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Displaying results 31 - 60 of 18655 in total
Conference Session
Materials Division Technical Session 2
Collection
2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Kathleen Meehan, University of Glasgow; Robert H. Hadfield, University of Glasgow; Andrew Phillips
Tagged Divisions
Materials
laboratory in the near future. This paperdescribes the laboratory exercise – the intended learning outcomes, the laboratory procedure, anevaluation of the student performance, and a discussion on improvements that will be made toincrease student understanding of the topics and ancillary subjects. I. Background on Hands-On Learning in Materials ScienceMany institutions of higher learning have adopted a common set of engineering and sciencecourses into their engineering degree programmes, where an introductory materials science courseis often one of the core courses. Recognizing the universality of certain experiences (snapping ametal paperclip as a result of cold working, for example), routine choices that involve materialselection
Conference Session
Outreach Activities and Introductory Materials Engineering
Collection
2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Peter R. Hondred, Iowa State University; Karri M. Haen, Iowa State University; Adah Leshem, Iowa State University; Michael R. Kessler, Iowa State University
Tagged Divisions
Materials
addition, the Fellows serve as role models forSTEM based occupations and encourage the students to develop the skill-sets they will need to becompetitive in the 21st century global economy. Each Fellow’s research background provides a uniquevenue for enhancing the classroom curricula. Here we present a case study showcasing the activities andinteractions of Symbi GK12 Fellows in the classroom with implications for other partnerships betweengraduate students and middle schools. In this case study, the primary research focus of the author, a GK12Fellow, is on materials science and engineering, a field completely absent from middle school curricula.By providing hands on demonstrations and reliable scientific expertise, 8th grade students showed
Conference Session
Materials Science and Engineering of 2020
Collection
2006 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Linda Vanasupa, California Polytechnic State University; Blair London, California Polytechnic State University; Katherine Chen, California Polytechnic State University; Richard Savage, California Polytechnic State University
Tagged Divisions
Materials
, manufacturability, and ethical). In short, our challenge is toeducate an engineering professional who is far more sophisticated than the engineer of the 20thcentury. Additionally, challenges brought on by the overuse of natural resources put a specialresponsibility on materials science and engineering (MSE) faculty, whose role it is to assist inshaping the MSE profession. How can faculty deliver relevant curricula for the MSEengineering professional in an already crowded curriculum? Certainly curricular content must beup-to-date. However, a number of the goals can be met through changing the way in which thecurriculum is delivered. In particular, we have emphasized mastery at the lower levels toincrease retention, and implemented a number of learning “best
Conference Session
Introductory Materials Science for the 21st Century
Collection
2007 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Carolyn Skurla, Baylor University
Tagged Divisions
Materials
additional self-pacedmanufacturing exercises during the first half of the semester.This report describes the steps that were taken to maintain the quality of the hands-onexperiences of a greater number of students in a laboratory course with limited laboratory space,a description of the modifications and innovations that were attempted, and a review of whichmodifications were successful and which require future modification or replacement.IntroductionIn the second semester of their junior year, our mechanical engineering students take EGR3322 –Mechanical Engineering Materials and Manufacturing Processes (hereafter referred to asMaterials), a 3-credit course (i.e., 2 credits lecture / 1 credit laboratory) that is their first upper-division, hands-on
Conference Session
Materials Science and Engineering of 2020
Collection
2006 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Barry Dupen, Indiana University Purdue University-Fort Wayne (ET)
Tagged Divisions
Materials
2006-260: TAKING MATERIALS LECTURES BEYOND POWERPOINTBarry Dupen, Indiana University Purdue University-Fort Wayne (ET) Dr. Dupen earned his B.S. in Mechanical Engineering, and his M.S. and Ph.D. in Metallurgy, all at the University of Connecticut. After working for nine years in the automotive industry as a metallurgist, materials engineer, and materials laboratory manager, he joined Indiana University Purdue University Fort Wayne (IPFW) as an Assistant Professor of Mechanical Engineering Technology. His primary interests lie in materials engineering, mechanics, and engineering technology education
Conference Session
Materials Division Technical Session 3
Collection
2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Lan (Samantha) Li, Boise State University
Tagged Divisions
Materials
field.V. ConclusionTo meet national workforce need, we developed different computational modeling modules andtaught the modules in two undergraduate materials science and engineering course, includingStructure of Materials course and Thermodynamics course. Students studied the computationalmodeling theory outside of the class. In the class, the instructor focused on hands-on practice.The module s covered various materials structure and thermodynamic topics, such as atom andbonding simulations, point defect formation energy calculations and diffusion simulations,chemical reaction simulations, Gibbs free energy equilibrium calculations, and phase separationsimulations. Student feedback was collected in consideration of the module
Conference Session
Materials Division Poster Session
Collection
2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Nitin Sukhija, Mississippi State University (Center for Advanced Vehicular Systems and Dept. of Computer Science and Engineering); Tomasz A. Haupt, Mississippi State University; Mark Fredrick Horstemeyer, Mississippi State University
Tagged Divisions
Materials
Material Science Engineering EducationAbstractIn this paper we describe a novel approach for teaching a multi-disciplinary course “IntegratedComputational Materials Engineering (ICME) for Metals” aimed to support the generation offuture taskforce of engineers. By combining traditional teaching of the theoretical concepts ofthe ICME paradigm (based on a textbook) with in-class practical training sessions using theresources accessible online through ICME Cyberinfrastructure (CI), the students are motivated towork in dynamic, shared, and collaborative learning environment while learning and utilizing thestate-of-art, high-performance computational tools. This course was taught as a part of Fall 2012and 2013 graduate coursework of Mechanical
Conference Session
Teaching Methods for the 21st Century: Part 1
Collection
2007 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Cindy Waters, North Carolina A&T State University
Tagged Divisions
Materials
atmosphere of respect. This paper has presented several brief examples ofthe use of storytelling in an introductory Materials Science class. Qualitative responses indicatethat students enjoy this mode of presentation. The author hopes that this paper can serve as astarting point for a larger discussion and sharing of storytelling ideas.REFERENCES1. Wankat, P.C., and Oreovicz, F.S., Teaching engineering, McGraw-Hill, New York, (1993).2. Lowman, J., Mastering the techniques of teaching, Jossey-Bass, San Francisco, (1995).3. Papadimitriou, Christos H., “MythematiCS: In Praise of Storytelling in the Teaching of Computer Science andMath”, ACM SIGCSE Bulletin, Volume 35, Issue 3, Sept. 2003.4. Hanus, J. P., and Estes, A. C., “Keep them on the edge of
Conference Session
Curriculum Implementation of Materials Advances
Collection
2007 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Santosh Kurinec, Rochester Institute of Technology; Surendra Gupta, Rochester Institute of Technology
Tagged Divisions
Materials
AC 2007-39: MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING EDUCATION FORMICROELECTRONICS AND NANOTECHNOLOGYSantosh Kurinec, Rochester Institute of Technology Santosh Kurinec is a professor and the department head of Microelectronic Engineering at Rochester Institute of Technology. She has an extensive experience on integration of electronic materials in modern devices. She teaches undergraduate and graduate courses in microelectronics processing, electronic materials and solid state quantum mechanics.Surendra Gupta, Rochester Institute of Technology “Vinnie” Gupta is a Professor of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science & Engineering, and the recipient of the 2000 Eisenhart Award for Excellence in
Conference Session
Materials Division Technical Session 4
Collection
2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access
Authors
Tracy Zhang, Michigan State University; Robert Allen Bubeck, Michigan State University; Therese Aimei Joffre, Midland High School; Grace Anne Bremmer, H. H. Dow High School; Logan Patrick McNamara, H. H. Dow High School; Aaron Michael Heydenburg; Bingbing Li, Central Michigan University
Tagged Divisions
Materials
Paper ID #28945Promoting Materials Science and Engineering Education through 3DPrinting TechnologyDr. Tracy Zhang, MSU Michigan State University (MSU) St. Andrews, Midland, MI. Dr. Tracy Zhang is a faculty member and STEM Outreach Specialist at Michigan State University St. Andrews campus. She earned a doctoral degree in advanced materials from Central Michigan University. Her current role involves promoting STEM education to K-12 students focusing on 3D printing technology area and conducting research in the development of biosourced hyperbranched poly(ester)s for the controlled release of actives across a range of
Conference Session
Materials Curricula: Modeling & Math
Collection
2003 Annual Conference
Authors
Surendra Gupta
should I learn this?” in these courses, wesought to develop several engineering application modules. The intent of these modules is toprovide the student with context for statistics concepts and the motivation to learn them.The only engineering courses with hands-on lab experience that all BSME & BSIE students takebefore or concurrently with these statistics courses are 343 – Materials Processing and 344 –Materials Science. Consequently, we chose experiments or experimental data from these twomaterials courses for designing the modules. Funding from a Provost’s Learning InnovationsGrant is providing support for a materials science and a statistics professor in development ofthese five modules.Statistics textbooks have data from engineering
Conference Session
Issues in Engineering Technology Education
Collection
2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Christopher R Conty, Editor On Behalf of You
Tagged Divisions
Engineering Technology
So Few Textbook ChoicesLet's define Engineering Technology (ET), in contrast to what it isn’t: it's not Engineering orIndustrial Technology or Technician study. ABET’s website compares ET & Engr. thusly: “Engineering programs often focus on theory and conceptual design, while engineeringtechnology programs usually focus on application and implementation. Also, engineering programs typically require additional, higher-level mathematics,including multiple semesters of calculus and calculus-based theoretical science courses.Engineering technology programs typically focus on algebra, trigonometry, applied calculus, andother courses that are more practical than theoretical in nature.” 1Engineering Technology is a young
Conference Session
Introductory Materials Engineering Courses of 2020
Collection
2006 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Elizabeth DeBartolo, Rochester Institute of Technology; Melissa Zaczek, Rochester Institute of Technology; Cory Hoffman, Rochester Institute of Technology
Tagged Divisions
Materials
take, (2) lends itself to project work,and (3) is taken early enough in the curriculum that the students taking it are still developingtheir problem-solving skills. In addition, RIT does not have a first-year, comprehensiveintroductory engineering course where students can start to build the skills they will need inupper-level courses and in industry. Therefore, Materials Science seemed an appropriate placeto apply some of the principles learned from freshman engineering courses, through theincorporation of a hands-on, real-world group project.The failure analysis project was implemented as a team learning experience starting in the 2000-01 academic year as part of the Materials Science Lab component. Since the lab allows for morefree time and
Conference Session
Computer Science
Collection
ASEE Southeast Section Conference
Authors
Peng Li, East Carolina University; Ciprian Popoviciu, East Carolina University; Steve Keith Baker
Tagged Topics
Professional Engineering Education Papers
Computer Technology (ICT) Program, PHP with MySQL was taught inthe course Scripting for Information Technology for a few years. To implementrecommendations from our Industry Advisory Board, we switched from PHP to Python ScriptingLanguage in the course. Student feedback about the switch indicated that the Python textbookfocused too much on basic programming concepts with little coverage in real world applications.In response to the feedback, we created additional lab modules as supplementary material todevelop practical skills for students in the Python class. The modules are portable and can beused in Python classes not only in our ICT program but also in other programs, especially fornon-Computer Science majors such as Engineering and Technology
Conference Session
Introductory Materials Science for the 21st Century
Collection
2007 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Dhananjay Kumar, North Carolina A&T State University; Devdas Pai, North Carolina A&T State University; Cindy Waters, North Carolina A&T State University; Jagannathan Sankar, North Carolina A&T State University
Tagged Divisions
Materials
curriculum improvement.Acknowledgements: The authors would like to thank the Center for Advanced Materials andSmart Structures (CAMSS) for providing access to several laboratories that were used forproviding students hands-on experiences. We would also like to thank NSF-NIRT (DMR-0403480) and NSF-NUE (EEC 0634218) grants which have helped in the development of newcourse/course modules.Bibliography1. W. D. Callister, Jr., “Materials Science and Engineering: An Integrated Approach,” John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 20052. W. D. Callister, Jr., “Materials Science and Engineering: An Introduction,” John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 20033. L. Dee Fink, “Creating Significant Learning
Conference Session
Materials Division Technical Session 3
Collection
2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Hui Shen, Ohio Northern University; Vishal R. Mehta, Ohio Northern University
Tagged Divisions
Materials
database to satisfy design constraints. Then design criteria were used to decide thebest option using decision matrix. 2) Testing of the mechanical properties of selected materials.The material selections were verified and modified based on the test results. 3) Bending test ofthe selected component and presentation of the project. A formal final project report wasoptional for students to earn extra points. From this project-based learning experience, studentsnot only learned the theory, but also gained hands-on experiences. While this project can be usedin the course for the first year engineering students, it can be also used for higher-levelengineering students enrolled in this course.Project PlanThe Materials Science course is offered during a
Conference Session
Materials Division Technical Session 2
Collection
2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Lessa Grunenfelder, University of Southern California
Tagged Divisions
Materials
, "Strategies to mitigate student resistance to active learning," International Journal of STEM Education, vol. 5, no. 7, 2018.[4] K. Stair and B. Crist Jr, "Using hands-on laboratory experiences to underscore concepts and to creat excitement about materials," in ASEE Annual Conference & Exhibition, Chicago, IL, 2006.[5] W. D. Callister and D. G. Rethwisch, Fundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering: An Integrated Approach, 4th ed., Wiley, 2012.[6] A. F. Heckler and R. Rosenblatt, "Student difficulties with basic concepts in introductory materials science engineering," in Proceedings of the annual ASEE/IEEE Frontiers in Education Conference.[7] L. Tran and C. Halversen, "Transforming STEM Teaching Faculty Learning Program
Conference Session
Introduction to Materials Courses
Collection
2009 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Surendra Gupta, Rochester Institute of Technology
Tagged Divisions
Materials
indicates that we have achieved instructional consistency across all the lab sections.Student performance can be further improved if the course instructor explicitly relates thetheoretical principles to experiments students do in the lab..IntroductionAt our institution, every mechanical or industrial engineering major must take the introductorymaterials science course that includes a weekly lab component. The lab experiments coverstandard mechanical testing and materials characterization techniques. In all experiments exceptx-ray diffraction, students get hands-on experience in using the lab equipment and instruments.In the last seven years, our department has experienced such a significant growth in studentenrollment that many of the lab sections
Conference Session
Computer Science
Collection
ASEE Southeast Section Conference
Authors
Xiang Zhao, Alabama A&M University; Showkat Chowdhury, Alabama A&M University; Tamara Chowdhury, Alabama A&M University
Tagged Topics
Professional Engineering Education Papers
me to gain knowledge in building estimating. 2. My project experience helped me to improve my study habits such as reviewing materials, completing my work on time, discussing with my peers, etc. 3. Working for the project helped me to improve my interest for active participation in the calcula- tion process. 4. The project experiences enhanced my abilities for systematic planning in problem solving (or- ganization skill). 5. The project-based learning approach improved my confidence in solving problems. © American Society for Engineering Education, 2023Conclusion and Future WorkThree online courses in computer science, mechanical engineering, and
Conference Session
Biological and Agricultural Engineering Education Technical Session
Collection
2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Pil-Won On, University of Missouri, Columbia; Lori Unruh Snyder, Purdue University
Tagged Divisions
Biological & Agricultural
AC 2012-5205: INTERACTIVE FUNDAMENTAL AGRICULTURAL RE-SOURCE MATERIALS (IFARM)Ms. Pil-Won On, University of Missouri, Columbia Pil-Won On is Instructional Designer/E-learning Specialist, College of Engineering, University of Mis- souri, Columbia. On has a M.S. in instructional systems technology from Indiana University, Blooming- ton.Prof. Lori Unruh Snyder, Purdue University Lori Unruh Snyder is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Agronomy. Her research focus is teaching technologies and sustainable international grassland systems. Page 25.824.1 c American Society for
Conference Session
Materials Education Perspectives
Collection
2008 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Rajiv Asthana, University of Wisconsin-Stout
Tagged Divisions
Materials
AC 2008-1455: WRITING A BOOK ON THE ROLE OF MATERIALS SCIENCE INMANUFACTURING FOR INSTRUCTION AND RESEARCH: LESSONS LEARNEDRajiv Asthana, University of Wisconsin-Stout RAJIV ASTHANA, Ph.D. (1991, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, materials engineering), is a professor of Engineering and Technology and author or coauthor of three books, Materials Science in Manufacturing (Elsevier, 2006), Solidification Processing of Reinforced Metals (Trans Tech, 1998), and Atlas of Cast Metal-Matrix Composite Structures (Motor Transport Institute, Warsaw, 2007). He is the co-editor of special issues of Current Opinion in Solid State and Materials Science and Materials Science and Engineering A, associate
Conference Session
Teaching Materials Science Using Innovative Methods
Collection
2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Surendra K. Gupta, Rochester Institute of Technology (COE)
Tagged Divisions
Materials
Pencast but could speed up or down or skip portions of theaudio-video recording. Additionally, if another student had the same or similar query, I wouldjust email the same Pencast in response with or without additional annotations.In the last Fall quarter, I used the SmartPen to supplement my classroom instruction in asophomore-level Materials Science course required of all mechanical engineering and industrialengineering students. Most materials science textbooks cover only one method of solving aproblem. As an example, many students find determination of Miller indices of acrystallographic plane in a cubic lattice to be tricky and complicated. The xyz intercepts of theplane can be found either graphically or by developing the algebraic equation
Conference Session
Teaching Materials Science Using Innovative Methods
Collection
2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Stephen J Krause, Arizona State University; Dale R Baker, Arizona State University; Adam R Carberry, Arizona State University; Milo Koretsky, Oregon State University; Bill Jay Brooks, Oregon State University; Debra Gilbuena, Oregon State University; Cindy Waters, North Carolina A&T State University; Casey Jane Ankeny, Arizona State University
Tagged Divisions
Materials
of students in introductory materials engineering classes. He is currently conducting research on misconceptions and development of strategies and tools to promote conceptual change in materials courses.Dr. Dale R Baker, Arizona State University Dr. Dale Baker is a fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science and the American Educational Research Association. Her research has focused on equity issues in science and engineering, teaching and learning in science and engineering and teacher professional development in science and engineering. A new area of research she is exploring is the issues surrounding increasing the number of individuals with disabilities in science and engineering and the
Conference Session
NEW Lab Experiments in Materials Science
Collection
2006 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Valerie Maynard, Northwestern University; Matthew Hsu, Northwestern University; Katherine Chen, California Polytechnic State University; R.P.H. Chang, Northwestern University
Tagged Divisions
Materials
, materials science), and if a biological system is the research interest,molecular biologist will be on board. The collaboration between biologists and chemists,especially will increase as biological applications increasingly involve surface chemistry. Whenthe science interacts with technology, a corresponding range of engineers will contribute. Suchcollaboration often occurs in other areas of research (although it is generally most germane tonanoscale research), and scientists and engineers concerned with high school education havelong advocated interdisciplinary lessons.For practical reasons, lessons about the nanoscale usually will be a good fit in a physics orchemistry class, but a strong argument can be made for biology. Nanotechnology is
Conference Session
Materials Science Education for the Future
Collection
2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Eunice Yang, University of Pittsburgh, Johnstown
Tagged Divisions
Materials
contents of the hybrid curriculum was administered at the end of the semester. To facilitatethe hybrid approach, a process oriented guided inquiry learning (POGIL) materials science text book wasused in this research. In addition, class instruction included active learning activities such as in-classdemonstrations, hands-on exercises and mini- presentations by students on various topics. The post- testresults of the MCI scores was 43% showing an average gain of 7% compared to the pre- test results.Student attitudes towards the hybrid curriculum were positive and very well received. Students found in-class demonstrations as a means of learning very helpful over POGIL, in-class discussions, homeworkassignments, and mini
Conference Session
Teaching Materials Science Using Innovative Methods
Collection
2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Ajit D. Kelkar, North Carolina A&T State University; James Gardner Ryan, Joint School of Nanoscience and Nanoengineering; Ram V Mohan, North Carolina A&T State University; Sachin Marotrao Shendokar, Bharati Vidyapeeth Deemed University
Tagged Divisions
Materials
, 2013 Innovations in Nano Materials Education through International CollaborationsAbstract: The Joint School of Nanoscience and Nanoengineering (JSNN) was established as anacademic collaboration between North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University andThe University of North Carolina at Greensboro. Both Universities are classified by the CarnegieFoundation as “research universities with high research activity.” JSNN builds on the strengthsof the two universities in the basic sciences and in engineering to offer an innovative, cross-disciplinary graduate program that will train professionals in various emerging areas ofnanoscience and nanoengineering. The M.S. and Ph.D. programs in
Conference Session
Materials Science Education for the Future
Collection
2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Cindy Waters, North Carolina A&T State University; Stephanie Luster-Teasley, North Carolina A&T State University
Tagged Divisions
Materials
Side of Material ScienceAbstract:Case studies have long been used in law and in medical education and are essentially a form ofstorytelling with an educational message. The case is an account of an activity, event or problem thatcontains a real or imaginary situation and incorporates the intricacies you may encounter in the realworld. Engineering faculty have begun looking towards these methods as a powerful pedagogicaltechnique for teaching. Recent NSF funding on a TUES Type 2 is allowing the authors to createcases with a focus on sustainability. Why sustainability one may ask, “The shift to more sustainabletechnologies will mean significantly reducing the amount of energy and materials we use inproducing our goods and services while
Conference Session
Materials Science Education for the Future
Collection
2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Todd C. Hufnagel, Johns Hopkins University; Michael J. Reese Jr., Johns Hopkins University
Tagged Divisions
Materials
electrical engineering at Virginia Tech, where he was named the Paul E. Torgersen Leadership Scholar. Page 23.364.1 c American Society for Engineering Education, 2013Deepening Conceptual Understanding in an Introductory Material Science Course through Active learning Strategies Page 23.364.2IntroductionIn this paper we report on a quasi-experimental study to explore the effect of instructionalmethodologies on student learning gains in a core materials science course at a large researchuniversity in the Northeast. The
Conference Session
Teaching Methods for the 21st Century: Part 1
Collection
2007 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Katherine Chen, California Polytechnic State University
Tagged Divisions
Materials
partnership with the SciTechatorium developsThis projects class grew out of the Cal Poly Materials Engineering department outreachefforts1 and the desire to connect more with the community. The relationship betweenCal Poly and the Bellvue Santa-Fe Charter School in Avila, CA was initiated through acolleague whose children attend the school. The SciTechatorium2 (Figure 1a) is a 1900square foot “hands onscience museum and discovery room that houses a plethora ofscience demonstrations, exhibits, reptiles, insects, etc (Figure 1b), and is quite a gem inthe central California area. The SciTechatorium essentially houses all the show-and-tellitems and treasures of Mr. Chick Fidel, a retired high school physics teacher who nowacts as the part-time museum
Conference Session
Introductory Materials Engineering Courses of 2020
Collection
2006 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Paulo Blikstein, Northwestern University; Uri Wilensky, Northwestern University
Tagged Divisions
Materials
Society for Engineering Education, 2006 A Case Study of Multi-Agent-Based Simulation in Undergraduate Materials Science Education1. Introduction This paper reports on a user study of a computer-aided learning environment for college-level Materials Science. “MaterialSim” is an agent-based set of microworlds built by the authorswithin the NetLogo1 modeling environment, for investigating phenomena such as crystallization,solidification, grain growth and annealing. This design started out from a literature review onMaterials Science education, extensive classroom observations and analysis of class materials.This preliminary phase suggested that students’ understanding of the subject matter