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Displaying results 691 - 720 of 11907 in total
Conference Session
Topics in Computing
Collection
2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Afsaneh Minaie, Utah Valley University; Reza Sanati-Mehrizy, Utah Valley University; Janis P. Raje
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Computing and Information Technology
delaying their degrees. Part-timestatus not only slows time to completion but makes scheduling courses difficult for students,especially in the engineering programs, which are small and where courses are offered on aspecific schedule.Average time to completionInstitutionally, the average time to completion is 5.3 years (10.6 semesters). However, forstudents in Computer Science, the average time to completion is 6.6 years (12.8 semesters).(Computer Engineering is a relatively new program and doesn’t have long-term statistics.) Bycomparison, for STEM students in the College of Science & Mathematics, the average time tocompletion is 5.7 years (11.3 semesters) [1]. Complete College America’s report Time is theEnemy, demonstrates that the longer
Conference Session
The Best of Design in Engineering Education
Collection
2009 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Renee Rogge, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology; Kay C Dee, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology; Glen Livesay, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology
Tagged Divisions
Design in Engineering Education
evaluation forms tend to be focused on the course instructor and their practices (e.g.,“Please rate the overall performance of the instructor,” “The instructor gave well-organizedlectures,” “The instructor was well-prepared for class,” etc.). These assessment items are mostrelevant to traditional lecture-based courses in which the instructor’s actions and contentorganization largely set the pace and direction of student learning. However, these items do notprovide information relevant to many of the special challenges faced by design students andinstructors. Most notably, the instructor-centered nature of these evaluations provides little or noinformation about student contributions to their own learning.The assessment of student design performance
Conference Session
Assessing K - 12 Engineering Education Programs
Collection
2006 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Dava Newman, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Kristen Wendell
Tagged Divisions
K-12 & Pre-College Engineering
both in print and online. One of thelargest of these efforts is the TeachEngineering Digital Collection 6, which is a part of theNational Science Foundation’s National Science, Technology, Engineering, and MathematicsDigital Library (NSDL) program. The online TeachEngineering collection features multi-weekcurricular units as well as stand-alone one-day lessons, and all of its instructional materials arecross-referenced with national and state science, math, and engineering/technology standards.The TeachEngineering collection does include brief user reviews for a small number of itsactivities, and it indicates the number of standards addressed by each activity. While it is a veryimportant collection, TeachEngineering does not provide
Conference Session
International Collaborative Efforts
Collection
2003 Annual Conference
Authors
Reid Vander Schaaf; Ronald Welch
. Page 8.1259.5 Proceedings of the 2003 American Society for Engineering Education Annual Conference & Exposition Copyright © 2003, American Society for Engineering Education The Table 3 below shows how the students and the AIAD program director rate thecontribution of this summer program to the Civil Engineer Division Program Outcomes. Thistable is completed for each Civil Engineering program and used as part of the programassessment. Table 3: Assessment of Summer Program Contribution to Program Outcomes 1 – No Contribution 2 – Small Contribution 3 – Moderate Contribution 4 – Large Contribution 5 – Very Large Contribution Program Objective Produce Civil Engineering
Collection
2000 Annual Conference
Authors
Russell D. Jamison
anniversaries, themajority of program graduates rate their experience in the program favorably. However, becauseof restricted admissions during the pilot phase, the data set is small. Much of our longitudinalassessment at this point is subjective and based largely on anecdotal information. Most of theearly graduates of the program are still in their first job. They typically report having a better un-derstanding of their company and its technologies than they believe they would have had withtheir BS degree alone. Employers characterize graduates of the program as being generally moreaware of their environment and more effective in personal interactions than their cohort in thecompany. It does not appear at this point that students in the program are
Conference Session
Instrumentation Division Technical Session 2
Collection
2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Asad Yousuf, Savannah State University; Mohamad A. Mustafa, Savannah State University; Keenya Mosley, Savannah State University; Mir M. Hayder, Savannah State University; Christopher S. Stronen, Savannah Technical College
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Instrumentation
groups; those which would teachelementary students at Oglethorpe Academy and those which would teach high school studentsenrolled in the Upward Bound Program at Savannah State University. Table 1 shows SEIPactivities. The SEIP program requires that student must participate in teaching field experience.Table 1.0: SEIP Activities Week 1 Day 1 Day 2 Day 3 Day 4 Day 5 Orientation Project 1 Project 2 Project 3 Assessment NASA NASA Platform to Construct a tower to Build a rocket that And Facility representatives support two stand by itself with
Conference Session
FPD II: Hands-on Curriculum in the First Year
Collection
2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Lacey Jane Bodnar, Texas A&M University; Magdalini Z. Lagoudas, Texas A&M University; Jacqueline Q. Hodge, Texas A&M University; Travis Austin Smith, Engineering Student Services and Academic Programs; Jesus A. Orozco; Joshua Grant Corso; Cristian R. Sanchez; Jillian Kathleen Freise, Texas A&M ELLC Children's Museum; Hannah Ringler, Texas A&M University; Ivan Cortes, Texas A&M University
Tagged Divisions
First-Year Programs
,understanding professional ethics, understanding global and societal context of engineering,lifelong learning, and awareness of current issues.10 Many educational strategies and programsemerged in an effort to meet these goals, including collaborative learning and team based Page 25.530.2projects. Cooperative learning is defined as “the instructional use of small groups so thatstudents work together to maximize their own and each other’s learning.”11 More specifically, acooperative base group is a “long-term, heterogeneous cooperative learning group with stablemembership.”11 In this particular program, the characteristics of a cooperative base group
Conference Session
First-Year Programs: Sunday 5-Minute Work-in-Progress Postcard Session
Collection
2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Amy Trowbridge, Arizona State University; Haolin Zhu, Arizona State University
Tagged Divisions
First-Year Programs
, opportunitiesfor students to interact with faculty in small and large groups, social events, and aninterdisciplinary course for freshman students in the program which will be described here.Many first year engineering students have not yet defined their specific interests in theengineering field, and would benefit from opportunities that encourage them to explore differentareas to find what they are most passionate about. This can be done by providing students withopen-ended assignments such as research papers in which they choose what subject they want tolearn about based on their interests. Reflection is also an important practice that can helpstudents to relate course material to their interests[4]. Recently, there has been a growing interestin
Conference Session
Capstone Design III
Collection
2008 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Greg Kremer, Ohio University-Athens; David Burnette, Ohio University
Tagged Divisions
Design in Engineering Education
AC 2008-1041: USING PERFORMANCE REVIEWS IN CAPSTONE DESIGNCOURSES FOR DEVELOPMENT AND ASSESSMENT OF PROFESSIONALSKILLSGreg Kremer, Ohio University-Athens Dr. Kremer is an Associate Professor and Chair of the Mechanical Engineering Department at Ohio University. He teaches in the Mechanical Design area and has primary responsibility for the Capstone Design Experience. His main research interests are Energy and the Environment, especially as related to vehicle systems, and engineering education, especially related to integrated learning and professional skills. Dr. Kremer received his B.S. degree in Mechanical Engineering from Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology in 1989, his Ph.D. degree in
Conference Session
Design Across the Curriculum
Collection
2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Jennifer Buelin-Biesecker, North Carolina State University; Cameron Denson, North Carolina State University
Tagged Divisions
Design in Engineering Education
, whereengineering education is gaining traction with the release of the Next Generation ScienceStandards 8. Part of the challenge is that teachers may view creative students as “inattentive anddisruptive,” tending to “wander away from the regular paths of thought” 5 (p. 348). Westby andDawson 6 found significant negative correlations between teachers’ favorite students and theircreative students.Studies have shown, however, that the reliable assessment of creativity in students’ design workis possible 9-11. This paper proposes the use of the Consensual Assessment Technique (CAT) forcreativity assessment in engineering design education.Engineering Summer CampFounded in 1999 as an extension of the Women in Engineering Program, the EngineeringSummer Camp
Conference Session
Assessment Methods
Collection
2007 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Harpal Dhillon, Excelsior College; Sohail Anwar, Pennsylvania State University-Altoona College
Tagged Divisions
Engineering Technology
, theadministration of this college has been rigorously assessing the quality of instruction throughstudent surveys, faculty surveys, and in-class course evaluations by students. In this paper, the authors present an overview of the online Bachelor of ElectronicEngineering Technology (BEET), and Bachelor of Nuclear Engineering Technology (BNET)degree programs at EC, with the primary focus on the process for assessing the quality of thecourses, quality of instruction, and user (student) satisfaction with the online courses in BEETand BNET programs. A summary of the methodology used for data collection surveys, and theresults of the quality assessment of a selected set of courses are presented. Finally, conclusionsconcerning the results are provided
Conference Session
Assessing the Efficacy of Nontraditional Programs
Collection
2009 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Sharon deMonsabert, George Mason University; John Lanzarone, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers; Mico Miller, George Mason University; Barry Liner, George Mason University
Tagged Divisions
Continuing Professional Development
withGMU offering its first course in Technical Entrepreneurship at Dewberry in the fall 2008semester. The Dewberry course provides the opportunity to see how another technically focusedorganization plans to assess the Certificate program and so it was decided to interview theCorporate Director for Training and Development Dewberry to see how its program might differfrom the HQUSACE program. Page 14.509.6A literature search led to a number of useful journal papers, magazine articles, and books thathelped define entrepreneurship in the context of a large technical organization, entrepreneurialgovernment, organizational culture and its effect on
Conference Session
Assessment Issues
Collection
2003 Annual Conference
Authors
Patrick Norris; Duco Jansen; Sean Brophy
classrooms.AcknowledgementsThis work was supported primarily by the Engineering Research Center Program of the National ScienceFoundation under Award Number EEC9876363Bibliography1. Educue. Personal Response system. http://www.educue.com.2. Roselli, R, J, & Brophy, S. P. (2002). Exploring an Electronic Polling System for the Assessment of StudentProgress in two Biomedical Engineering Courses. Proceedings of the Annual Conference of the American Societyof Engineering Education, Montreal, Ont.3. Mestre, J.P., Gerace, W.J., Dufresne, R.J., & Leonard, W.J., “Promoting Active Learning in Large ClassesUsing a Classroom Communication System,” in E.F. Redish & J.S. Rigden (Eds.), The Changing Role of PhysicsDepartments in Modern Universities: Proc. Of the Intl. Conf
Conference Session
Emerging Trends in Engineering Education Poster Session
Collection
2005 Annual Conference
Authors
William Loendorf
curriculum.A recruiting and retention plan is also being developed as part of the new curriculum design. Thedevelopment of this plan is considered to be a crucial and fundamental component of the overallEE program. One of the biggest concerns is the recruitment and retention of underrepresentedgroups in the engineering field.This paper describes the planning and development of the new Electrical Engineering program atEWU including the significance, infrastructure, goals, objectives, laboratory needs, programrequirements, and curriculum.IntroductionThe EE program was conceived on the basis of three factors: industrial demand within the regionand state, the small number of qualified graduates available to enter the workforce, and theincreasing pool of
Conference Session
Entrepreneurship Courses and Outcomes I
Collection
2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Ken Vickers, University of Arkansas; Carol Reeves, University of Arkansas
Tagged Divisions
Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation
all students in the graduate program. The students’ self-assessment of lack of any interest instarting their own business as an entrepreneur was met with continuous class discussions that themethods and approaches being taught not only applied to an entrepreneurial startup, but also tointrapreneurial activities in large organizations. These intrapreneurial activities (productdevelopment, project management, research and development, etc.) are all career paths that areconsidered preferable career paths for STEM graduate students, which increased the students’expectations of reasonable personal ROI for the time spent in the class activities.It is also emphasized to potential students that they will be required to take more hours thantypical
Conference Session
NSF Grantees’ Poster Session
Collection
2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Rob Henry Kinzel; Deborah K. Nykanen, Minnesota State University, Mankato; Rebecca A Bates, Minnesota State University, Mankato; Winston Sealy, Minnesota State University, Mankato; Rachel E Cohen, Minnesota State University, Mankato; Jennifer Veltsos, Minnesota State University, Mankato
Tagged Topics
NSF Grantees Poster Session
buildrelationships with other scholars from diverse STEM disciplines. The seminar coursework iscentered on semester-long investigative projects designed and completed by teams, typicallymultidisciplinary ones. A small group of faculty oversees the seminar and selection of scholars.Our approach in this program is to provide faculty mentoring for the scholars while alsodeveloping stepping-stone peer-mentoring for professional development. This structure supportsstudents and helps them develop leadership qualities. The recipients, as defined by the programcriteria, are diverse: multiple majors (all eligible STEM majors are included), male, female, andnon-traditional students, as well as students with different ethnicities, religious affiliations,backgrounds
Conference Session
Cohort-Based Postdoctoral Scholars Program, Transforming the National Engineering Education, Defining Accountability, and Evaluating the Low-Stakes Assessment Performance
Collection
2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Xiuhao Ding, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign; Kang Sun; Zhiyuan Xiao, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign; Sujit Varadhan, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign; Jiaxi Li, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign; Noah Gersich; Ananya Agarwal; Meghana Gopannagari; Alan Tao, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign; Chrysafis Vogiatzis, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign; David Dalpiaz, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign; Jennifer R Amos, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign; Lawrence Angrave, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign; Hongye Liu, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Minorities in Engineering Division(MIND)
Paper ID #40027Evaluating the Low-Stakes Assessment Performance: Student-PerceivedAccessibility, Belongingness, and Self-Efficacy in Connection to the Useof Digital Notes in Engineering and Computing CoursesXiuhao Ding, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign Xiuhao Ding is a Math&CS senior student at University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign.Kang SunZhiyuan Xiao, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign I am a master student studying computer science at the University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, and I am interested in software developing, artificial intelligence and other creative job to help other people and to
Conference Session
TIME 4: Pedagogy
Collection
2004 Annual Conference
Authors
Sami Ainane; Joseph Hoffman; Gary Pertmer; Chandra Thamire
. To provide a high quality undergraduate engineering education within a small university environment culminating in a degree in ME from a nationally recognized engineering program. 8. To facilitate and contribute to the economic development of the region.B. Program Outcomes and AssessmentIn this section, the assessment procedures that are being followed for this program are described:first, the student learning outcomes are presented; how the outcomes are related to ABET 2002Criterion 3 and program objectives is presented next; and finally the assessment procedurescurrently followed are presented in brief.B.1. Student Learning OutcomesUsing the ABET 2002 Criterion 3 and the program educational objectives as a guide
Collection
CoED
Authors
Bryan A Jones; J W Bruce; Mahnas Jean Mohammadi-Aragh
presenting in-class examples, and we observed small improvements for graded assignments in sections in which literate programming examples were employed. We also observed a difference in preferences for literate programming by major (computer versus electrical engineering) and noted multiple instructor-observed challenges with introducing a drastically different pedagogical technique in upper-level courses. While our examination did not produce statistically significant results, student and instructor perceptions can be used to guide future literate programming
Conference Session
Introduction to Engineering and More
Collection
2004 Annual Conference
Authors
Linda Katehi; Kamyar Haghighi; Heidi Diefes-Dux; Katherine Banks; John Gaunt; Robert Montgomery; William Oakes; P.K. Imbrie; Deborah Follman; Phillip Wankat
, assophomores, into their chosen professional degree programs, they are largely unaware of theenormity of the effort put forth by FrE, the Engineering Professional Schools, the School ofScience, and the School of Liberal Arts, as well as industry, alumni and parents to recruit, retain,and reinforce these outstanding young people in their academic pursuits. Reinforcement comesthrough a curriculum under constant review and through academic advising services supplied byfaculty, professional staff, and student peers.FrE's assessment of beginning engineering students and the first-year engineering program is,and has always been, fairly comprehensive. The FrE assessment strategy is to collect and analyzedata from a number of sources and of a variety of types
Conference Session
Innovative Graduate Programs & Methods
Collection
2004 Annual Conference
Authors
Linda Katehi; Kamyar Haghighi; Heidi Diefes-Dux; Katherine Banks; John Gaunt; Robert Montgomery; William Oakes; P.K. Imbrie; Deborah Follman; Phillip Wankat
degree program will be designed to prepare the recipient for a career in engineeringeducation at the undergraduate or post-graduate level. Students with expertise in qualitative andquantitative research methods will be well-positioned to work for K-12 schools, communitycolleges, and universities as well as other nonprofit and for-profit organizations (includingtesting organizations, foundations, governmental organizations, etc.) as faculty members,researchers, assessment and accreditation coordinators, policy makers, program officers,curriculum designers, corporate trainers, and directors of teaching/learning centers, diversityprograms, or outreach programs.Students pursing a Ph.D. in engineering education will be advised by a graduate
Conference Session
Assessment Instruments
Collection
2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Laura L. Pauley, Pennsylvania State University, University Park; Jonna M. Kulikowich, Pennsylvania State University; Nell Sedransk, National Institute of Statistical Sciences; Renata S. Engel, Pennsylvania State University, University Park
Tagged Divisions
Educational Research and Methods
AC 2011-1498: STUDYING THE RELIABILITY AND VALIDITY OF TESTSCORES FOR MATHEMATICAL AND SPATIAL REASONING TASKSFOR ENGINEERING STUDENTSLaura L. Pauley, Pennsylvania State University, University Park Laura L. Pauley, professor of mechanical engineering, joined the The Pennsylvania State University fac- ulty in 1988. From 2000 to 2007, she served as the Professor-in-Charge of Undergraduate Programs in Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering. In 2003, Laura received the Penn State Undergraduate Program Leadership Award. Dr. Pauley teaches courses in the thermal sciences and conducts research in computa- tional fluid mechanics and engineering education. She received degrees in mechanical engineering from University of
Conference Session
Curriculum and Facility Developments for Innovative Energy Education
Collection
2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Ali Zilouchian, Florida Atlantic University; Amir Abtahi, Florida Atlantic University
Tagged Divisions
Energy Conversion and Conservation
to participate and be admitted into the certificate program. Therefore, the program has been designed with sufficient flexibility to accommodate students with different backgrounds. Strong research involvement of the participating faculty. . The program offers unique opportunities for practical training (through CO-OP/internship in industry, government agency settings) and for exposure to the business aspects of the energy industry sector. The program builds on the highly successful graduate certificates programs including Leadership and Sustainability. Excellent and strong relationship with the energy-related sector including FPL, Pratt & Whitney, Lockheed Martin or small, highly specialized companies
Conference Session
Computer & Web-Based Instruction
Collection
2005 Annual Conference
Authors
Brianno Coller
their introductory programming course the basics ofhow to piece together flow control structures, and input/output capabilities. Studentsbecome proficient at writing computer programs that tend to be small in scale and narrowin scope. While this is a fine place to start, we are dismayed by the fact that this is alsothe place where most engineering curricula stop teaching their students programming.Engineering students typically do get at least one more opportunity to write computerprograms: in their numerical methods course. However, if the top selling text books areany indication of what happens in these courses, very little energy or effort is devoted toprogram design, programming style/technique, computational efficiency or scalability.Top
Conference Session
Software Applications in ET Programs
Collection
2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Maddumage Karunaratne, University of Pittsburgh, Johnstown
Tagged Divisions
Engineering Technology
electrical and computer engineers confident in computer programming who can thentake on large projects as developers or lead personnel. This adds further reasons to make electricaland computer students confident in computer programming.The programming language and the platform of choice for embedded processors is mostly C or C++due to its efficiency in memory allocation, run time and ability to directly manipulate data in hardwarecomponents although some languages such as Python has gained some popularity for embeddedprocessors. Therefore, teaching C/C++ to electrical and computer engineering students is consideredessential in any undergraduate curricula. Once the solution is finalized in an algorithm, the softwareprogram may be developed for a
Conference Session
Rethinking PowerPoint and Other Acts of Communication
Collection
2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Elena Poltavtchenko, Northern Arizona University; John Tingerthal, Northern Arizona University
Tagged Divisions
Liberal Education/Engineering & Society
engineering faculty member added CM-specific comments andprovided further feedback on writing.Based on our previous experiences with CM students’ writing, initially we developed a rubricthat had all equal subcriteria weights. Thus, for example, 25% assigned to the Formattinggrading criteria were equally divided to all subcriteria comprising Formatting. However, afterreviewing results of a large-scale engineering writing assessment project at the University ofWashington21, it was decided that some of these subcriteria should receive more weight relativeto others because they seem to be more important to the faculty members assessing writing in thedisciplines. Thus, the rubric that was developed and used for the project is a result of a number
Conference Session
Experiential Learning
Collection
2005 Annual Conference
Authors
Sara Tracy; Jason Immekus; Susan Maller; William Oakes
Evaluating the Outcomes of a Service-Learning Based Course in an Engineering Education Program: Preliminary Results of the Assessment of the Engineering Projects in Community Service - EPICS. Jason C. Immekus, Susan J. Maller, Sara Tracy, & William C. Oakes Purdue UniversityAbstract Design courses embedded in service-learning are rapidly emerging within the curricula ofmany engineering programs. The learning outcomes service-learning courses seek to promote arewell aligned with the Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology criteria 2000 (EC2000)1. The Engineering Projects in Community Service (EPICS) program
Conference Session
Aerospace Division Technical Session 1
Collection
2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Joseph Seering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Karen Willcox, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Luwen Huang, MIT
Tagged Divisions
Aerospace
be mapped,and it is beneficial to do so at a level of granularity that allows for direct and objective linking ofskills.3,4This project makes two primary contributions to the literature on learning outcomes. First, wemake direct outcome-to-outcome prerequisite links across an entire undergraduate curriculumand provide evidence to suggest that such links are useful in curricular design. Second, weseparate outcomes into relatively self-contained modules and assess their “modularity” as afunction of the number inter-module prerequisite links. Outcomes in this project are connected tospecific subjects in the curriculum, but these connections stem from the shape of this specificaerospace program and might not exist in the same exact way in other
Conference Session
ERM: Mental Health and Wellness
Collection
2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Lin Chase, Minnesota State University, Mankato; Catherine Sleezer; Rob Sleezer, Minnesota State University, Mankato; Michelle Soledad, Minnesota State University, Mankato
stress and depression but not anxiety than those assessed by Jensen and Cross.Project-based students were not statistically different with respect to engineering identity but didmore strongly envision an engineering career. Also, the project-based students perceived theirdepartments as more caring and diverse than those in the Jensen and Cross study. They also tookmore pride in their departments.Conclusions and Future WorkLimitations of this work include the small sample size. Additionally, the unique nature of theprograms studied limits transference to other populations. Although our N is small these resultsshow the strong potential impact of project-based engineering programs. The programs in thisstudy are still growing and evolving, so future
Collection
1996 Annual Conference
Authors
Merl Baker
reserved to describe the dramatic and radical and will not bepursued further in addressing changes in graduate education. The version of reengineering discussed and applied is thatwhich challenges and assesses the macro process and makes significant sub-process substitutions and incrementalchanges for a graduate program or an institution to better serve customem. Reinvention and Hammer’s early definition ofreengineering are deemed unnecessarily dramatic and radical for correcting the recognized problems of graduateeducation. However, significant and tangible restructuring to permit more diversity and focused customer service aredeemed essential. Arguments for Revitalizing the Ph.D John A. Armstrong