & Social Justice in Education Division (EQUITY), Equity

in the Department of Civil, Environmental, and Architectural Engineering (CEAE) and Director of the Integrated Design Engineering (IDE) program. The IDE program hosts a BS degree in IDE accredited by the ABET EAC under the general criteria and a new PhD degree in Engineering Education. Bielefeldt is a Fellow of the ASEE and a licensed P.E. in Colorado. ©American Society for Engineering Education, 2024 The Paint Bucket Model of Dis/ability in STEM Higher Education: Axioms 1-3AbstractDis/ability is a complex, evolving, and nuanced concept. Recognizing the absence of a cleardefinition of dis/ability, the first author proposed a “paint bucket dis/ability

Conference Session

CoED: Potpourri

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Osman Yasar, State University of New York, Brockport; Jose Maliekal, The College at Brockport, State University of New York; Peter Veronesi, The College at Brockport - SUNY; Leigh J Little, SUNY Brockport

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

their: a)accuracy to predict scientific phenomena, b) ability to conduct studies that are impossible todo experimentally due to size, access and cost, and c) economic impact to design, test, andmanufacture industrial products such as engines, planes, cars, and new drugs.16 As a result,modeling and simulation is now regarded as a third pillar of doing science because itfacilitates the deductive and inductive cycle of scientific thinking.6,12,16-17 Furthermore,modeling and simulation has been found to support deductive and inductive approaches toteaching as well.20,22,27-35 So, judging from its utilization in both scientific research andteaching, one might say that modeling and simulation is a common process through whichelectronic computers and

Conference Session

Computers in Education Division Technical Session 6: Computer Science Freshman Courses

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Joe Michael Allen, University of California, Riverside; Frank Vahid, University of California, Riverside

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

, University of California, Riverside Frank Vahid is a Professor of Computer Science and Engineering at the Univ. of California, Riverside. His research interests include embedded systems design, and engineering education. He is a co-founder of zyBooks.com. c American Society for Engineering Education, 2020 Analyzing Pivoting Among Weekly Many Small Programs in a CS1 CourseAbstractIn Fall 2018, our university fully switched from using a weekly one large program (OLP)approach to using a many small programs (MSP) approach in our CS1 course, utilizing aprogram auto-grader with immediate points feedback and partial credit possible. The switch ledto positive results such as

Conference Session

Emerging Information Technologies

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Lakshmi Ramachandran, North Carolina State University; Edward F. Gehringer, North Carolina State University

Tagged Divisions

Computing & Information Technology

phrasesthat have a negative semantic orientation. Reviews that provide negative criticism to the author’swork are most likely to fall under this category, since while providing negative remarksreviewers tend to use language or words that are likely to offend the authors. (Such reviewscould be morphed or written in such a way that is less offensive to the author of the submission.)Example of a review containing negative tone: “The examples are not so easy to understand andhave been borrowed from other sources. Although the topic is Design Patterns in Ruby, noexamples in Ruby have been provided for Singleton and Adapter Pattern.” Page 25.245.6Although

Conference Session

Military and Veterans Division (MVD) Technical Session 1

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

William E. Genereux, Kansas State University, Salina; Zachary Allen Guillory, Kansas State University, Salina

Tagged Divisions

Military and Veterans Division (MVD)

. ©American Society for Engineering Education, 2024 A Combat Action Video Goes ViralIntroductionOn 24 February 1991, the USS Missouri (BB-63) was conducting shore bombardment operationsin the Persian Gulf off the coast of Kuwait during Operation Desert Storm. The gun fire controlequipment of the forward main battery plotting room was energized and ready for action. Thecrewmembers assigned to the plotting room were mostly relaxed and confident, having alreadyhad many hours of training and wartime fire missions under their belts. Suddenly, a voice on theship’s loudspeaker announced, “Missile Inbound!” and the crew immediately “braced for shock”as a deadly Silkworm anti-ship missile streaked towards the Missouri and its

Conference Session

CoNECD Session : Day 2 Slot 3 Technical Session 4

Collection

2021 CoNECD

Authors

Sarah Trainer, Seattle University; Agnieszka Miguel, Seattle University; Jean M. Jacoby, Seattle University; Jodi O'Brien, Seattle University

Tagged Topics

CoNECD Paper Submissions, Diversity

place [56]. These are all great examples of understanding and acknowledgingthe additional strains and opportunities that COVID-19 has imposed on faculty work-life balanceand careers. They are probably also insufficient at this point. As one of our respondents said,“My family is suffering and I am also suffering. This is not sustainable.”As we pointed out, however, COVID-19 did not cause new inequalities and tensions for faculty;it has simply exposed existing inequalities and furthermore, it has accelerated trends that haveexisted for some time. Current tenure processes were designed by and for different populationsof faculty as well as for different times. The crises following in the wake of COVID-19 areshowing us that it is time to reimagine

Conference Session

Topics in Computing and Information Technology-I

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Andrew R. Schmitt, Metropolitan State University; Theresa Chasar, Newell Brands; Mangaya Sivagnanam, Ingersoll Rand; Faisal Kaleem, Metropolitan State University

Tagged Divisions

Computing and Information Technology

buildings and smart cities. She has extensive experience with heterogeneous system’s software design (Secure SDLC), threat modeling, security and risk analysis, penetration testing. She is also responsible for coordinating and managing the incident response process for the advanced building automation sys- tems and solutions. She received an MS degree in Security Technologies | Cybersecurity in Technology Leadership Institute University of Minnesota.Dr. Faisal Kaleem, Metropolitan State University Dr. Faisal Kaleem received his Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering from Florida International University (FIU), Miami, FL. Since 1998 he has served as an educator in different academic institutions. Currently, he is serving as an

Conference Session

First-Year Programs Division Technical Session 2: AI, Computation, and Electronics

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Laura K. Alford, University of Michigan; James A. Juett, University of Michigan ; Heather Rypkema, University of Michigan

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs Division (FYP)

second half focusing on C++, with vectors of structs being the most complex concepttaught. ENGR 151 covers the same concepts as ENGR 101 but at an accelerated pace allowingfor deeper understanding and practice. EECS 183 teaches solely C++, with greater breadth anddepth of coverage than ENGR 101, including an introduction to object-based programming withclasses. The course instructors have always been cognizant of these differences and worry that thetwo approaches, while appropriate for the individual courses, may have unintended consequencesfor students in their later courses.The AP credit pathway to CS2 is relatively new. In Fall 2019, the Computer Science andEngineering Division of the Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Department

Conference Session

COED: Autograding and Autoadvising

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Webster R. Johnson, California State University, Chico

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

in Computer Aided Design (CAD), Graphics I and Graphics II. The beginning course,usually for first term freshmen, covers the basics of parametric solid modeling, design intent,engineering drawings with proper dimensioning and views, and assemblies. In addition, this firstcourse covers hand sketching and visualization skills. In the second course the students developand practice more complicated solid modeling challenges including table driven configuration,surface modeling, photo-realistic rendering, motion studies and animation. The two courses aredesigned to prepare the students for courses in manufacturing, Finite Element Analysis (FEA),Modeling and Simulation, and for the fourth year Capstone project.Both courses utilize SolidWorks, a

Conference Session

Insights for Teaching ECE Courses

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Ziyue Li, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign; Yuting W. Chen, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

- pus, she has interned with various teams at Google in designing reliable systems for use in production. Her current research focuses on mobile computing and sensing systems in the acoustic domain.Prof. Yuting W. Chen, University of Illinois Urbana - Champaign Dr. Yuting W. Chen received the B.S. degree from the University of Illinois - Urbana Champaign in 2007, and the M.S. and Ph.D. degrees from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in 2009 and 2011, all in Electri- cal Engineering. She is currently a Teaching Assistant Professor with the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Prior to joining ECE Illinois, she worked at IBM Systems Group in Poughkeepsie, NY in z

Conference Session

CIT Division Technical Session #6

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Emil Salib, James Madison University

Paper ID #37974A cost effective smart trough monitoring alert systemEmil H Salib (Professor) © American Society for Engineering Education, 2022 Powered by www.slayte.com A cost-effective smart-trough monitoring alert system Dr. Emil H. Salib, Kabeer Mehdi and Matthew Chamberlain salibeh@jmu.edu, mehdika@dukes.jmu.edu and chambemr@dukes.jmu.edu College of Science and Engineering (CISE), James Madison University (JMU), Harrisonburg, VA 22807AbstractAs farmers embrace environmental stewardship, many plan to improve surface water quality

Collection

2025 Northeast Section Conference

Authors

Dinh Cuong Nguyen; Dan Tenney

explain EV adoption decisions. The Therefore, this systematic literature review aims to identifymethodological rigor of each study was analyzed by examining and analyze the key factors influencing EV adoption, comparethe design, data collection, and analytical approaches to ensure and evaluate the methodologies used in existing studies, andreliability and validity. This ensured that the findings not only highlight gaps in the literature and propose directions foradvanced theoretical understanding but also provided actionable future research. This study seeks to answer the followingstrategies for policymakers and industry stakeholders toaccelerate EV

Conference Session

Computer Science Education and AI research

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ayesha Johnson, University of South Florida, College of Nursing; Zachariah J Beasley P.E., University of South Florida

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods Division (ERM)

Paper ID #36879Strategies to Optimize Student Success in Pair Programming TeamsDr. Ayesha Johnson, University of South Florida, College of Nursing I am an assistant professor of statistics in the College of Nursing at the University of South Florida. My research interests include educational methods, and health equity. I have experience in data analysis for various types of research designs.Dr. Zachariah J Beasley P.E., University of South Florida Dr. Zachariah Beasley received his Ph.D. in Computer Science and Engineering from the University of South Florida with a focus on sentiment analysis in peer review. He is the

Conference Session

Innovative and Computer-Assisted Lab Studies

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Veton Kepuska, Florida Tech; Mihir Patal, Florida Tech; Nicholas Rogers, Florida Tech

Tagged Divisions

Division Experimentation & Lab-Oriented Studies

2006-472: A MATLAB TOOL FOR SPEECH PROCESSING, ANALYSIS ANDRECOGNITION: SAR-LABVeton Kepuska, Florida Tech Kepuska has joined FIT in 2003 after past 12 years of R&D experience in high-tech industry in Boston area in developing speech recognition technologies. Presented work is partially the result of the belief that cutting edge research can only be conducted with appropriate supporting software tools. In order to bring that cutting edge research to undergraduate level, the software tools have to be not only easy to use but also intuitive. Thus, presented SAR-LAB software was designed and developed with a clear goal in mind to evolve into a standard educational as well as research tool

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Eduardo Santillan-Jimenez, University of Kentucky; Carissa B. Schutzman Ph.D., University of Cincinnati; Virginia W Lacefield, University of Kentucky; Keren Mabisi

Tagged Topics

Diversity, NSF Grantees Poster Session

designed to increase and broaden participation in STEM fields.Carissa B. Schutzman Ph.D., University of Cincinnati Dr. Carissa Schutzman is the Director of the University of Cincinnati Evaluation Services Center.Virginia W Lacefield, University of KentuckyKeren Mabisi Keren Mabisi is a Junior Research Associate at the University of Cincinnati, Evaluation Services Center. As an external evaluator, she utilizes quantitative and qualitative methods on various NIH, ESF, NIEHS and SEPA funded projects. She obtained a Master ©American Society for Engineering Education, 2024 Reaching diversity, equity, and inclusion targets in STEM: lessons from a National Science Foundation Research Traineeship

Conference Session

Computing and Information Technology Division Technical Session 4

Collection

2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Stephanie J. Lunn, Florida International University; Monique S. Ross, Florida International University; Zahra Hazari, Florida International University; Mark A. Weiss, Florida International University; Michael Georgiopoulos, University of Central Florida; Ken Christensen P.E., University of South Florida; Tiana Solis, Florida International University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Computing and Information Technology

from FIU.Dr. Monique S. Ross, Florida International University Monique Ross, Assistant Professor in the School of Computing and Information Sciences and STEM Transformation Institute at Florida International University, designs research focused on broadening par- ticipation in computer science through the exploration of: 1) race, gender, and disciplinary identity; 2) discipline-based education research (with a focus on computer science and computer engineering courses) in order to inform pedagogical practices that garner interest and retain women (specifically Black and His- panic women) in computer-related engineering fields.Prof. Zahra Hazari, Florida International University Zahra Hazari is an Associate Professor

Conference Session

Innovative Ideas for Energy Labs

Collection

2005 Annual Conference

Authors

Xiaoguang Yang; Chika Nwankpa; Valentina Cecchi; Karen Miu

Reconfigurable Distribution Automation and Control Laboratory: A Network Reconfiguration Experiment for Load Balancing and Loss Reduction in Power Distribution Systems Xiaoguang Yang, Valentina Cecchi, Karen Miu, Chika Nwankpa Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Drexel University Philadelphia, PennsylvaniaAbstract – At Drexel University, a network reconfiguration experiment has been developed toprovide students with hands-on experience on how to balance loads and reduce real power lossesof a distribution system through network reconfiguration. The experiment has been set up withinDrexel’s Reconfigurable

Collection

2014 Fall ASEE Middle Atlantic Section Conference

Authors

Sadan Kulturel-Konak; Abdullah Konak; Gül E. Okudan Kremer; Ivan E. Esparragoza

ofEngineering graduates. In fact, the lack of professional skills in pedagogical initiatives.project teams has been identified as one of the top contributors tothe high failure rate of complex engineering projects. As a Beard et al. [3] suggest that an assessment plan to evaluateresponse, academic programs have incorporated professional curricular efforts that aim to integrate professional skills intoskills in their curricula, which led to the challenge of assessing the programs should include standardized rubrics for targetedrelevant student development appropriately. This paper proposes courses in addition to comprehensive exit

Conference Session

Student Paper Presentation

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Adam Melvin, North Carolina State University

Tagged Divisions

Students Constituent Committee

, and start assignments early; however I found this was only half of whatI needed to survive, I also needed to rely on my classmates for aid and advice. As engineers,teamwork is instilled in us at an early stage. From homework groups in sophomore classes, tolab groups, and finally to the senior design team, I have always found four minds are better thanone, logic that transcended into my graduate classes. My first year class was comprised of 24people of different backgrounds, strengths, and weaknesses. Faced with a common adversary,we stuck together and helped each other, from discussions about theory to aid on homeworkassignments, to advice on how and to handle difficult undergraduate students in the classes weTA'd. What I recommend to all

Conference Session

NSF Grantees: Student Learning 3

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Denise Wilson, University of Washington

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees Poster Session

engagement, thenit is more likely that these links will be generalizable across other engineering courses,engineering majors, and institutions.Research MethodsThis cross-sectional study is based on a survey that was specifically designed to measure TA andfaculty behaviors alongside student engagement. The study was conducted at a single largepublic university classified as a doctoral university with very high research activity [13] acrossseven large undergraduate engineering courses. Class enrollment ranged from 60 to 250students. A majority of students were male, Asian or White, and U.S. citizens or permanentresidents. Demographics describing the survey population are summarized in Table 1. Table 1: Survey Participant

Collection

2010 North Midwest Section

Authors

Douglas F. De Boer

friend after class. Aboutthree minutes before the end of the class Armani will start packing up and will operate abackpack zipper loudly and in a random chorus with other similarly hurried students to remindthe professor that time is nearly up!Goals of peer gradingThe method of peer grading presented here is designed to promote four goals:1.) To motivate the students to establish regular periodic study times for the subject and to keep up with the course effectively.2.) To change the focus of learning from earning a grade to understanding the subject well enough to explain it to a peer. Then indirectly, to drive the students to the textbook or other sources more often and to help them identify when to seek help and to do it as early as