Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2002 Annual Conference

Authors

Mitchell Neilsen

concentrate on the elements required to master embedded systems design, andalso satisfy the needs of engineers currently working in industry.Due to the lack of time and facilities, traditional university education tends to emphasize theoryand concepts. Even though implementation (laboratory) projects are associated with manycourses, these projects tend to be more abstract than real implementations that can be useddirectly in industrial and commercial products. Typically, there is a large gap in students'understanding between theory (conceptual understanding) and implementation (concreteunderstanding). As a result, many students who have a good understanding of theory andconcepts do not have confidence to map their knowledge onto implementations. One

Conference Session

ChE Outreach and Recruitment

Collection

2004 Annual Conference

Authors

Tracy Carter; Paula Leventman; Katherine Ziemer

their objectives, assessment methods are now included aspart of the modules and will be tested as part of the second pilot implementation.There were several concrete and practical changes that came from the first pilot implementation.The time requirements of the activities was largely unknown prior to the first pilot, and will stillbe refined in the second pilot. Activity 4 was initially designed to require the students to designtheir prototype on paper before being given materials to build their prototype. However, thedesign, flowsheet, and prototype process became much less frustrating and more efficient whenthe students were provided the materials for the prototype right away. The first pilot helped torevise the student worksheets to make

Conference Session

Instrument Design and Development

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Madalyn Wilson-Fetrow, University of New Mexico; Vanessa Svihla, University of New Mexico; Andrew Olewnik, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods Division (ERM)

deletion [31], [32] forany observation missing any item across all five factors.Data Collection and AnalysisWe collected data over the course of two semesters in design-focused courses at four universities(including Hispanic-serving, public land grant, small private, and research flagship institutions)across the United States (N=23, N= 77, N=11, and N=271). Design courses included first-year,design-spine, and senior capstone set in biomedical, mechanical, chemical, electrical, computerand aerospace engineering programs. Students completed the survey in their courses for nominalpoints at the end or near-end of their design work. Instructors agreed to include the survey tojointly contribute to research and to gain information about how their design

Conference Session

Architectural Division Technical Session 2

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Christopher Purdy, SmithGroupJJR; Paul Urbanek FAIA, NCARB, LEED AP, SmithGroupJJR

Tagged Divisions

Architectural

academicdisciplines across higher education,increasingly recognize the value ofinstructional spaces that foster interactivity.The traditional one-way flow of classroominstruction, particularly in lower-levelscience and math prerequisites, is evolvingtoward a more dynamic framework.In an engineering building, this means TEXAS INSTRUMENTS ELECTRONICS DESIGN LABallowing students to experience the powerof making something in a range of differentsettings and environments — from 300-seat lecture halls to 30-seat multipurposerooms — that may encourage the expressionof different sorts of creativity and problem-solving.So-called “active-learning classrooms” and “instructional labs” allow students tointeract with one another in small or large groups, making

Conference Session

NSF Grantees' Poster Session

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Russell Pimmel, University of Alabama (Emeritus); Ann F. McKenna, Arizona State University, Polytechnic campus; Norman L. Fortenberry, American Society for Engineering Education; Brian Yoder; Rocio C Chavela Guerra, American Society for Engineering Education

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees Poster Session

. McKenna is chair and associate professor in the Department of Engineering in the College of Technology and Innovation at Arizona State University (ASU). Prior to joining ASU she served as a program officer at the National Science Foundation in the Division of Undergraduate Education and was on the faculty in the Department of Mechanical Engineering and Segal Design Institute at Northwestern University. Dr. McKenna received her B.S. and M.S. degrees in Mechanical Engineering from Drexel University and Ph.D. from the University of California at Berkeley. Dr. McKenna also serves as a senior associate editor for the Journal of Engineering Education.Dr. Norman L. Fortenberry, American Society for Engineering Education Dr

Conference Session

Ocean & Marine Engineering Division Technical Session 2

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Maija A. Benitz, Roger Williams University

Tagged Divisions

Ocean and Marine Division (OMED)

of engineering ethics in a sincere, deep, and substantial way can bechallenging. Often, students find the material to be distant and abstract. In seeking to overcomethese challenges in a senior-level elective course at a small engineering program, a new role-playing exercise was introduced.Educators across a wide range of engineering disciplines continue to turn to role-playingactivities as a pedagogy to meet a variety of learning outcomes, as it is well-documented toincrease and maintain student engagement, while also advancing the attainment of new skills andknowledge [1], [2]. One of the primary drivers, similar to the goal of this work, is to enhancestudents’ appreciation for engineering ethics, as well as social justice issues [2], [3

Conference Session

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering Division: Fundamental; K-12 Students & Engineering Division: Fundamental; K-12 Students & Engineering Design Practices: Best Paper Session

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ninger Zhou, Purdue University; Tarun Thomas George, Purdue University; Joran W. Booth, Purdue University; Jeffrey Alperovich, Purdue University; Senthil Chandrasegaran, Purdue University; Nielsen L. Pereira, Purdue University; Jeffrey David Tew Ph.D.; Devaatta Nadgukar Kulkaerni; Karthik Ramani

Tagged Divisions

Pre-College Engineering Education Division

anactivity in small groups (3-4 students) for three hours, except when they take short 10 minutesbreaks during the session. The design lab is set up in a way to assemble design workshops orstudios in engineering settings. Four large work benches are set up in the middle of the room,with cabinets and whiteboards on both sides of the room to serve as additional work stations. Thedesign sessions are video recorded to facilitate analysis of the design activities. One instructorand four to five assistants, from undergraduate and graduate levels in mechanical engineering,are available to interact with the students on each day of the workshop. The instruction isrevolved around teaching students about design concepts through hands-on toy design

Conference Session

Student Learning and Teamwork

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jenifer M. Shannon, Pennsylvania State University, Berks; Rungun Nathan, Pennsylvania State University, Berks

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

, astudent’s ability to write effectively is assessed multiple times throughout their educationalexperience at our University.In engineering technology programs, a large proportion of the curriculum includes a laboratorycomponent. The intent of laboratory work is twofold. One purpose is to solidify understandingof course concepts through a more in-depth laboratory experience on certain topics. A secondpurpose is to enable students to gain valuable hands-on experience that will better prepare themfor a position in industry upon completion of their studies. As a means of assessment of theselaboratory experiences, course instructors often require the submission of detailed laboratoryreports.Our approach has been to initially expose students to the

Conference Session

ECCNE Technical Session 1 - Nuclear Engineering

Collection

2025 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Tina Baradaran; Jennifer Stansby; Mihail Ionescu; Edward Obbard

Tagged Divisions

Conservation and Nuclear Engineering Division (ECCNE), Energy Conversion

implement a competency framework for nuclear engineering to guide university programs, leading to the development of a highly skilled and competent nuclear engineering workforce. Ms. Tina Baradaran also demonstrates strong commitment to teaching and encouraging young women to pursue STEM careers. She is dedicated to advancing the field of Nuclear Engineering through her research in education, while also communicating the immense benefits of nuclear science and technology to various audiences.Jennifer StansbyMihail IonescuEdward Obbard ©American Society for Engineering Education, 2025Paper Title: What makes a competent nuclear engineer?ABSTRACTNuclear engineering in Australia is entering a period of

Conference Session

K-12 and Pre-college Engineering: Research on Teachers' Perceptions, Attitudes and Impacts of Teacher PD

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Cathy P. Lachapelle, Museum of Science; Jonathan D Hertel, Engineering is Elementary, Museum of Science, Boston; Muhammad Faiz Shams, Museum of Science - EiE; Chris San Antonio, Museum of Science, Boston; Christine M Cunningham, Museum of Science

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

parsimonious modelwill have a worse RMSEA. In the case of the TAS instrument the large number of parameterscould potentially be the cause of the skewed result.The Comparative Fit Index (CFI) and the Tucker Lewis Index (TLI) are two incremental fitindices that should be reported. Incremental fit indices are measures of the model fit (ChiSquare) as compared to the baseline model fit (Chi Square). In the case of the CFI and TLIsample size is taken into account. The CFI is on a scale of 0 to 1 with a value >= 0.95 beingacceptable. The TLI is not normalized so values above 1 are possible, but otherwise follows thesame fit assessment as the CFI. In the case of TAS instrument, the values are 0.958 and 0.954respectively. Both of these values designate an

Conference Session

New Directions for Engineering Technology

Collection

2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Shaoping Qiu, Texas A&M University; Malini Natarajarathinam, Texas A&M University; Michael D. Johnson, Texas A&M University; Elizabeth A. Roumell, Texas A&M University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

these new technologies and changes. A lot of respondents frankly expressed theircomplaints about training and education availabilities within their companies concerningtechnological advancement. When asked “What kinds of training and education are available toemployees to help adapt to these new technologies and changes?”, four respondents replied thatthere are only limited training programs in their companies, and they did not receive anysystematic training on new technology. Realizing the urgency to receive training, one seniormanager in a large manufacturing company responded that “Very little training is pushed, but arequest for training is addressed in a timely fashion”. They did not see much chance to access toeffective education programs

Collection

2014 Fall ASEE Middle Atlantic Section Conference

Authors

Kyle V. Moses; W. Michael Petullo

typically had weak or that a CTF on its own would not serve well as a capstoneno correlation to computer science learning objectives. experience in a security education program for computer As an example, Forensics Challenge 28 “Fluffy No More”, scientists. The results also show that the community at large—required each team to analyze the logs and a database backup including graduate students and industry professionals—oftenof a web forum to figure out how the site itself was com- still struggles with level 3 and 4 objectives. We posit thatpromised and how the attacker then exploited the systems of the solution to this struggle will come through adequatelyvisiting users. Analyzing the logs revealed

Conference Session

Multidisciplinary Course Innovation

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Karen High, Oklahoma State University; Charlene Yauch, Oklahoma State University

Tagged Divisions

Multidisciplinary Engineering

-disciplinary approach Balance between CHE and More emphasis on CHE IE concepts; activities with some IE concepts related to each brought inLength of project 6 hours (in 1 day) 5 hours (across 5 weeks)Assessment approach Self-assessment & Self-assessment knowledge test**One of the students was completing deficiencies before he/she entered the program andthe other student was undeclared but taking CHE Freshman courses.In 2006, the REACH academy and the orientation class will be held again. Based on our

Conference Session

BME Courses & Curricular Content

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Robert Linsenmeier, Northwestern University; David Gatchell, Northwestern University

Tagged Divisions

Biomedical

the question of the relative resistance of the pulmonary andsystemic circuits, and then has students use the relations among velocity, diameter, and pressuredrop to calculate relative resistances of individual vessels of different sizes, and the resistance ofa bank of small vessels.4.2 Assessment of Problems Two types of assessment have been done. First, in a biomedical engineering systemsphysiology course, we evaluated performance on exam questions testing concepts that studentsshould have learned in the Seawater and Control Diagrams problems. We compared a controlgroup that did the problems with pencil and paper with a treatment group that used CAPE/eLMS.To prevent contamination across the groups, these homework problems were done

Conference Session

ET Pedagogy II

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mihaela Radu, State University of New York, Farmingdale

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

, research stipend for faculty and students.III. Characteristics of Student Population at Farmingdale State CollegeOver 90 % of Farmingdale State College students are commuting on daily basis from the greaterNew York metropolitan area and they hold full time jobs. Around 35% are first-generationcollege students (e.g., neither parent has earned a 4- year degree), and 30% are minority. Thestudent population includes large numbers of “New Americans” (i.e., they or their parents wereborn outside of the US). Many students have considerable financial need (with 30% receivingPell grants). Distinctive characteristics and special needs of the “new normal” students whoattend Farmingdale State College (and most American institutions) are presented in detail

Collection

1998 Annual Conference

Authors

Spyros A. Kinnas; Hillary Hart

small but growing, much of it coming out of Europe (Collis1997, Khan 1997). For our project, we intend to use several types of evaluation and usabilitytesting to determine the effectiveness of these tools in enhancing learning (which, of course, isnever easy to test or quantify). The types we will use are tracking devices, “think-aloud” Page 3.197.3protocols, student note-pads, and user feedback.User feedback is perhaps the easiest kind of formative assessment to collect as the projectprogresses. Students will be asked to fill out electronic forms that capture what difficulties andsuccesses they are having with learning the material. Another kind

Conference Session

Track: Collegiate - Technical Session 5

Collection

2019 CoNECD - The Collaborative Network for Engineering and Computing Diversity

Authors

Crystal M. Pee, Virginia Tech; Walter C. Lee, Virginia Tech; Jeremi S. London, Virginia Tech; Gilbert Jew, Arizona State University; Teirra K. Holloman, Virginia Tech; Chaneé D. Hawkins Ash , Virginia Tech; Bevlee Watford, Virginia Tech

Tagged Topics

Collegiate

segment whencompared to other parts of higher education—said differently, students enroll in engineeringclasses, but are not necessarily in a major or a part of a cohort of engineering students. Thoughthere is a small number of partnerships with four-year institutions to help students transition intoformal degree programs, these students are not often as heavily prioritized. In fact, researchershave previously considered those at community colleges as “America’s Overlooked Engineers”[14], which is unfortunately unsurprising given the “cooling out” function that communitycolleges have historically been believed to occupy. In short, “cooling-out” is when communitycolleges become a holding place before people leave higher education altogether

Collection

2016 Public Policy Colloquium

Authors

Mike Molnar

processes that can impact commercial production.They will build workforce skills at all levels and enhance manufacturing capabilities incompanies large and small. Institutes will draw together the best talents and capabilitiesfrom all the partners to build the proving grounds where innovations flourish and to helpadvance American domestic manufacturing. Federal startup investment: $70M - $120M/institute over 5-7 yearsInstitute Consortium owners must have minimum 1:1 co-investment The NNMI Mission“The Network serves the Institutes, the Institutes connect through theNetwork, and the Program serves the Nation.”Program Mission (Institutes + Network)Advance American domestic manufacturing innovation by creating aneffective

Collection

1997 Annual Conference

Authors

Maher E. Rizkalla; Carol L. O'Loughlin; Charles F. Yokomoto

circuits and systems. EDA and CAD often refer tophysical design tools for integrated circuits (IC) and printed circuit board (PCB) layouts, as well asconceptual design tools, such as schematic editors, circuit simulators, and programmable logiccompilers. Mentor Graphics Corporation offers a complete suite of integrated EDA and CAD toolsfor the top-down design. Its software is widely used in industry, and the company has a highereducation program in which IUPUI participates. The Mentor Graphics suite of software includestools for schematic capture, functional, behavioral, and physical simulation. In addition, it providescomputer aided manufacturing (CAM) files for PCB manufacture.Course DescriptionThe course “Electronic Manufacturing” consists of

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Nigel Berkeley Kaye, Clemson University; Lisa Benson, Clemson University; Makayla Headley, Clemson University; Komal Rohidas Sonavane

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees Poster Session

, and active learning focused on physical understanding. However, the first step in theproblem-solving process, abstracting the problem, is very often missing. At a fundamental level,engineers follow a four-step design process: (1) Describing or abstracting the physical worldwith diagrams, words, numbers, and equations (2) Analyzing their model (3) Designingsomething based on that analysis, and (4) Constructing the designed system. Sophomoremechanics classes traditionally focus on step (2) largely bypassing step (1), instead presentingstudents with drawings, numbers, and text and teaching them to apply appropriate equations.The goals of this research are (1) to develop a sophomore-level mechanics class that flips thetraditional approach by

Conference Session

Design for Community

Collection

2003 Annual Conference

Authors

Hanna Lee; Sven Bilen; Robert Pangborn

, and such a project may be foundvery exciting by many students. To give an example of such a subcontracting situation at PennState, the Flyin’ Lions—an “established” team with an ongoing long-term project for flight inNASA’s Reduced Gravity Student Flight Opportunities Program—subcontracted out improvingthe motor control system of a astronaut exercise system to a small team in the electricalengineering capstone design class. A department or college may also choose to set up a continuing course to offer theprojects. For example, at Penn State the SPIRIT (Student Participation in Rocket InvestigationTechniques) rocket project has an established course that students may take for a few credits persemester.14 As another example, EPICS

Conference Session

DEED Poster Session

Collection

2004 Annual Conference

Authors

Will Cluett; Peter Weiss; Kim Woodhouse; David Bagley; Susan McCahan

increasingly on PowerPoint lectures that allto often have the feel of a “canned” performance, seminars represent an interactive mode of“live” learning that is fundamentally different. Particularly as undergraduate courses becomeincreasingly large, a seminar can give a student that “small class” experience in the freshmanyear. Using seminars as part of a course may be a mode of teaching that should be given moreconsideration in technical courses.ConclusionEngineering Strategies and Practice was designed to set the framework for the engineering Page 9.1171.6curriculum and for professional skill development. It has a clear emphasis on design and

Conference Session

Launching Successful Academic Careers

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Steven Fleishman, Western Washington University; Janet Braun, Western Washington University

Tagged Divisions

New Engineering Educators

course content, the authors havefound their input overlooked, underappreciated or disregarded. Although hired in large part dueto our vast industry experience, colleagues have not always been anxious to embrace our input ascredible. This further exacerbates the emotional challenge noted earlier associated with a loss ofexpertise moving from a well established industry career to that of a new engineering educator.In this case though, we have the expertise but we’re not allowed validation by our peers,essentially negating the most positive attribute we have to offer, at least in the first few years.Suggestions in the Area of Instructional ApproachAs is presently done in many engineering technology programs, the educational institutionshould

Conference Session

International Division Poster Session

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Patrick Ferro, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology; Naoki Osawa, Kanazawa Institute of Technology; Masakatsu Matsuishi, Kanazawa Institute of Technology; Richard Stamper, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology; Wayne Sanders, Rose Hulman Institute Of Technology; Taketo Yamakawa, Kanazawa Institute of Technology; Tetsuro Furukawa, Kanazawa Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

International

. The course continues to evolve and improve at each of the schools. Collaboration Page 13.790.8software has been tried to determine if interaction can be improved between groups of students.An assessment program has been started at the US-based school to determine if program outcomesare being addressed as a result of offering the course.References1. M. Matsuishi, W. Sanders, K. Takemata, T. Furukawa, Loo. C. N., InternationalCollaboration in Engineering Design Between Students from Japan, Singapore, and United States,2006 Annual Conference & Exposition, June 18-21, 20062. J. Melsa, keynote speaker at International Session of JSEE

Conference Session

Mathematics Division (MATH) Technical Session 1

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Meiqin Li, University of Virginia; Jessica Taggart, University of Virginia

Tagged Divisions

Mathematics Division (MATH)

MATLABThe experience inMATLAB will help 2.3801 .019me master a different 113 4.49 4.12 ** 53% 32%program (e.g.,Python, R, Java, etc.) *** significant, p < .01, ** significant, p < .05, * significant, p < .1 1-strongly disagree, 2-disagree, 3- somewhat disagree, 4- neutral, 5-somewhat agree, 6-agree, 7-strongly agreeDifferent number of students completed sub-questions for this set in both pre-survey and post-survey, and the specific counts are detailed in Table 3. The small p-values from paired t-testsindicated that, by the end of the semester, students perceived MATLAB as

Conference Session

NSF Grantees’ Poster Session

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Conrad Tucker, Pennsylvania State University, University Park; Soundar Kumara, Pennsylvania State University, University Park

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees Poster Session

. OpenCV | OpenCV. at 46. Pechenizkiy, M., Calders, T., Vasilyeva, E. & Bra, P. Mining the Student Assessment Data:Lessons Drawn from a Small Scale Case Study. in 187–191 (2008).47. Ritter, S. et al. Reducing the Knowledge Tracing Space. in 151–160 (2009).48. Jain, A. K., Murty, M. N. & Flynn, P. J. Data clustering: a review. ACM Comput Surv 31, 264–323 (1999).49. Agrawal, R. & Srikant, R. Fast Algorithms for Mining Association Rules in Large Databases. in VLDB’94, Proceedings of 20th International Conference on Very Large Data Bases, September 12-15, 1994, Santiago de Chile, Chile 487–499 (Morgan Kaufmann, 1994).50. Piatetsky-Shapiro, G. Discovery, analysis and presentation of strong rules. 229–24851. Hipp, J., Güntzer, U

Conference Session

NSF Grantees' Poster Session

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kathleen Alfano, College of the Canyons

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees Poster Session

technical teacher professional development program inrenewable energy which will allow community college, high school teachers, andindustry professionals recruited to be teachers to acquire the technical knowledge andcertifications and pedagogical skills to teach renewable energy in their classrooms; 3)develop and implement a 2+2+2 pathway through partnership with high schools anduniversities to allow students interested in renewable energy careers to have a definedcareer ladder with multiple exit points integrated with industry certifications and collegecertificate and degree attainment; 4) conduct continuous assessment and evaluation withimbedded targeted research of curricular and professional development strategies toensure that student

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Geoffrey L. Herman, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign; Michael C. Loui, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees

  Figure 3: Expert feedback cycle for the development of the DLCIcoast) and three small private colleges (one in the Midwest and two in the South). We have alsoadministered the DLCI in both Electrical and Computer Engineering courses and ComputerScience courses. These institutions provide a stratified, representative sampling of studentsacross the country. A total of 688 students have taken version β1.0 of the DLCI.5. Reliability and Validity According to Classical Test Theory, an assessment tool called a test is intended to estimatean examinee's ability or true score T along a single attribute3. An examinee's score after a singleadministration of an instrument is called their observed score X. The observed score is assumedto be comprised of

Conference Session

Chemical Engineering Division (ChED) Technical Session 4: Junior & Senior Year Curriculum

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Joaquin Rodriguez, University of Pittsburgh; Schohn L. Shannon, University of Pittsburgh; Michael McMahon; Hseen Baled

Tagged Divisions

Chemical Engineering Division (ChED)

projects; one for process modeling (open-loop) and one forcontroller synthesis (closed-loop), and the sub-teams switch their roles from one project toanother. Detailed analysis of relevant team dynamics is assessed quantitatively and qualitativelybased on the experience with 71 students arranged in 12 groups. Based on this experience, aproposal is made to develop a program of institutional collaborations to broaden the accessibilityof real lab experience to students worldwide, mainly targeting those without this valuableresource. A preliminary trial showed the potential for a successful global collaborationaddressing technical content and team dynamics.IntroductionThe most recent survey on the series of chemical engineering undergraduate education

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Tobin N. Walton, North Carolina A&T State University; Robin Guill Liles, North Carolina A&T State University

Tagged Topics

Diversity, NSF Grantees Poster Session

asmall purposive sample (N=44) of current engineering students. We assumed that participatingin extra-curricular engineering activities (e.g., summer enhancement programs, facilitated studygroups, attending engineering conferences, internships) are important developmentally- 10instigative behavioral practices through which students internalize strong engineering values,self-efficacy beliefs, and identities which in turn motivate learning. A web-based questionnairewas designed to assess the number of extra-curricular engineering activities students’ hadparticipated within the last year. Half of the sample (n=22), were randomly selected studentswho completed the questionnaire during an introductory