Collection

2010 North Midwest Section

Authors

Waddah Akili

learning, and collaborative learning (Smith et al 2005).Problem-based learning (PBL) starts when students are confronted with an open-ended, ill-structured, real-world problem and work in teams to identify learning needs and develop a viablesolution, with instructors acting as facilitators rather than primary sources of information (Prince2004). There are numerous PBL teaching models, and are all equally valid and appear to workdepending on factors and prevailing circumstances such as: 1) characteristics of the curriculum,2) attitudes, knowledge, and skills of the academic staff, 3) underpinning academic culture ofteaching and learning, and, 4) socio-economic background and abilities of the student body(Smith et al 2005; Prince 2004; Prince and

Conference Session

Engineering Social and Human Ethical Impacts

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mark L. Bourgeois, University of Notre Dame

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Ethics

this case that turned out not be the most salient area, for the bulk of antibioticsin this country are in fact used in livestock and it is in livestock that bacteria most often developresistance. Only from there do they typically present a serious threat to human health. As isoften the case, this context, therefore, presents both a causal factor (an input) and an area ofimpact (an output) for this research. Having understood, at a basic level, the relevance and contours of this real-world context,and how their own work might both influence and be influenced by it, the next task is to engagethat context to learn more about it and, as possible, to explain the research results or relatedresults from his or her field. In this scenario, this

Conference Session

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering Division: Fundamental & Research-to-Practice: K-12 Engineering Resources: Best Practices in Curriculum Design (Part 2)

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Louis Nadelson, Utah State University; Christina Marie Sias, Utah State University; Anne Seifert, Idaho National Laboratory

Tagged Divisions

Pre-College Engineering Education Division

students how they can apply their their classroom, or by knowledge in a variety of settings. Furthermore, classroom making community connections to the broader community help students to connections inside of the understand the real-world implications of the academic classroom. knowledge they are learning at school. Curriculum Integrating curriculum from Curriculum integration shows students how content Integration13, 14 one content area into knowledge can be applied across content areas by giving another. them the opportunity to

Conference Session

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation Division – Tactical Approaches to Entrepreneurship Education

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Robert Gettens, Western New England University; Harlan E Spotts Jr., Western New England University; José Antonio Riofrío, Western New England University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation

, mechatronics and mechanical design. After obtaining his Ph.D., Jos´e worked in the Fluid Power industry designing servo-pneumatic control systems for various motion-control applications, such as packaging, automation, and animatronics. In the fall of 2011, Jos´e became an assistant professor of Mechanical Engineering at Western New England University, where he now teaches various courses in solid mechanics, mechatronics, and first-year engineering.Dr. Harlan E Spotts Jr., Western New England University Professor of Marketing in the College of Business Page 26.1208.1 c American Society for

Conference Session

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation Division Technical Session 1

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Maria-Isabel Carnasciali, University of New Haven; Ronald S. Harichandran, University of New Haven; Nadiye O. Erdil, University of New Haven; Jean Nocito-Gobel, University of New Haven; Cheryl Q. Li, University of New Haven

Tagged Divisions

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation

. Moduleassessment outcomes (AO) for each module that are used in direct assessment are typically a subset of theselearning outcomes. Thinking Creatively to Drive Innovation • Describe the meaning of creativity, a rare but achievable form of thinking • Explain the observation that creativity is influenced much more by nurture than nature • Describe the universality and power of the divergent-convergent thinking process • Apply the Medici Effect when forming teams • Apply the Ask-Ask-Ask method • Apply the Fishbone Diagramming method • Apply the Mind Mapping method Learning from Failure • List common mistakes in the product development cycle for real world projects • Develop a list of practical options to correct or avoid potential mistakes that may occur in

Conference Session

Construction Engineering Division Technical Session 2

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

David Wesley Martin, Central Washington University

Tagged Divisions

Architectural Engineering, Construction Engineering

subject and to learn about one’s own strengths and weaknesses as alearner-learning how to learn from experience” (p. 22).16With construction education, it is very difficult to take experiences commonly found in the ebband flow of the construction field and simulate them in an academic setting. Gier and Hurdinvestigated different approaches to active learning to enhance student engagement in theclassroom. They suggested when students were engaged in real world scenarios, they were moreactively engaged in learning the concepts being taught.9 Similarly, Sims stated that anexperiential approach addresses three challenges in diversity education, “providing a holisticeducation, the dilemma of individualism and equality in the classroom, and providing a

Conference Session

Cognitive and Motivational Issues in Student Performance II

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jeffrey Froyd, Texas A&M University; Larissa Pchenitchnaia, Texas A&M University; Debra Fowler, Texas A&M University; Nancy Simpson, Texas A&M University

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

of expectations for systems thinking has been generated by the CDIOInitiative, which is “an innovative educational framework for producing the nextgeneration of engineers set in the context of Conceiving – Designing – Implementing –Operating real-world systems and products” 28. CDIO was derived from these four words:Conceiving – Designing – Implementing – Operating, which attempted to capture thecomprehensive practice of engineering. The CDIO Initiative started with five institutionsand now involves twenty-two institutions.28 Initial work of the CDIO Initiativeconcentrated on a study, involving both faculty members and employers, to clearlyarticulate a detailed set of expectations for engineering graduates. The desired set ofcapabilities for

Conference Session

Physics in the K-16 Classroom

Collection

2003 Annual Conference

Authors

Budny Dan; Teresa Larkin

writing as a teaching and learning tool as well as the use of live, online chats Page 8.815.1 “Proceedings of the 2003 American Society for Engineering Education Annual Conference & Exposition Copyright © 2003, American Society for Engineering Education”using Blackboard technologies. Student perceptions regarding these strategies will also beshared.II. DESCRIPTION OF STUDENT POPULATION The introductory course for non-science majors at American University in Washington, D.C. isa one-semester, algebra-based course and is entitled Physics for the Modern World (PMW).Topics covered in this course typically include

Conference Session

Emerging Trends in Engineering Education Poster Session

Collection

2005 Annual Conference

Authors

John R. Chandler; A. Dean Fontenot

problems on a paper. They see how the ideas of math belong in the real world. Proceedings of the 2005 American Society for Engineering Education Annual Conference & Exposition Copyright  2005 American Society for Engineering Education Language arts objectives are also very easily adapted into the engineering activities. As with all the design challenges, there is always some form of research and presentation. We have found that those language arts objectives that are difficult to cover such as listening, speaking, and critiquing others are easily covered within the engineering lessons. Social studies can even be incorporated by looking at the cultural and historical backgrounds and

Conference Session

Advances in Assessment of Communication and Interdisciplinary Competence

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Carolyn Kusbit Dunn, East Carolina University

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education/Engineering & Society

ascopyright, trademark and the fair use exception to copyright are covered. Ethical issues and Page 25.238.5theories of ethics are also discussed, with that content culminating in a case study on Nazitechnical documentation. The assignment for week two asks students to locate a code of ethicsthat governs their particular discipline, and an ethical transgression that led to injury, death orcharges of negligence. The paper they write applies the code to the chosen transgression in aneffort to teach students how to apply a written code to a ‗real world‘ situation. Week threefocuses on audience analysis. Students are taught to recognize different types

Conference Session

STS Perspectives on Engineering Education

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Harold R. Underwood, Messiah College

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education/Engineering & Society

interdisciplinaryconnections, an overarching benefit. New connections here can take the form of betterunderstanding of various viewpoints on technology, where common ground exists and/orwhere controversy arises, facilitating more informed communication between disciplineson important issues. Furthermore, certain students get a better picture of where they canfit with a non-technical major into the process of technology development, in real worldproject applications. At this author’s home institution, such students have manyopportunities to actively engage in multidisciplinary project work through the MessiahCollege Collaboratory for Strategic Partnerships and Applied Research.28 Collaboratoryproject work includes both voluntary and credited activity, in a cooperative

Conference Session

New Learning Paradigms I

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Waddah Akili, Iowa State University

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

assignment, laboratories, and, often, group projects. Adding to the confusion,engineering faculty do not always understand how the common forms of “active learning” differfrom each other and most are not inclined to search for answers Of the most known and utilizedclassroom-based pedagogies in engineering education today, and appear to be moving in thesame broad direction, are: problem-based learning, cooperative learning, and collaborativelearning 2. Page 15.919.2Problem-based learning (PBL) starts when students are confronted with an open-ended, ill-structured, real-world problem and work in teams to identify learning needs and develop a

Conference Session

ME Technical Session 1 - Enhancing Mechanical Engineering Education: From Prerequisites to Practice

Collection

2025 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jenn Campbell, University of Arkansas; EMINE SAHIN TOPALCENGIZ, Mus Alparslan University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering Division (MECH)

engineering had to dowith demarcation, which considers that “engineering is systematically engaging in the practice ofdesign to achieve solutions for specific problems” [15, p. 638]. Nine of our twelve participantsdiscussed demarcation, most often in the context of problem solving. Charles Edward Cheese,for example, outlined how “to me, that’s what engineering is, the ability to problem solve, and toinnovate to solve the world’s problems.” Rose discussed that “engineering is thinking outside ofthe box to design and create solutions to real world problems.” Jeff Bevis provided the mostdetailed description: Either identifying a problem or fixing a problem...at the end of the day, I think it’s problem solving, but the way the engineer goes

Conference Session

GSD 6: The Graduate School Experience

Collection

2025 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Grace Burleson, University of Colorado Boulder; Janet Y Tsai, University of Colorado Boulder

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Graduate Studies Division (GSD)

-intensive process. Despite the personal and institutional impactof early-stage assessments, the topic remains significantly underexplored. This gap is particularlyevident in the field of mechanical engineering, emphasizing the need for research and attention.3 MethodsThe choice of which mechanical engineering programs to include in the sample for this study ofpreliminary examination techniques was largely determined by availability of data and rankingsbased on number and percentages of doctoral degrees granted to groups of specific interest. Thepopularity of the US News and World Report rankings [7] for students choosing which schools toattend was one potential system for determining our sample, but knowing the influence ofreputation and marketing

Conference Session

GSD 1: From Recruitment to Retention

Collection

2025 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Samuel Sola Akosile, Morgan State University; Michael Oluwafemi Ige, Morgan State University; Tolulope Abiri, Morgan State University; Pelumi Olaitan Abiodun, Morgan State University; Oludare Adegbola Owolabi P.E., Morgan State University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Graduate Studies Division (GSD)

B.Tech. in Building Structure from the Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria. Michael has extensive professional experience managing large-scale heavy construction and fac¸ade projects, including high-rise and industrial developments across West Africa, having held key roles in the field. His research interests include the integration of digital tools in construction education, resilient building design, and asset management in civil infrastructure. He is passionate about bridging academic knowledge with real-world application and is committed to developing innovative, cost-effective, and sustainable construction solutions.Tolulope Abiri, Morgan State University Tolulope Abiri is a graduate student in Civil

Conference Session

International Division Technical Session 5: COVID-19 Pandemic Lessons and Best Practices

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Hans Tritico, University of Mount Union; Okechukwu Ugweje, University of Mount Union; Chad Korach, University of Mount Union; Ethan Shirley, University of Michigan

undergraduate civil and mechanical engineering degrees in2014. Three additional undergraduate engineering programs (biomedical, computer, andelectrical) were added in 2018. The School of Engineering, which houses these five majors,distinguishes itself by supplementing its curriculum with four pillars of engineering education.These four pillars are guided in part by the National Academy of Engineers’ vision forengineering education [1] and the role that Mount Union’s history as a liberal arts institutionplays in the development of our students. These four pillars are: 1 Pillar 1: Providing Extensive Hands-On Real-World Engineering Pillar 2: Nurturing

Conference Session

Accreditation and the BOK

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Angela R. Bielefeldt, University of Colorado, Boulder

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

necessary for “tomorrow’s successful and relevantprofessional engineer”, “creative and innovative” was the third item on the bulleted list [17, p.12]. Although creativity is not a stand-alone outcome, it is included within the descriptive text of3 of the 30 outcomes: engineering science, problem recognition and solving, and professionalattitudes. Creativity is included within the current Environmental Engineering BOK as part ofoutcome 7, creative design [24]. The chemical engineering BOK does not include creativitywithin the outcome statements, but in the body of the report notes “chemical engineering…combines the study and application of chemical and biological processes with physical sciencesand creative thought” [13, p. 11]. The vision for

Conference Session

Issues of Diversity

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Fonda Swimmer, Northern Arizona University; Karen Jarratt-Ziemski, Ft. Lewis College

Tagged Divisions

Women in Engineering

involved in K-12 STEM education for American Indian students and connecting applications of traditional indigenous knowledge within science and engineering education. Dr. Jarratt-Ziemski is Mississippi Choctaw. Page 12.956.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2007 Intersections between Science & Engineering Education and Recruitment of Female and Native American StudentsAbstractAuthors will present an extensive overview of women and minorities in science, technology,engineering and math; provide discussion of the importance of multicontextuality as a tool in theuse of effective pedagogy

Conference Session

Professional Identity

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Katherine M. Morley; Alice L. Pawley, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Shawn S. Jordan, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Robin Adams, Purdue University, West Lafayette

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

c American Society for Engineering Education, 2011 Gender and Engineering: Photo Elicitation as a Method of InquiryAbstractIn this paper, we explore the application of photo elicitation as a method of understanding andchanging the perceptions of engineering held by professors and undergraduate students ofvarying disciplines, including engineering and technology. Our research questions in this paperare: 1. How is engineering conceptualized by undergraduate students and professors? and 2. Using photo elicitation, how are these concepts and perceptions gendered?The data set comprises a series of interviews including two individual interviews and one groupinterview. The study includes

Conference Session

Reflections on the “Raise the Bar” Initiative (Part II) - Using a Decade of Experience to Chart the Future

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Stephen J. Ressler, U.S. Military Academy

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

AC 2012-3972: TO RAISE THE BAR OR NOT: ADDRESSING THE OPPO-SITIONDr. Stephen J. Ressler, U.S. Military Academy Colonel Stephen Ressler is professor and Head of the Department of Civil and Mechanical Engineering at the U.S. Military Academy (USMA) at West Point. He earned a B.S. degree from USMA in 1979, a master’s of science in civil engineering degree from Lehigh University in 1989, and a Ph.D. from Lehigh in 1991. An active duty Army officer, he has served in a variety of military engineering assignments around the world. He has been a member of the USMA faculty for 19 years, teaching courses in engi- neering mechanics, structural engineering, construction, and CE professional practice. He is a registered

Conference Session

FPD 6: Course Content and Educational Strategies

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Lydia Prendergast, Rutgers, School of Engineering; Eugenia Etkina, Rutgers University

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

applications.40,41Using an authentic engineering scenario provides a connection between STEM concepts and life.Case-based learning is where students analyze accounts of real world STEM related problems.In the process of analyzing this highly contextualized problem, underlying scientific conceptscomes into play.42 In some instances, students work together in case-based learning.Additionally, institutions with custom facilities can use case-based learning to constructauthentic engineering problems.43 Page 24.1054.4The acronym PBL refers to one of two often confused active learning strategies: problem orproject based learning. Problem-based learning

Conference Session

Design for Society and the Environment

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mohamed Samir Hefzy, The University of Toledo; Mehdi Pourazady, The University of Toledo; Abdollah Aliakbarkhan Afjeh, The University of Toledo

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

present theirproducts to their peers—most of these projects are presented by students at local, national andinternational ASME (American Society of Mechanical Engineers) and RESNA (RehabilitationEngineering Society of North America) meetings—and to publish their work in peer-reviewedpublications. Finally, these projects also provide the ME Department with an opportunity tooffer a unique service to the local community.Description of the Senior Design Course in the Mechanical Engineering Department:The catalog description of the ME Senior Design course is provided in the 2006-2008 catalog ofthe University as follows1: “Students work in teams using knowledge gained in earlier courses to solve real design, manufacturing, and operational

Conference Session

Capstone Pedgagogy

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Stephen Andrew Wilkerson P.E., York College of Pennsylvania; Stephen Andrew Gadsden, University of Guelph; Elyse Hill

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

20% Capstone Expo Poster 5% Effectiveness in Engineering Team and 30% Professionalism1ABET is a nonprofit, non-governmental agency that accredits programs in applied and natural science, computing, engineeringand engineering technology, https://www.abet.org/accreditation/2Coop is short for the cooperative agreement we have with business partners in the area who hire our engineering students for asemester to help them solve their real-world problems 3 Peer review: multiplier

Conference Session

General Technical Session

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jeremy Wayne Gilreath, Guilford College; Chafic Bou-Saba, Guilford College

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

continue to place increasing emphasis on supporting open-source hardware andsoftware, and the Raspberry Pi provides an affordable, flexible, multi-purpose platform for bothbeginners and experts to personalize into a wide range of useful and specialized products.IntroductionThe Raspberry Pi, see Figure 1, is an inexpensive and small-sized single-board computerinvented by the Raspberry Pi Foundation, 1 a registered charity in the United Kingdom whosemission is to use the Raspberry Pi in classrooms to promote affordable education in the computersciences worldwide. Students of all ages across the world use this open-source device to learnand experiment in computer science, programming, and electronics. 2 A variety of Linux-basedOS's are supported on

Conference Session

Flipped Electrical and Computer Engineering Classrooms 1

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Cory J. Prust, Milwaukee School of Engineering; Richard W. Kelnhofer, Milwaukee School of Engineering; Owe G. Petersen, Milwaukee School of Engineering

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

, students struggled with homework for a variety of reasons,including inadequate understanding of the course material, difficulties in connecting the lecturematerial to the problems, and deficiencies in pre-requisite material. No matter the reason, theflipped format gave the instructor the opportunity to address these struggles in real-time, face-to-face with the students.A second motivation in using a flipped approach was that it might present an opportunity toaddress prior student feedback indicating that the course material seemed disconnected to real-world applications. The hope was that an increased emphasis on in-class problem solvingtogether with increased efficiency in solving those problems would allow the instructor tointroduce more

Conference Session

NSF Grantees' Poster Session

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Christopher Papadopoulos, University of Puerto Rico, Mayaguez; Aidsa I. Santiago-Román, University of Puerto Rico, Mayaguez; Genock Portela-Gauthier, University of Puerto Rico, Mayaguez; Rosaurelis Marín Ramírez, University of Puerto Rico, Mayaguez; Paola Pacheco Roldan, University of Puerto Rico, Mayaguez

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Statics and Schema Training. She will likely continue her graduate studies and work in the area of Statistics, Reliability and/or Opti- mization. Her ultimate goal is to make a difference in the world by contributing positively to society.Paola Pacheco Roldan, University of Puerto Rico, Mayaguez Paola Pacheco Roldan is a sophomore in Industrial Engineering at the University of Puerto Rico, Mayaguez. Paola is currently employed as an undergraduate research assistant in Engineering Education, conducting investigation related to the Concept Assessment Tool for Statics and Schema Training. She is interested in Statistics and hopes to pursue graduate studies, ultimately seeking to positively impact society

Conference Session

CoED General Technical Session I

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Hatem M. Wasfy, Advanced Science and Automation Corp.; Tamer M. Wasfy, Indiana University-Purdue University, Indianapolis; Jeanne Peters, Advanced Science and Automation Corp.; Riham M. Mahfouz, Thomas Nelson Community College

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

is especially important for relating the concepts that are being taught to the real world in fields such as physics, chemistry, mechanics, …6. Individualized learning: A good tutor tailors the delivery method, sequence and pace to the needs of the student. This element was identified as a key to innovation in distance learning by experts in online learning5.7. Large breadth of knowledge: A good tutor can remediate problems related to the student’s knowledge that affect the learning even if these problems are related to a different course than the one that is being studied. For example, a good chemistry tutor is able and willing to remediate problems caused by deficiencies in the student’s understanding of

Conference Session

Industrial Engineering Division (IND) Poster Session

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Priyadarshini Pennathur, University of Texas at El Paso; Arunkumar Pennathur, The University of Texas at El Paso; Amirmasoud Momenipour, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Industrial Engineering Division (IND)

Paper ID #42750Board 129: Preparing Engineering Students for Designing and Managing theFuture of Work and Work SystemsDr. Priyadarshini Pennathur, University of Texas at El Paso Dr. Priyadarshini R. Pennathur is an associate professor of Industrial and Systems Engineering.Dr. Arunkumar Pennathur, The University of Texas at El Paso Dr. Arunkumar Pennathur is Associate Professor of Industrial Engineering at the University of Texas at El Paso. Dr. Pennathur is a Co-Editor in Chief of the International Journal of Industrial Engineering, and the Founding Editor-in-Chief of the Journal of Applications and Practices in Engineering

Conference Session

ERM Technical Session: Developing Engineering Competencies III

Collection

2025 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Joe Dallas Moore, Carnegie Mellon University; Andrea Francioni Rooney, Carnegie Mellon University; Allison E. Connell Pensky, Carnegie Mellon University

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods Division (ERM)

the course and themes about the instructor. The course-related themes emphasized thevalue of having guest speakers in the course, the final project, hands-on activities, real-world 9applications, group work, and the overall course structure. The instructor-related themeshighlighted the caring and supportive relationship formed with the instructor, the value of goodcommunication, and appreciation for the instructor’s openness to feedback.DISCUSSIONIn the face of students displaying less professional behavior, we emphasized goal setting andmetacognition, which have been found to positively affect student outcomes [15], [16].“Professional skills

Conference Session

Culture, Agency, and Responsibility through Curriculum (Equity, Culture & Social Justice in Education Division ECSJ Technical Session 5)

Collection

2025 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kelsey McLendon, University of Michigan; Katie Snyder, University of Michigan

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Culture & Social Justice in Education Division (EQUITY), Equity

Engineering. ©American Society for Engineering Education, 2025 Using student-led case studies in engineering to build cultural awareness, self-knowledge, and ethical engagementAbstractThe purpose of this practice paper is to share initial reflections and several samples of studentwork from a newly developed activity sequence for engineering courses in which sociotechnicalcase study development is student-led. Case study engagement is a valuable way to groundengineering technologies in real-life contexts so students can examine the social implications ofengineering work [1]. Currently, the integration of case studies in engineering classrooms isalmost entirely teacher-led, where a prepared study is given to the