Conference Session

Track: Special Topic - Social Justice & Reform Technical Session 3

Collection

2019 CoNECD - The Collaborative Network for Engineering and Computing Diversity

Authors

Rachel M. Johnson, University of Minnesota; Michelle Kay Bothwell, Oregon State University; Devlin Montfort, Oregon State University; Kali Furman, Oregon State University

Tagged Topics

Diversity, Special Topic: Social Justice & Reform

conceptual understanding of oppression and privilege.IntroductionMany engineering departments are seeking to diversify their communities and establish a climateof inclusion and collaboration. College-wide efforts at the authors’ institution have beenpreviously described [1], and include initiatives to enhance students’ and faculty’s capacities toengage issues of inclusivity, equity and social justice. Associated faculty developmentprogramming and curricula reform at both undergraduate- and graduate-student levels arepushing beyond multicultural awareness/cultural diversity, or growth in cultural competency,towards understanding intersections of institutionalized systems of power, privilege, andinequity. These educational opportunities center

Conference Session

Curriculum and the Classroom

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Victor Taratukhin, SAP America; Natalia Pulyavina, Plekhanov Russian University of Economics

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Management

, team working, com-mitment to people, curiosity and optimism are the main elements of the design-thinking meth-odology (DT) [1],[5], which is often used for searching the new decisions of the existing chal-lenges. DT methodology traditionally based on the use of different opinions, group discussionand communication. Our experience was to bring engineering and management students towork together for solving complex interdisciplinary issues using SAP Next-Gen program andSAP Next-Gen Lab concept.2. Design thinking To begin with we should evaluate the history of the design-thinking methodology. Forthe first time, some elements of Design thinking method we can find in it was written in thebook "The Science of the Artificial” by Herbert Simon

Conference Session

Global Engineering Education Cross-Cultural Awareness and Social Impacts

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Claudio da Rocha Brito, Science and Education Research Council; Melany M. Ciampi, Safety, Health and Environment Research Organization; Rosa Maria Castro Fernandes Vasconcelos, Universidade de Minho; Luis Alfredo Martins Amaral P.E., University of Minho; Victor Freitas de Azeredo Barros, Science and Education Research Council

Tagged Divisions

International

Technological Coopera- tion among them: the IEEE Education Society Edwin C. Jones, Jr. Meritorious Service Award, the IGIP Meritorious Service Award, the Centennial Medal of the Polytechnic School, Award of the International Council on Engineering and Technology Education, Award from the International Council on Engineer- ing and Computer Education, Award from the Global Council on Manufacturing and Management, Award from the Safety, Health and Environment Research Organization, Award from the Word Council on Com- munication and Arts, Medal of the International Biographical Association, Medal of the International Biographical Centre, Medal of the New York Academy of Sciences and he is in the ”Hall of Fame” of The

Conference Session

Design Projects in Mechanical Engineering I

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Tim Brower, Oregon Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

development of complexproducts and processes. Systems engineering concepts are extremely important toindustry. As companies or organizations bring new products to market, whether it is asmall standalone widget or a large-scale “system of a system,” a systems approach indesign is omnipresent throughout a broad cross-section of industries today.Formally teaching systems engineering to undergraduate students is somewhatcontroversial. Some educators with an industrial background have suggested that a truesystems engineering approach can only come with years of industrial experience. Acursory look around the country indicates that a handful of institutions offer a BSprogram in systems engineering, many are computer oriented, management slanted

Conference Session

Aerospace Division Technical Session 1

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kristi J. Shryock, Texas A&M University; David B Kanipe, Texas A&M University

Tagged Divisions

Aerospace

their observations, they noted what they termed “a distinct increase in the energy level”in the Air Ship group when compared to the Aircraft and Rocket groups. While the professor’sage is not typically an issue in a university classroom, perhaps it can be a distraction to 17 and 18year old high school students. (Of course, it is possible that the more mature professors wereuncommonly dull) but the visiting teachers suggested that it was more likely that the high schoolstudents were more comfortable with the graduate students who were significantly closer to theirage. To test this theory, the 2015 camp will team graduate students with faculty members to seeif there is a marked difference.ImpactAfter three years, the AE department at TAMU has

Conference Session

Improving Teaching and Learning

Collection

2003 Annual Conference

Authors

Deepti Suri

late in a term, the instructor is unable to make adjustments toenhance the learning experience of the current group of students. For effective teaching, it isimportant that student input be solicited at regular intervals throughout the term. Over the years,several classroom assessment techniques like “The Minute Paper”, ”Muddiest Point”, “ChainNotes”, etc. have been proposed to address this issue. This paper explores a new collaborativepartnership between the instructor and the students based on using student representatives asQuality Managers (QMs) for the course. The advantages, disadvantages and positive impact ofinvolving students as major stakeholders in the assessment process along with results fromseveral courses in an undergraduate

Conference Session

Unique Pedagogies for Mechanics Education

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jamal Ardister, Michigan State University; Geoffrey Recktenwald, Michigan State University; Sara Roccabianca, Michigan State University

Tagged Divisions

Mechanics Division (MECHS)

- grading grading9 Started, but didn't 0% 0% C3 complete.10 Moment arm issues. Not recovered. 0% 0% C311 Invalid approach. Not recovered. 0% 0% C312 Sign error resulting Guessed by changing a 80% 80% C4 from missing =0 in sign but didn't know why equilibrium equation. and changed a sign at a new place resulting in 2 errors.13 Student drew the FBD These two mistakes 100% 0% P1 incorrectly and made a

Conference Session

Trends in Mechanical Engineering

Collection

2002 Annual Conference

Authors

Jed Lyons

enhance the teachers'and students’ experience of the project. Both focus groups were transcribed verbatim into a wordprocessing system. The information was then coded using Nvivo version 1.2 to identify anddefine issues and themes. Focus group information included the date and the physical location ofthe focus group.Focus Group Results. Each participant was asked to give a brief overview of her experiencewith the assigned USC fellow. In general each participant said she began with concerns due tonot having clear expectations with respect to responsibilities of them or responsibilities of theUSC fellow. However, each participant said once the semester was underway, a comfort leveldeveloped between the teachers and the USC fellows. Also, the

Conference Session

First-year Programs Division Technical Session 10: Paying Attention to Retention

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jeff Johnson, LeTourneau University; Alan D. Niemi, LeTourneau University

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

about 55% is in reasonable agreement with the sources identified.5,6,7,8 Apilot version of the program was carried out during the 2010-11 academic year and fullimplementation began in the fall of 2011.All of our approximately 140 “First time in college” (FTIC) freshmen are the focus of theSEET’s retention improvement efforts. The SEET’s multifaceted initiatives for improvingretention include several best-practice components, namely: 1) exposure to engineering practice through two new courses, Introduction to Engineering Practice I & II, employing multidisciplinary projects9, including presentations by practicing engineers; 2) the development of a faculty mentoring program for first-year students

Conference Session

Research in Biomedical Pedagogy

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Margo Cousins, The University of Texas at Austin; Mia K. Markey, The University of Texas at Austin; Henry Grady Rylander III P.E.

Tagged Divisions

Biomedical

Markey, The University of Texas at Austin Dr. Mia K. Markey is an Associate Professor of Biomedical Engineering and Engineering Foundation Endowed Faculty Fellow in Engineering at The University of Texas at Austin as well as Adjunct Associate Professor of Imaging Physics at The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center. A 1994 graduate of the Illinois Mathematics and Science Academy, Dr. Markey earned her B.S. in computational biology (1998) from Carnegie Mellon University and her Ph.D. in biomedical engineering (2002), along with a certificate in bioinformatics, from Duke University. The mission of Dr. Markey’s Biomedical Informatics Lab is to develop decision support systems for clinical decision making and

Conference Session

Mentoring, Advising, and Facilitating Learning

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kevin O'Connor, University of Colorado, Boulder; Frederick A. Peck, University of Montana; Julie Cafarella, University of Colorado, Boulder; Jacob (Jenna) McWilliams, University of Colorado, Boulder

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

the Department of Mathematical Sci- ences at the University of Montana.Julie Cafarella, University of Colorado, Boulder Julie Cafarella is a PhD student in Educational Psychology & Learning Sciences at the University of Colorado, Boulder. Before moving to Colorado, she worked as a public school teacher in New England. Her current research focuses on issues of access and equity in STEM education.Dr. Jacob (Jenna) McWilliams, University of Colorado, Boulder Jacob (Jenna) McWilliams is a postdoctoral researcher in the Learning Sciences program at the University of Colorado Boulder. Jacob’s research focuses on issues of gender and sexual diversity in education, and recent work involves developing queer pedagogies

Conference Session

Community Engagement Division Technical Session 2

Collection

2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Ebenezer Rotimi Ewumi, Washington State University; Olusola Adesope, Washington State University; Candis S. Claiborn, Washington State University; Angela Minichiello P.E., Utah State University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Community Engagement Division

, there is a sense of optimism about their plans to participate in HIEP in thefuture. It is crucial to know whether first-year students plan to participate in HIEP in higher levelsof their programs as it can reveal insights about HIEP demand and awareness of opportunities.These findings might also be a point of further research about students' expectations inparticipating in HIEP in the future. Consequently, it is generally expected that seniors would havecompleted or currently completing more HIEP compared to first-year students. However, service-learning, study abroad, learning community, and research with a faculty member was the leastengaged HIEP. A point of concern is the high percentage of seniors indicating their plans not tobe involved in

Conference Session

Technical Session 4: Modulus Topics 1

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Magesh Chandramouli, Purdue University Northwest; Emily Hixon, Purdue University Northwest

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

/docs/A-Guide-to-Four-Cs.pdfSibley, J., & Parmelee, D. X. (2008). Knowledge is no longer enough: Enhancing professionaleducation with team‐based learning. New Directions for Teaching and Learning, 2008(116), 41-53.J. M. Keller and B. C. Litchfield. “Motivation and Performance.” Trends and Issues inInstructional Design and Technology. (R. A. Reiser & J. V. Dempsey, Eds.). Upper Saddle River,NJ: Pearson Education. 2002.Bonwell, C. & Eison, J. (1991). Active Learning: Creating Excitement in the Classroom AEHE-ERIC Higher Education Report No. 1. Washington, D.C.: Jossey-Bass. ISBN 978-1-878380-08-1.T. Beaubouef, and J. Mason. “Why the high attrition rates for Computer Science students: Somethoughts and observations.” ACM SIGCSE Bulletin

Conference Session

Emerging Computing and Information Technologies II

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Yujian Fu P.E., Alabama A&M University; Peter J. Clarke, Florida International University; Nelson Barnes Jr, Alabama A&M University

Tagged Divisions

Computing & Information Technology

This Project Software testing is one of the key methodologies for quality assurance and is appliedthrough the software development cycle [1]. With serious concerns surrounding the qualitativeand quantitative analysis of large-scale software intensive systems, the development of effectivesoftware-testing techniques that cover various domain types has flourished, ranging from homesurveillance systems to real-time monitoring systems, from service robotics to space craftsystems. In comparison to the rapid growth in testing techniques, a question raised to educatorsis how can these new testing techniques be integrated into curricula so that students can have abetter understanding of software testing concepts be able to apply different

Conference Session

Experiential Learning in BME

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Michele Wabler, Clemson University; Estefania Alvarez, Clemson University; John DesJardins, Clemson University

Tagged Divisions

Biomedical

each semester, teams of up to nine students areselected by the faculty leader, and each team works on a new or ongoing inquiry activity, for Page 15.561.4which the students receive a letter grade for their efforts. Students enrolled in the CU-REPOprogram met as a group approximately two hours every week for class discussion and studentpresentations. Students were encouraged to spend a minimum of six hours in the laboratory eachweek. The basic educational goals of the program include:Table 2. Educational goals of the program ≠ Learning to work with a team ≠ Developing the ability to utilize print and internet resources

Conference Session

Computing & Information Technology Division Technical Session

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mayari I. Serrano, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Alejandra J. Magana, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Baijian Yang, Purdue University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Computing & Information Technology

, Purdue University, West Lafayette Alejandra Magana is an Associate Professor in the Department of Computer and Information Technology and an affiliated faculty at the School of Engineering Education at Purdue University. She holds a B.E. in Information Systems, a M.S. in Technology, both from Tec de Monterrey; and a M.S. in Educational Technology and a Ph.D. in Engineering Education from Purdue University. Her research is focused on identifying how model-based cognition in STEM can be better supported by means of expert technological and computing tools such as cyber-physical systems,visualizations and modeling and simulation tools.Dr. Baijian Yang, Purdue University Dr. Yang is current an Associate Professor at

Conference Session

Global Engineering Models: Developments and Implementations

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Gearold Johnson, Colorado State University; Thomas Siller, Colorado State University

Tagged Divisions

International

the remaining class time was devoted toprobingdeeper into the technical and societal issues related to the challenge. This typicallyresulted in lively discussions where both the students and the instructors wouldacknowledge their lack of foundational scientific skills that are requiredto fullyunderstand the challenges. At the same time, the instructors would highlight the roles ofthe traditional engineering disciplines in working towards solutions to the grandchallenges.The students also surprised the authors in their expressed desires concerning assignments.In the beginning weeks of the course, student understanding of each challenge wasevaluated using short essay assignments. Several weeks into the semester, the studentsrequested an

Conference Session

Two-Year College Potpourri

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jana Fattic, Western Kentucky University; Andrew Ernest, Western Kentucky University; Christal Wade, Western Kentucky University

Tagged Divisions

Two Year College Division

2006, with ananticipated 15,000 jobs being created in the next 10 years3. Fifty percent of these water andwastewater operators are expected to retire within the next seven years4. Workforce issues,particularly the impending retirement of Baby Boomers, industry growth, and the increasedcompetition for employees, have been in the top five concerns among water professionalssurveyed over the past four years5,6.According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics’ Occupational Outlook Handbook (2008-09 Ed.), theemployment opportunities for drinking water and wastewater treatment plant operators areexcellent due to the large number of upcoming retirements in the industry and the subsequentneed for qualified individuals to fill these positions. The Handbook

Conference Session

Emerging Trends in Engineering Education

Collection

2004 Annual Conference

Authors

Barry Farbrother

whichhelp them with their educational expenses. The value of the program in enabling studentsto practice engineering while they are still undergraduate students is very apparent. Theremuneration they receive for their work provides significant income, without incurringthe housing and subsistence costs associated with a conventional co-op program.Engineering classes are enhanced by the invited presentations, discussions, and otheractivities that make it possible for the engineer in residence to bring workplace issues intothe classroom. During the last year of the EiR office worked on more than 40 projectsrequiring in excess of 1900 hours of engineering work effort. This program representsone outcome of our efforts to produce a new generation of

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Robert Pierce, Sweet Briar College; Hank Yochum, Sweet Briar College

focus on “socially-conscious engineering.” This focus isreflected in the projects selected for our design courses, in the research focus of the faculty, inthe extracurricular projects in which our students participate, and in the inclusion of our requiredcourse in Technology and Society. We find that the idea of “engineers making the world a betterplace” resonates strongly with our students and is a powerful concept in the recruitment andretention of female engineering students. The recruitment and retention aspect of the course is acomponent of our NSF STEP grant project (NSF DUE-0525388: Increasing the Representationof Women in STEM via a New Interdisciplinary Engineering Program at a Liberal ArtsWomen’s College).A unique aspect of our course

Conference Session

ERM: Let's Talk about Tests! (Tests Part 1)

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Nathan Delson, University of California, San Diego; Saharnaz Baghdadchi, University of California, San Diego; Maziar Ghazinejad, University of California, San Diego; Marko Lubarda, University of California, San Diego; Mia Minnes, University of California, San Diego; Alex Phan, University of California, San Diego; Curt Schurgers, University of California, San Diego; Huihui Qi, University of California, San Diego

alternative learning approaches that they mayhave been hesitant to try otherwise. Academic integrity concerns have been raised regardingwritten exams taken remotely, and the use of video conferencing has become commonplace forboth faculty and students during the pandemic. Both of these factors allowed for a project to beinitiated at a large public university to implement oral exams for the purpose of addressingacademic integrity and also providing an improved summative and formative assessment. Thisstudy aims to explore how oral exams may also increase student motivation and performance. Wewill study the effect of faculty-student interaction during oral exams and to what extent theseeffects can also be achieved with interactions between students and

Conference Session

COED: Skills for Moving from Computing Student to Professional

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mary Kay Camarillo, University of the Pacific; Elizabeth Basha, University of the Pacific

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education Division (COED)

environmental issues (e.g., solidwaste issues in electronics) and all students have some connection to environmental issuesthrough their experience with air pollution, drought, and other environmental concerns. Becauseenvironmental data are often “messy,” there are opportunities for students to practice the datacleaning and wrangling techniques of data science. Environmental data also providesopportunities for students to apply visualization techniques and models.The arguments for teaching a class that incorporates data science using environmentalapplications are compelling, but the question remains: How do you best teach a class thatincorporates programming and data analysis skills that students often lack? To address this issue,we looked to the

Conference Session

International Division Technical Session 2

Collection

2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Deborah Walter, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology; Megan Diane Lavery, Engineering World Health; Benjamin Fleishman, Engineering World Health

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

International

Paper ID #33821Global Engineering Competencies Learned Through Virtual Exchange ProjectCollaborationDr. Deborah Walter, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology Dr. Deborah Walter is an Associate Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering at Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology. Her areas of expertise include design, and medical imaging. She started college at the University of Maryland (UMD) in College Park. After receiving her PhD at the Pennsylvania State University, she went to work for GE at the Global Research Center. She was in the Computed Tomography laboratory where she helped to design new x-ray CT systems for

Conference Session

Educational Research and Methods Division Poster Session

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

William E. Genereux, Kansas State University Polytechnic Campus

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

inquired about howstudents dealt with technological issues that arose while making their videos. Questions in thecommunication category investigated how the video project affected the students’ ability tocommunicate and interpret media effectively. Questions in the learning category explored howstudents felt the video project helped with their learning of the networking course material, theirengagement in the course, and of the usefulness of video communication in the future.Regarding technological issues, two themes emerged in the interviews: one concerning the lossof project data and a second relating to the need to improve computer and video-editing skills. Ofthe nine interviewees, three mentioned having some sort of technical glitch that

Conference Session

Arduinos, Microcontrollers, Inexpensive Robotics, and Other Tech Bytes

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Gary J. Mullett, Springfield Technical Community College

Tagged Divisions

Two Year College Division

program/discipline specific criteria. For decades, technical programsleading to an electrical/electronics technology (ET) or engineering technology (EET) associate’sdegree have tended to follow a cook-book type approach to new curriculum development and/oradoption by focusing on a “parts-centric” approach to the introduction of new technology and the Page 25.1254.2electronic devices that enable it. In fact, the vast majority of these programs, even now, follow afairly standard collection of technical courses1, whose content is oftentimes dictated by the bestselling textbooks on the particular subject matter. To be sure, faculty with industry

Conference Session

Design Across Disciplines

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

William Besser, University of Saint Thomas; AnnMarie Thomas, University of Saint Thomas

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

gaugeif their methods are successful 50. While creativity education does exist in some mechanicalengineering programs, these programs remain the exception rather than the rule 21.Furthermore, creative thinking allows people to see issues from several angles, instead of justone. Using this approach helps to bridge the gap between different fields of knowledge, changethe ways things have always been done and create new ways to accomplish a common goal 51.Increasing the amount of creative design education delivered to engineering students willincrease the diversity and quantity of design solutions created by these students. The need toincrease creativity education and research has been recognized and discussed by multipleinfluential bodies within

Conference Session

First-Year Programs Division (FPD) Work-in-Progress 1: Curriculum Design and Innovative Pedagogy

Collection

2025 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jeffrey Stransky, Rochester Institute of Technology; Ashish Agrawal, Rochester Institute of Technology; Mike Eastman Ph. D., Rochester Institute of Technology (CET)

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs Division (FPD)

Engineering Technology at Rochester Institute of Technology. He earned his BS in Electrical Engineering Technology and MS in Computer Science from RIT. He earned his Ph.D. in Curriculum, Instruction, and the Science of Learning from the State University of New York at Buffalo. Prior to joining the faculty at RIT in 1996, Mike was a Hardware Design Engineer at Intel Corporation. In the Senior Associate Dean’s role, Mike also oversees the College of Engineering Technology’s Exploration Program for first-year students. Mike is passionate about learning and teaching and is driven to find new ways to engage engineering students and support their learning. He is currently focusing his available research time on the

Collection

1999 Annual Conference

Authors

Juan Lucena; Gary Lee Downey

to develop new curricula aiming at creating 21st-century flexible engineers for global competition (NSF 1993; Peden et al 1995). Universities arecreating programs to prepare engineers for a global environment such as the Global EngineeringEducation Exchange (GE3), the Global Innovation for Engineers program at Georgia Tech(Higgins 1998), the Eurotech program at University of Connecticut (Long and Einbeck 1998),and the Design for International Market Program at Calvin College (VanderLeest and Nielsen1998). Page 4.230.2A key, still open, question for all to ask concerns the extent to which these and other emerginginnovations in engineering

Conference Session

Changing the Engineering Classroom

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Rania Al-Hammoud P.Eng., University of Waterloo; Arshia Khan, University of Minnesota, Duluth; Ona Egbue, University of Minnesota, Duluth; Stephen Phillips, University of Waterloo

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

Paper ID #18504An Innovative Teaching Method to Increase Engagement in the Classroom:A Case Study in Science and EngineeringDr. Rania Al-Hammoud P.Eng., University of Waterloo Dr. Al-Hammoud is a Faculty lecturer (Graduate Attributes) in the department of civil and environmental engineering at the University of Waterloo. Dr. Al-Hammoud has a passion for teaching where she con- tinuously seeks new technologies to involve students in their learning process. She is actively involved in the Ideas Clinic, a major experiential learning initiative at the University of Waterloo. She is also re- sponsible for developing a process

Conference Session

DEED Technical Session 4 Best in DEED

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Daria Kotys-Schwartz, University of Colorado Boulder; Lauren Cooper, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo

for both years. In year 1,students designed and fabricated drill-powered vehicles. In year 2, students designed andfabricated adapted tricycles for children in the community with physical disabilities. In both years,three focus groups were held at the end of the course. The focus groups were analyzed using amodified grounded theory approach, leveraging existing motivation theory to frame and interpretthe results. This led to the emergence of a set of PBL “best practices” that educators can considerwhen engaging in PBL with students. These best practices are related to the following: autonomy-supportive course faculty, project scaffolding, project authenticity, triggering and maintainingstudent interest, providing opportunities for skill