Conference Session

NSF Grantees' Poster Session

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Pnina Ari-Gur, Western Michigan University; Pavel Ikonomov, Western Michigan University; Roman Rabiej, Western Michigan University; Peter Thannhauser, Western Michigan University; Marwa M Hassan, Louisiana State University; Daniel M. Litynski, Western Michigan University; Renee Schwartz, Western Michigan University

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Paper ID #5826Transforming Undergraduate Engineering Education with 3D Virtual Real-ity LaboratoryProf. Pnina Ari-Gur, Western Michigan University Dr. Pnina Ari-Gur is a professor of Mechanical and Aeronautical Engineering at Western Michigan Uni- versity. Her research focuses are materials science and engineering. Dr. Ari-Gur earned her doctor of science in Materials Engineering from Technion, Israel Institute of Technology. Dr. Ari-Gur has been faculty at Western Michigan University since 1985. Her experience also includes R&D in the aerospace industry, post-doctorate at the University of British Columbia, and

Conference Session

Women in Engineering Division (WIED) Technical Session 7 - Multi-URM Perspectives

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Hilda Cecilia Contreras Aguirre, New Mexico State University; Luis Rodolfo Garcia Carrillo, New Mexico State University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Women in Engineering Division (WIED)

Paper ID #43202Latina Students Increased their Self-Confidence through a Research Engineering-FocusedProgram at a Hispanic-Serving InstitutionDr. Hilda Cecilia Contreras Aguirre, New Mexico State University Hilda Cecilia Contreras Aguirre, EdD is a STEM education researcher at New Mexico State University. She focuses her research on qualitative/mixed methods studies addressing minority and underrepresented student college performance and persistence through high-impact practices, particularly in STEM disciplines. Her main lines of inquiry examine best practices in mentoring and promotion of undergraduate research in STEM

Collection

2021 ASEE Midwest Section Conference

Authors

Xingang Li; H. Onan Demirel; Molly H. Goldstein; Zhenghui Sha

knowledge, little research is conducted on understanding the essential cognitive constructsand competencies that form generative design thinking. For example, CT may not be consideredimportant for TDT, but it is indispensable to generative designers because they need to think abouthow a design problem can be encoded to computer language and solved by algorithms. We believethat a good generative designer should not only grasp design technology and techniques but alsohave certain cognitive competencies, both of which contribute to the formation of GDT. The © American Society for Engineering Education, 2021 2021 ASEE Midwest Section Conferenceproposed model is not meant to be comprehensive but to

Conference Session

Nanomaterials for Learners of All Ages!

Collection

2005 Annual Conference

Authors

Jacqueline Isaacs

the basis for interdisciplinary, industry-sponsored projects in nanomanufacturing. Graduate Page 10.1365.1students at all three universities could also enroll in a common graduate-level nanomanufacturing course,which would provide the foundations for students to pursue advanced research in nanomanufacturing. “Proceedings of the 2005 American Society for Engineering Education Annual Conference & Exposition Copyright ©2005, American Society for Engineering Education”Finally, a nanomanufacturing course would be offered for non-science and non-engineering students tosatisfy part of their liberal arts core

Conference Session

Aerospace Division (AERO) Technical Session 2

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Waterloo Tsutsui, Purdue University ; Vladimir Zeltsman, Purdue University ; Tyler Scott Adams, Purdue University ; Jitesh H. Panchal, Purdue University ; Daniel Delaurentis, Purdue University

Tagged Divisions

Aerospace Division (AERO)

Paper ID #42978Leveraging Ontologies in Engineering Education: Top-Down and Bottom-UpApproachesWaterloo Tsutsui, Purdue University Dr. Waterloo Tsutsui is a Senior Research Associate in the School of Aeronautics and Astronautics at Purdue University, IN. Tsutsui received his Ph.D. in Aeronautics and Astronautics from Purdue University in 2017. Before Purdue, Tsutsui practiced engineering in the automotive industry for more than ten years, with the last position involving the research and development of lithium-ion battery cells for electric vehicles. Tsutsui’s research interests are systems engineering, structures and

Conference Session

Attracting Young Minds: Part II

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Barbara Victoria Bernal, Southern Polytechnic State University

Tagged Divisions

Minorities in Engineering

researching Hispanic population growth in the U.S. These studies predictpossible future demographic composition using profiles or generations to classify the differentHispanic groups. Our university system has used these studies to prepare for the educationalneeds of this Hispanic community. Currently we have noticed a change in the admission criteriafor state universities. Some students graduating from United States’ high schools encounter roadblocks when applying for state higher education because of questions regarding citizenshipand/or residency. The definition of citizen versus non-citizen presents a moving target in thestate universities. This may affect the predicted enrollment for the Hispanic community inhigher education. A report of

Conference Session

Emerging Technologies in Manufacturing Education II

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Salil Desai, North Carolina A&T State University; Devdas Pai, North Carolina A&T State University; Jagannathan Sankar, North Carolina A&T State University

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

Advanced Materials and Smart Structures. He received his Ph.D. from Lehigh University. He conducts research and teaches courses related to advanced materials. Page 12.970.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2007 Introducing Nanotechnology Education within Industrial Engineering Curriculum1. IntroductionIndustrial engineering (IE) programs are concerned with the design, improvement andinstallation of integrated systems of people, materials, information, equipment and energy [1]. Animportant part of industrial engineering curriculum focuses on product/process design

Collection

2021 Fall ASEE Middle Atlantic Section Meeting

Authors

Sadan Kulturel-Konak, Pennsylvania State University, Berks Campus

and Innovation, and New Venture Creation. She engages her students in research and mission projects in the US and overseas as well. Her scholarly research interests include i) modeling and optimization of complex systems and robustness under uncertainty with applications in facility layout, location, and scheduling, ii) student professional skill development and assessment in STEM fields. She has been a principal investigator in sponsored projects from National Science Foundation (NSF) and VentureWell. She is currently an elected academic member of the College Industry Council on Material Handling Education (CICMHE). Previously, she served as the president of the Institute for Operations Research and the Management

Conference Session

Integrating Liberal Education and Engineering

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ravi T. Shankar, Florida Atlantic University; Diana Mitsova, Florida Atlantic University; Alka Sapat, Florida Atlantic University; David J. Terrell, Florida Atlantic University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education/Engineering & Society

Paper ID #19972A Case-Study Approach to Interlink Humanities with Engineering EducationDr. Ravi T. Shankar, Florida Atlantic University Ravi Shankar has a PhD in Electrical and Computer Engineering from the University of Wisconsin, Madi- son, WI, and an MBA from Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL. He is currently a senior professor with the Computer and Electrical Engineering and Computer Science department at Florida Atlantic Uni- versity. His current research interests are on K-12 education, engineering learning theories, and education data mining. He has been well funded by the high tech industry over the

Collection

2001 Annual Conference

Authors

Yaw Owusu

Session 1430 Systems Model for Improving Standards and Retention in Engineering Education Yaw A. Owusu FAMU-FSU College of Engineering Florida A & UniversityAbstractThis paper describes a systems model for improving standards in engineering educationand at the same time maintaining high retention rate for all engineering students in theeducational system. A systems approach methodology adopted for this research is atechnique of taking into account all relevant factors affecting quality education andstudent retention. A four

Conference Session

Main Plenary 3 - Opportunities for collaboration with engineering educators in India (ISTE)

Collection

2012 ASEE International Forum

Authors

R. Natarajan, Indian Institute of Technology

Tagged Topics

ASEE International Forum

GC 2012-5658: AN OVERVIEW OF THE CONTEMPORARY ISSUES INENGINEERING EDUCATION IN INDIADr. R. Natarajan, Indian Institute of Technology R Natarajan received his B.E. degree in Mechanical Engineering from the University Visvesvaraya Col- lege of Engineering (of the then Mysore University) in 1961. Subsequently he obtained the M.E. degree of the Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore; and the M.A.Sc and Ph.D degrees from the University of Waterloo, Canada. He has worked as a National Research Council Fellow in Canada, and as a Humboldt Research Fellow in Germany. He served as The Director of the Indian Institute of Technology, Madras from 1995 to 2001, and as the Chairman of The All India Council for

Collection

2023 ASEE Midwest Section Conference

Authors

Sanjay Tewari

bright students struggle to pick up the pace and fail to adjust toprofessional environment without proper mentoring and guidance, which they may or may notget.Civil engineering classes often have a laboratory component. These laboratory sessions are agreat opportunity for students to gain hands-on experience of engineering fundamentals. Theauthor has incorporated these opportunities to provide students exposure to latest techniquesbeing used in higher research and professional level [1], [2]. This paper discusses some of thetraditional and non-traditional options that could be included in the civil engineering education to © American Society for Engineering Education, 2023 2023 ASEE Midwest

Conference Session

Design in Engineering Education Division (DEED) - Design Cognition and Self-Perception in Design

Collection

2025 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Simon Li, University of Calgary; Poornima Jayasinghe, University of Calgary

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education Division (DEED)

: A proposalAbstractStudents are expected to integrate their knowledge and skills in the delivery of capstone designprojects. However, such integration is often neither easy nor straightforward. One possiblereason is related to the gap between design methods, which can be taught in classes, and designskills, which depend on individual experiences. Research in design cognition provides adescriptive account of the design process and can help us understand how students think duringdesign activities. To leverage the insights of design cognition in education, we first develop thenotion of design tasks as a cognitive platform that enables students to connect design goals andapproaches with their skills and experiences. These design tasks are

Conference Session

Developing Technological Literacy in Students

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Justin Lee Clough, University of Southern California; Patricia Chaffey, University of Southern California; Gautam Salhotra, University of Southern California; Colin G. Cess, University of Southern California; Rey Pocius, University of Southern California; Katie Mills, University of Southern California

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Technological and Engineering Literacy/Philosophy of Engineering

Southern California c American Society for Engineering Education, 2020 Building Early Elementary Teacher Confidence in Teaching Computer Science Through a Low-Cost, Scalable Research-Practitioner CollaborationAbstractIn a world increasingly impacted by artificial intelligence and computer systems, there is anurgent need to target under-resourced districts where early elementary in-service teachers may nothave had exposure to teaching computer science. These teachers benefit from support to developcomputer science literacy in students, especially when robotics is used as physical computing infirst- and second-grade classrooms. Studies show that students as young as four

Conference Session

CoNECD Session : Day 2 Slot 5 Technical Session 1

Collection

2021 CoNECD

Authors

Claudio Freitas, Purdue University; Jennifer Deboer, Purdue University at West Lafayette (COE)

Tagged Topics

CoNECD Paper Submissions, Diversity

Paper ID #32192Empowering Displaced Students through a Local Community-centeredEngineering Education FrameworkDr. Claudio Freitas, Purdue University Claudio holds a Bachelor’s degree in Mechatronics at Higher Education Institute of Amazonia (2011), and he holds his Master’s degree in Electrical Engineering from the State University of Campinas (2014). In 2020, he completed his doctorate in Engineering Education at Purdue University.Prof. Jennifer DeBoer, Purdue University at West Lafayette (COE) Jennifer DeBoer is currently Associate Professor of Engineering Education at Purdue University. Her research focuses on

Conference Session

Trends and Applications in Curricula and the Capstone Experience

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kristen L. Sanford Bernhardt, Lafayette College; David S. Hurwitz, Oregon State University; Rhonda K Young, University of Wyoming; Rod E. Turochy, Auburn University; Shane A. Brown P.E., Washington State University; Joshua Swake, Oregon State University; Andrea R. Bill, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Kevin Heaslip, Utah State University; Michael Kyte, University of Idaho, Moscow

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

. Sanford Bernhardt serves on the American Society of Civil Engineers’ Committees on Education and Faculty Development and the Transportation Research Board Committee on Education and Training. She previously has served as vice-chair of the ASCE Infrastructure Systems Committee, chair of the ASEE’s Civil Engineering Division, and a member of the Transportation Research Board committees on Artificial Intelligence and Advanced Computing, Asset Management, and Emerging Technology for Design and Construction. She received her Ph.D. and M.S. from Carnegie Mellon University, and her B.S.E. from Duke University.Dr. David S Hurwitz, Oregon State University Dr. David S. Hurwitz is an assistant professor of transportation

Conference Session

Environmental Engineering Division Technical Session 1

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sanjay Tewari, Louisiana Tech University; Md Ashique Ahmed, Louisiana Tech University; Chandra Mouli Tummala, Louisiana Tech University

Tagged Divisions

Environmental Engineering

(Environmental) En- gineering. His research efforts are focused on water quality and issues related to treatment of wastewater using physical, chemical, biological and electro-chemical/kinetic processes. His broader research efforts have been in the area of application of geographic information systems to environmental management and sustainability, causes/effects of salinity in soils and corrosion of metal pipes. Dr. Tewari also has keen interest in STEM education, improving diversity in STEM areas, inclusion of hands-on and digital tools in curriculum.Mr. Md Ashique Ahmed, Louisiana Tech University Md Ashique Ahmed is a PhD student in the Civil Engineering Program at the Louisiana Tech Univer- sity. His research is

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Stephanie Boggess Philipp, University of Louisville; Jason Immekus, University of Louisville

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Paper ID #26217What Can We Learn from a Research Experiences for Teachers (RET) Site?Three Perspectives on Big Data and Data ScienceDr. Stephanie Boggess Philipp, University of Louisville Dr. Philipp is an assistant clinical professor in the Department of Middle and Secondary Education at the University of Louisville. She spent eight years as a project manager for various environmental and geo- physical exploration firms and then as many years as a middle and secondary science teacher in chemistry and physics. She is a liaison between the Center for Research in Mathematics and Science Teacher De- velopment and the Center

Conference Session

Innovative College-Industry Partnerships for the Future

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kathleen F. Gygi, University of Washington; Jennifer A. Turns, University of Washington

Tagged Divisions

College Industry Partnerships

AC 2011-2558: ”I JUST THOUGHT I DID INSIGNIFICANT TASKS”: US-ING E-PORTFOLIOS TO UNDERSTAND CO-OP AND UNDERGRADU-ATE RESEARCH EXPERIENCESKathleen F Gygi, University of Washington Kathleen Gygi is recent graduate of the doctoral program in Human Centered Design & Engineering at the University of Washington. Her research and teaching explores collaborative learning and professional socialization in e-portfolios and student research groups. She has extensive experience in higher education and industry.Jennifer A Turns, University of Washington Jennifer Turns is an Associate Professor in the Department of Human Centered Design and Engineering at the University of Washington. She is interested in all aspects of

Conference Session

Pre-College Engineering Education Division (PCEE) Technical Session 4: Engaging Authentic Engineering Practices

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Christine M Cunningham, Pennsylvania State University; Gregory John Kelly, Pennsylvania State University; Ashwin Krishnan Mohan, Pennsylvania State University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Pre-College Engineering Education Division (PCEE)

Paper ID #37943Socially Engaged Engineering: A Framework for K-8 Education(Fundamental, Diversity)Dr. Christine M Cunningham, Pennsylvania State University Dr. Christine M. Cunningham is a Professor of Practice in Education and Engineering at the Pennsyl- vania State University. She aims make engineering, science, and computational thinking education more equitable, especially for populations that are underserved and underrepresented in STEM. Christine is the founding director of Youth Engineering Solutions (YES), which develops equity-oriented, research-based, and field-tested curricula and professional learning resources

Conference Session

Innovations in Teaching Physics or Engineering Phy

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Teresa Larkin, American University; Dan Budny, University of Pittsburgh

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Physics & Physics

of deep learning and long-term retention of important concepts. Studentsin traditional classrooms acquire most of their “knowledge” through classroom lectures andtextbook reading. A troubling fact is, after instruction, students often emerge from our classeswith serious misconceptions [2] - [6].A significant body of educational research supports the fact that students must be functionallyactive to learn [7] - [9]. Furthermore, Koballa, Kemp, and Evans [10] note that "ALL studentsmust become scientifically literate if they are to function in tomorrow's society" (p. 27).Scientific literacy is of critical importance for all students at all educational levels.The National Science Education Standards [11] strongly emphasize that inquiry

Conference Session

Two-year College Potpourri

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Dan G. Dimitriu, San Antonio College; Diana Carmen Dimitriu, University of Texas at San Antonio

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Two-Year College

understandwhat it is like to be an engineer. They join our clubs – the Mexican American EngineeringSociety (MAES), the Society for Chicano and Native Americans in Science (SACNAS) and theSociety of Women Engineers (SWE), participate in service learning projects, enter local,regional and state competitions, and obtain internships or attend NASA’s summer AerospaceScholars Institute. Since 2010, some of my students have been offered research experiencesdirectly on our campus (see more below). I initiated all of these activities with the assistance and dedication of three otherpassionate educators, STEM counselor Rosa Maria Gonzales, astronomy/physics professorAlfred Alaniz, and adjunct professor Klaus Bartels. Together we have built an

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Xia Wang, Oakland University; Anica Gwenell Bowe, Oakland University; Brian K Dean, Oakland University; Chris J Kobus, Oakland University; Mark R. Olson, Oakland University

Tagged Topics

Diversity, NSF Grantees Poster Session

University.Dr. Anica Gwenell Bowe, Oakland University Dr. Bowe is an Assistant Professor at Oakland University in Rochester Michigan. She earned a Ph.D. in Education Psychology with a focus in Quantitative Methods in Education. Her interests are in eval- uation practices for school-based initiatives, instrument development, the psycho-social development of immigrant adolescents, and education evaluation within the Caribbean.Dr. Brian K Dean, Oakland University Brian K. Dean is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at Oakland University. He received the B.S.E.E. for the University of Wyoming in Laramie, WY, USA in 2006, the M.S.E.E. in 2008, and the Ph.D. in 2012. Dr. Dean’s research

Conference Session

The Intersection of Higher Ed and Industry

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mitchell L. Springer PMP, SPHR, Purdue University - West Lafayette; Mark T. Schuver, Purdue University - West Lafayette

Tagged Divisions

Continuing Professional Development

Product Lifecy- cle Management Certificate Programs for working professionals. Prior to joining Purdue in 2002, Mark was employed by Caterpillar, Inc for 35 years with assignments in Product Design, Research and De- velopment, Supplier Management, Quality Management, Logistics Management and various leadership positions. He holds an Associate Degree in Drafting Technology from North Iowa Area Community College, a BS in Business Administration and MS in Management from Indiana Wesleyan University. Mark is a member of the American Society for Engineering Education and serves on the Executive Board of the Continuing Professional Development Division. He is also a member of College/Industry Partner- ships, Engineering

Conference Session

Laboratory Experiences for Env. Engineers

Collection

2002 Annual Conference

Authors

Jean Roberts; David Pines

, the course was revisedto include a water research project that is sponsored by a local utility, municipality, orengineering firm. The research project provides students a hands-on experience with a currentenvironmental engineering issue and in-depth knowledge of a topic that would otherwise bedifficult to attain in an introductory water treatment course. Page 7.649.1 Proceedings of the 2002 American Society for Engineering Education Annual Conference & Exposition Copyright © 2002, American Society for Engineering EducationThe Water Chemistry Laboratory course is taught by the Chemistry Department and

Conference Session

Faculty Development Division (FDD) Technical Session 11

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Nathan Luke Howell, West Texas A&M University; Kenneth R. Leitch P.E., West Texas A&M University; Anirban Pal, West Texas A&M University

Tagged Divisions

Faculty Development Division (FDD)

desired behavior at larger macroscopic scales. His research interests include energetic molecular crystals, fiber networks, mechanical and thermal metamaterials. Using computational tools such as molecular dynamics, density functional theory, graph theory and finite elements, he has published work in Physical Review Letters, Scientific Reports, Physical Review E, and Modelling and Simulation in Materials Science and Engineering. A list of his publications can be found under ORC id 0000-0002-0466-0589. ©American Society for Engineering Education, 2024 The Water Working Group at West Texas A&M University: A creative means for interdisciplinary research catalyzation and

Collection

2010 ASEE Zone 4 Conference

Authors

Allison Kipple; Dieter Otte

resource systems (Colorado River as an example). Field trip to Hoover Dam, meetings with Las Vegas water authority. • Weeks 12-14: Module #4 – Sustainable Informatics (Computer Science). Techniques to manage and analyze large amounts of data, with applications to sustainability research. Proceedings of the 2010 American Society for Engineering Education Zone IV Conference Copyright © 2010, American Society for Engineering Education 102 • Week 15: Team project presentations and final reports.Learning ObjectivesThe following learning objectives were developed by the department chairs and

Conference Session

ETD Accreditation and Assessment

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Behnam Shadravan, Florida A&M University; Yves J. Anglade, Florida A&M University/Florida State University; Emmanuel Cofie, Florida A&M University/Florida State University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

#17626Undergraduate education in Construction Engineering Technology and Architecture.Research experience in Construction & Engineering education. STEM higher education in relation tominorities, in particular blacks and African-Americans. Conducted research concerning Constructioneducation at the graduate level in the United States. c American Society for Engineering Education, 2017 UNDERGRADUATE STUDENT ASSESSMENT OF CONSTRUCTION EDUCATION: A CASE STUDYIntroductionThis paper presents the opinions and viewpoints of the current students to assess the perceivedquality and adequacy of the program’s education in Construction Engineering Technologyprogram at Florida A&M University. Some of the published

Conference Session

Global Engineering Education Initiatives

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ivan Esparragoza, Pennsylvania State University; Alex Friess; Maria M. Larrondo Petrie, Florida Atlantic University

Tagged Divisions

International

AC 2008-656: DEVELOPING ASSESSMENT TOOLS FOR INTERNATIONALEXPERIENCES IN ENGINEERING EDUCATIONIvan Esparragoza, Pennsylvania State University Ivan E. Esparragoza is an Associate Professor of Engineering at Penn State Brandywine. His current research interests are in the areas of Global Engineering Education, Engineering Design Education, Innovative Design, and Global Design. He has introduced multinational design projects in a freshman introductory engineering design course in collaboration with institutions in Latin America and the Caribbean as part of his effort to contribute to the formation of world class engineers for the Americas. He is Vice-President for Region I and assistant of the

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sajay Sadasivan, Clemson University; Deepak Vembar, Clemson University; Paris Stringfellow, Clemson University; Carl Washburn, Greenville Tech; Andrew Duchowski, Clemson University; Anand Gramopadhye, Clemson University

Tagged Divisions

Division Experimentation & Lab-Oriented Studies

to the use of advanced technology in solving interesting human-machine systems design problems. Page 11.166.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2006 Aircraft Maintenance Technology Education: Integrating Asynchronous Technology and Virtual RealityAbstractThis paper describes a research program with an objective to develop and implement aninteractive virtual reality (VR) model of the aircraft inspection maintenance process forasynchronous delivery. Existing approaches have not been able to mimic accurately thecomplexity of the aircraft maintenance process, reporting limited transfer