Asee peer logo
Well-matched quotation marks can be used to demarcate phrases, and the + and - operators can be used to require or exclude words respectively
Displaying results 3661 - 3690 of 11664 in total
Collection
2018 ASEE Conferences - Conference for Industry and Education Collaboration / San Antonio proceedings
Authors
Barry Lunt
were not aware of a study ofthe effectiveness and best practices for IABs in ET. The desire to fill this knowledge gap is themotivating factor of this study.Procedure As mentioned in the abstract, this study extends the Genheimer & Shehab reports bystudying programs in engineering technology. In their model, Genheimer & Shehab identifyeight objectives of an IAB. In a related study,6 Rooney and Puerzer identify eleven objectives,which overlap those of Genheimer & Shehab but have more emphasis on recruiting both studentsand new faculty and stronger emphasis on research. They make the cogent point that the role ofIABs is strictly advisory, and they have no policy-making power. They also comment that theroles of IABs change
Conference Session
Best of Multidisciplinary Engineering Division (MULTI)
Collection
2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Surupa Shaw, Texas A&M University; Kristi J. Shryock, Texas A&M University
Tagged Divisions
Multidisciplinary Engineering Division (MULTI)
faculty members at satellite campuseshave the necessary skills, knowledge, and resources to provide high-quality education to students.It can help improve the quality of education offered by the faculty, retain talented faculty memberswho feel valued by their institutions, foster innovation by developing new teaching methods andusing new technologies, encourage collaboration with colleagues, and support research. Thesatellite campus must have defined short-term and long-term goals for effective professionaldevelopment of faculty, by clearly emphasizing the following processes: i. Teaching functions a. Participate in workshops to develop teaching skills: Many trainings at the main campus are offered on-line, making them
Conference Session
Engineering Education Research
Collection
2004 Annual Conference
Authors
Turns Jennifer; Atman Cindy; Angela Linse; Karl Smith
of old and new paradigms for college teaching, (adapted from Johnson, Johnson and Smith, 1991). Old Paradigm New ParadigmKnowledge Transferred from faculty to Jointly constructed by students and students facultyStudents Passive vessel to be filled by Active constructor, discoverer, faculty's knowledge transformer of knowledgeMode of Learning Memorizing RelatingFaculty Purpose Classify and sort students Develop students' competencies and
Conference Session
FPD VI: Presenting "All the Best" of the First-year Programs Division
Collection
2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Lorelle A. Meadows, University of Michigan; Robin Fowler, University of Michigan; Elizabeth S. Hildinger, University of Michigan
Tagged Divisions
First-Year Programs
piloted as a single section with two technical and twocommunication faculty in Fall 1992; it was research-based and dealt with issues pertaining tosolutions to a marine engineering problem. It enjoyed moderate success: the students who tookthe class expressed limited enthusiasm (few or none, however, had favored the previous writingrequirement). Within two years, additional topics had been added, and by 2000 students couldchoose from 6 sections. In 2004, the first hands-on Design-Build-Test (DBT) section waspiloted, and since that time multiple sections have been added spanning most of the majorengineering disciplines. Over the nearly twenty years of the course’s existence, it has gainedsteadily in popularity, both with faculty and students
Collection
1999 Annual Conference
Authors
Gordon Silverman
electronic interest groups.)In order to meet the needs of those constituencies concerned with emerging national interests(but not necessarily in current demand), an opportunity exists for new directions in EEeducation. For example, in addition to basic training in Science, Math and the Humanities, acomplement of course work in digital signal processing, information theory, statistics, artificialintelligence, automation, and simulation, (in addition to some of the traditional EE topics ofnetwork analysis, electromagnetics and electronics) could provide a strong foundation for anumber of the professional interests cited above. An aggregate of such courses would notnecessarily require an extraordinary complement of faculty expertise and thereby limit
Conference Session
Energy Education and Industry Needs
Collection
2010 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
David McDonald, Lake Superior State University
Tagged Divisions
Energy Conversion and Conservation
complicated when students believe they are taking the proper preparatorycourses to work in electric vehicle engineering, but later find that critical material was notincluded. This is clearly the case concerning the lack of AC Permanent Magnet SynchronousMotor (PMSM) topical coverage in contemporary electrical machinery courses. Electric vehiclesuse high efficiency AC PMSM motors that are controlled using a field oriented Vector controltechnique.11 High efficiency PMSM motors have also been used to replace existing motors inindustrial applications because the replacement cost to change to high efficiency motors is paidback by energy cost savings. In one application, new PMSM motors improved efficiency 15%and reduced motor mass as reported by Crouch
Conference Session
Track 6: Technical Session 1:Technology Students' Recognition of Algorithmic Data Bias through Role-Play Case Studies
Collection
2024 Collaborative Network for Engineering & Computing Diversity (CoNECD)
Authors
Ashish Hingle, George Mason University; Aditya Johri, George Mason University
Tagged Topics
CoNECD Paper Sessions, Diversity
ATED.pdf News Reports/Blogs Thomas Brewster. (2020). “The Wrongful Arrest Of A Black Man Provides Mark Lieberman. (2020). Facial Recognition Tech in Schools Prompts More Proof Facial Recognition Is Racist.” Forbes. Lawsuit, Renewed Racial Bias Concerns. Education Week. https://www.forbes.com/sites/thomasbrewster/2020/06/24/a-wrongful-arrest- https://www.edweek.org/technology/facial-recognition-tech-in-schools- of-a-black-man-provides-more-proof-facial-recognition-is-racist prompts-lawsuit-renewed-racial-bias-concerns/2020/06 Background RPS & Case Study
Conference Session
DEED Technical Session 10: Empathy and Human-centered Design
Collection
2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Nicholas Fila, Iowa State University of Science and Technology; Diane Rover, Iowa State University of Science and Technology; Henry Duwe, Iowa State University of Science and Technology; Mani Mina, Iowa State University of Science and Technology
artifact that supported team communication, and an entry point tousing personas, journey maps, and similar tools in the future.This first iteration did clarify some issues that could be addressed through later iterations. First,several of the educators did not trust the data or the process used to develop the personas. Thismay have been connected to their own discomfort with design thinking and previous ways ofunderstanding students, approaching course design, and ontological views. Second, while thepersonas and journey maps conveyed some interesting information, the educators were unsure howthey might utilize it, beyond just their individual concerns about its origins. This may have had todo with the format of the presentation or, once again
Conference Session
Broad Perspectives on the Chemical Engineering Curriculum
Collection
2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Troy J. Vogel, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign; David L. Tomasko, Ohio State University
Tagged Divisions
Chemical Engineering
. During one of the weeks, safety audit/evaluationcommittees are formed where every student participates. These committees are responsible for asafety audit of either a specific laboratory experiment or entire floor of the Unit OperationsLaboratories at some time during the week. The committees issue a written report to theinstructor citing safety violations and concerns and offering improvement suggestions.Quizzes are used to establish knowledge of personal and laboratory safety. Chemical storage,laboratory hood use, MSDS, personal protective equipment, and spill cleanup are tested beforestudents enter the laboratory.Within the Economy and Strategy course, the relevant learning objective reads  Familiarization with Process Safety.Within the
Collection
15th Annual First-Year Engineering Experience Conference (FYEE)
Authors
Rawle D. Sookwah, University of South Carolina; Robert Petrulis; Edward P Gatzke, University of South Carolina
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Cohort 1, SPUR Cohort 2, students in year 1/2, and students in years 3/4. The table issorted by overall average reported stress for all groups combined. Note that generally, all four groups reportedsimilar stress levels. Cohorts 1 and 2 in some cases show differences but this is probably related to the low sizeof the population relative to the overall college group. Table 1 shows a list of academic supports with overallaverage values for frequency of use and perceived value. Surprising findings related to support utilization,perceived effectiveness, and stress include:1. Students were generally not worried about living away from home or family issues relative to other stressors.2. Students were most concerned about grades and finances overall.3
Conference Session
Developing Quality Experiences that Retain Diverse Engineering Talent
Collection
2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Susan E. Walden, University of Oklahoma; Cindy E Foor, University of Oklahoma; Rui(Celia) Pan, Toyota Financial Services; Randa L. Shehab, University of Oklahoma; Deborah A. Trytten, University of Oklahoma
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Minorities in Engineering
female who could have provided much needed help. While a few advisors expressa belief that the team’s integration strategies are unsuccessful, the vast majority show a generallack of concern for these processes, including several who do not know how new members areintegrated into their teams. This finding is alarming when teams are allegedly open educationalexperiences yet suffer 85-90% attrition of interested students. None of the advisors, in spite oftheir roles as faculty and in some cases with course affiliation for the teams, report taking anactive role in educating new team members for the skills and knowledge necessary to contributeto the team goals.CommitmentAll of the advisors describe an extreme ethos of commitment required for
Conference Session
Study and Research Abroad
Collection
2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Charles McIntyre, Indiana University-Purdue University of Indianapolis; Ryan A. Camp, Indiana University-Purdue University of Indianapolis; Patricia Fox, Indiana University-Purdue University of Indianapolis; Shawn Patrick
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
International
workers, itwas clear that an increase in signage was needed to inform people of this “new” option. It wasalso determined that visuals are more effective than text. Pictures depicting the recyclablematerials would likely aid in the recycling effort.Based on attendee comments, another concern was the recycling containers. People were notused to seeing or using cardboard boxes for recycling. It may be possible to obtain containerswith a more recognizable “recycle” look, but these are items that come with a cost and are nottypically donated. Discussions will continue with Ray’s Trash Service.EducationIn a very general sense, continued education for the community at large concerning theimportance of recycling is warranted. Within the city limits of
Collection
2020 Fall ASEE Mid-Atlantic Section Meeting
Authors
Patricia Muisener, Stevens Institute of Technology (School of Engineering and Science); Gail P Baxter, Stevens Institute of Technology; Guillermo D. Ibarrola Recalde, Stevens Institute of Technology (School of Engineering and Science)
plans to review material that they were unclear about. Further, the preliminaryanalysis suggests that students may not be accurate in their perceptions of how well theyunderstand the material covered each week.Moving forward, we recommend that all faculty examine student reflections on a weekly basiswith special attention to (1) those who are struggling with everything (code non-specific); and (2)common areas of concern which could benefit from further review/attention. With this importantknowledge, faculty could routinely make sure to address issues in the first five minutes of class.Also, faculty could test student’s expressed areas of difficulty by asking in-class questions (i.e.polling) with subsequent student discussion. Drawing attention
Conference Session
Nontraditional Ways to Engage Students
Collection
2004 Annual Conference
Authors
Thomas O'Neal; Thomas Jacobius; Joseph Steig; Arnold Heggestad; Abigail Barrow; Phil Weilerstein; David Barbe
effective programs inentrepreneurship instruction,1,2,3,4 many students who are interested in entrepreneurship,particularly in engineering and the sciences, are not reached through these courses. To addressthese students' needs, and provide opportunities for building community and connectionsbetween the academic and entrepreneurial worlds, a new workshop series has been developed.Invention to Venture (I2V) is a one-day workshop in technology-driven entrepreneurship forstudents, faculty, regional entrepreneurs, investors and business leaders. The series is beingdeveloped at universities around the country.Invention to Venture is based on several successful models for start-up bootcamps, including theFlight School produced by Joseph Steig for Mass
Collection
2000 Annual Conference
Authors
Stephen Simms; Jane M. Fraser
,recommending the “creation, testing, and revision” of methods by all researchers.A contact summary sheet is completed immediately after each contact by reviewingnotes to answer questions such as19• who was involved, • what new hypotheses were• what were the main issues or themes, suggested, and• which research questions were • what follow up should be planned. central,Creating this sheet encourages reflection by the researcher and makes the main pointsmore available for later use.Miles and Huberman19 give many recommendations concerning the creation of codes Page 5.516.5that categorize words according to “research
Conference Session
NSF Grantees Poster Session
Collection
2003 Annual Conference
Authors
James Moriarty
which evolveduring the experience. During subsequent group meetings, each team provides a 10-minute project status report, including a Gantt chart describing the project timeline.Logbooks are also reviewed and approved by the faculty. The faculty play the role of theEmployer and critique all status reports, provide suggestions and voice concerns, as wouldan employer. Each team is also required to have their own weekly meetings whereindividual tasks are assigned and team integration is achieved. Additionally, teammembers from each discipline met weekly with their corresponding faculty advisor todiscuss possible approaches to problems which arose during the product development, andto listen to a lecture on relevant technical topics and receive
Conference Session
ASEE Multimedia Session
Collection
2002 Annual Conference
Authors
Monique Osborn; Dilip Nag
and researching in educational psychology and is working collaboratively with engineering educators concerned with quality teaching and learning practices. She has recently completed her doctoral studies in developing effective professional development. DILIP NAG is a senior lecturer in Civil engineering at the Faculty of Engineering, Monash University. He is course co-ordinator for the Double Degree Program and the Interdisciplinary Degree Program. He is currently teaching Engineering Management and Geomechanics, and researching in innovative approaches to teaching engineering subjects, and effective ways of assessing students
Conference Session
Idea Generation and Creativity in Design
Collection
2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Matthew D. Lovell P.E., Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology; Patricia Brackin P.E., Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology; Richard A House, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology; Steve Chenoweth, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology; Kay C Dee, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology
Tagged Divisions
Design in Engineering Education
this point, the team then works to generate ideas and solutions to the newly posed problemframe. Similar to classic brainstorming, this exercise can be done in person or virtually. Asideas begin to converge, ideally a solution will be formed and an action plan will be developed tobring the new idea to fruition and ultimately as a fulfillment of the Problem Owner’s wish. Andin the spirit of true creative pursuits, the cycle would begin again with a new wish.Implementation of IdeaKeg at RHIT:At RHIT, our wish was to bring creative problem solving into our undergraduate classrooms.Six faculty at RHIT were trained by Kiln Ideas Ltd. to facilitate IdeaKeg in an attempt to bringthis industry validated tool into higher education. From September 2015
Conference Session
NSF Grantees' Poster Session
Collection
2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Shane Cotter, Union College; Anastasia Pease, Union College
Tagged Topics
NSF Grantees Poster Session
track of all their friends, and the dynamic nature of these online socialnetworks means that sometimes it is difficult to control who has access to posted material.To showcase these issues, we had Quinn Norton, a freelance journalist who writes abouttechnology and social networks, give a guest lecture to students. She covered how privacybecomes a very real concern in different parts of the world, where individuals have to learn tosee themselves as the many digital networks see them. In particular, Quinn talked to studentsabout the use of technology in the Arab Spring movements, which started in December 2010 andled to regime changes in a number of countries like Egypt and Tunisia. The ability to organizeusing social media was a hallmark of
Conference Session
NSF Grantees Poster Session
Collection
2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
John Ray Morelock, University of Georgia; Aileen Reid, University of North Carolina, Greensboro; Ayesha Sherita Sherita Boyce; Chaturved Janaki, University of Georgia; Nicola W. Sochacka, University of Georgia; Joachim Walther, University of Georgia
Tagged Topics
Diversity, NSF Grantees Poster Session
? 6. In what ways did participants apply the new knowledge and skills gained via the PQI? 7. To what extent are participants using qualitative and mixed methods in new research projects since “graduating” from the PQI?Background & Conceptual FrameworkAs similarly stated in our publication of prior evaluation results [1], the target audiences for thePQI were STEM instructional and technical tenure-track faculty (natural scientists). Historically,integrating these two groups into STEM education research communities has been bothchallenging and essential to the health of the field. Instructors from various disciplinarybackgrounds have contributed significantly to the development of educational research networksand communities [2, 3
Conference Session
The Best of Design in Engineering Education
Collection
2008 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Stephen Laguette, University of California-Santa Barbara
Tagged Divisions
Design in Engineering Education
Page 13.775.4Cons: - Intellectual Property issues must be carefully addressed with the university - Intellectual Property issues must be carefully addressed with company in the types of projects to be considered - Administrative procedures must be developed and managed - Faculty support and interest may be limited - Industrial relationships must be continuously cultivated and maintained and are time consumingPrior to initiating the Industry Partner program, a meeting was conducted with the Officeof Technology and Industry Alliances of the university to understand the limitations,constraints and requirements of such a program in terms of intellectual property. Ingeneral terms
Conference Session
Professional Skills and Teaming in Design
Collection
2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Tristan Utschig, Kennesaw State University; Sandip Das, Kennesaw State University; Valmiki Sooklal, Kennesaw State University; Eduardo Farfan, Kennesaw State University
Tagged Divisions
Design in Engineering Education
(e.g. original problem/solution, existing project framework) 15. Knowledge use (e.g. much new knowledge required, application of previously learned material) 16. Other faculty involvement (e.g. single instructor, team of instructors)Items 5, 10, and 15 from this framework may be of particular importance for nuclearapplications.Another paper by Bannerot, Kastor, and Ruchhoeft [16] articulates several recommendations tohelp handle issues arising from interdisciplinary projects.: • using a web site to enhance information transfer • using a “studio/critique” teaching environment to encourage open discussion of projects, provide a less threatening environment, and get teams involved in other teams’ projects
Conference Session
Electrical and Computer Engineering Division (ECE) Poster Session
Collection
2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Kenneth A Connor, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute; Stephen M Goodnick, Arizona State University; Michelle Klein, Electrical and Computer Engineering Dept. Heads Assoc. (ECEDHA); Barry J. Sullivan, Electrical & Computer Engineering Department Heads Assn; John C. Kelly, North Carolina A&T State University (CoE); Pamela Leigh-Mack, Virginia State University; Shiny Abraham, Seattle University; John Janowiak; Sinais Alvarado; Petru Andrei, Florida A&M University - Florida State University; Wayne A Scales, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; Tymia Wilson; Yeimidy Lagunas
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Electrical and Computer Engineering Division (ECE)
COVID-related issues as well. These workshops were followed in 2021 by another series focused onsocial justice: Anti-Racism Practice in Engineering: Exploring, Learning & Solutions (ARPELS)[3]. A key outcome of the ARPELS workshops was the concept of the equitable partnership.The mission of the Inclusive Engineering Consortium (IEC) is to enable MSI ECE programs toproduce more and better prepared graduates from groups that have been historicallyunderrepresented in ECE careers. We hypothesize that key to achieving this goal is more fullyengaging the students, staff and faculty at HBCUs, HSIs and TCUs in the broad ECE educationand research enterprise by building partnerships with PWIs, industry, government labs, etc.These partnerships must be
Collection
2001 Annual Conference
Authors
John Bourne
2000, we have kept in mind educational theoriesas the basis for driving the design of the Olin College Curriculum. A debt of gratitude isdue to John Bransford, who introduced the faculty at Olin College to many new ideas inhis edited book “How People Learn” (HPL, Bransford et al., 1999). This book has beeninfluential in shaping our thinking. Below, we adapt some ideas from the HPL book tothe prospective Olin learning environment.Student-Centered ParadigmsLearning should be student centered. Student-centered environments5 are those that takeinto account the ideas, skills, knowledge and attitudes that learners have. In contrast tolecture delivery methods in which “one size fits all,” student-centered environments aremuch more adaptable to the
Conference Session
Delivery Methods in Mechanical Engineering Courses
Collection
2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
David J. Dimas, The University of California, Irvine; Faryar Jabbari, University of California, Irvine; Jia Frydenberg, University of California, Irvine
Tagged Divisions
Mechanical Engineering
computer aided engineering (CAE) market space. At MSC Software he pioneered new techniques and guided the development of two highly successful inter- active DVD based courses in the application of finite element analysis (FEA) in product development. He also developed a unique, low-cost, flexible method to produce and maintain DVD versions of a curricu- lum of 15 courses related to CAE. Both provided increased knowledge access, transfer and retention. His industrial background also focused on applying theoretical aspects of numerical methods in simulation and design to wide variety of product development issues. He has served on the faculty at UC Irvine since 1986 and has brought these practical applications into the
Collection
2000 Annual Conference
Authors
Sanjiv B. Gokhale; Michael O'Dea
enhancing student learning and development. Thepaper will attempt make specific recommendations on integrating service-learning intoengineering-technology courses.I. IntroductionThere is presently a paradigm shift in engineering-technology undergraduate education. Citingmodern trends, such as a new global economy, and growth of information technology, theEngineering Deans Council and Business Round Table1 issued a report asking engineering-technology educators to “re-examine their curricula and programs to ensure they prepare studentsfor the broadened world of engineering work”. Engineering Criteria 2000, the accreditationcriteria established by Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology (ABET), formalizesthis process by requiring that
Conference Session
Cyber Technology
Collection
2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Nikunja Swain P.E., South Carolina State University; Biswajit Biswal, South Carolina State University
Tagged Divisions
Computing and Information Technology
security problems, balancing business concerns, technical issues and security. ▪ Effectively communicate technical information verbally, in writing, and in presentations. ▪ Use appropriate resources to stay abreast of the latest industry tools and techniques analyzing the impact on existing systems and applying to future situations. ▪ Explain the concepts of confidentiality, availability and integrity in Information Assurance, including physical, software, devices, policies and people. Analyze these factors in an existing system and design implementations.These concentration outcomes enable CAC of ABET learning outcomes for computer science andcybersecurity. Some of the practices that are used in these courses
Conference Session
Foundations for Pedagogical Success
Collection
2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Marian G. Armour-Gemmen, West Virginia University; Chanelle Pickens MLIS, CA, West Virginia University; Robin A.M Hensel, West Virginia University; Mary L. Strife, West Virginia University; Mariam Jalalifard, West Virginia University
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Engineering Libraries
Freshman Engineering program and involved them inteaching several engineering information literacy sessions. The goal of engaging the newlibrarians into the educational activities was to motivate their learning, gain feedback on currentteaching strategies and fresh ideas for possible future implementation, and facilitate buy-in of theneed for and role of STEM-specific librarians. The new team members learned the specificinformation literacy resources for the engineering field, provided feedback on the teachingmethods, offered new ideas for implementation, and engaged with the engineering faculty andcurrent STEM librarians about possible modifications to the types of information offered and thetiming of its delivery.BackgroundThe literature is
Conference Session
The Evolving Classroom
Collection
2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Charles Riley P.E., Oregon Institute of Technology; Sharon L. Beaudry, Oregon Institute of Technology; Aja Bettencourt-McCarthy, Oregon Institute of Technology
Tagged Divisions
Civil Engineering
Paper ID #21646An Institutional Excellence in Teaching Workshop Adapted from the Ex-CEEd ModelDr. Charles Riley P.E., Oregon Institute of Technology Dr. Riley has been teaching mechanics concepts for over 10 years and has been honored with both the ASCE ExCEEd New Faculty Excellence in Civil Engineering Education Award (2012) and the Beer and Johnston Outstanding New Mechanics Educator Award (2013). While he teaches freshman to graduate- level courses across the civil engineering curriculum, his focus is on engineering mechanics. He im- plements classroom demonstrations at every opportunity as part of a complete
Conference Session
Mentoring Minority Students
Collection
2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Carlotta A Berry, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology; Deborah Walter, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology
Tagged Divisions
Minorities in Engineering
STEM professions. The professional organization for electrical and electronicengineers made a forecast for 2008 in eight categories likely to affect this profession. Thesecategories were technology, energy, climate change, work force, employment benefits,immigration, infrastructure and the economy. Two of the discoveries concerning the work forcewere the issues of off shoring jobs and phased retirement. The problem with the increased offshoring of technical fields is that the fear of not being able to find a job may affect the number ofU.S. students willing to take a chance and enroll in these majors. Also to compound the supplyand demand problem is the fact that nearly 40% of senior electrical engineers and shiftsupervisors in the electric