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Displaying results 1381 - 1410 of 29929 in total
Conference Session
ERM Potpourri
Collection
2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Janet Y. Tsai, University of Colorado, Boulder; Daria A. Kotys-Schwartz, University of Colorado, Boulder; Beverly Louie, University of Colorado, Boulder; Virginia Lea Ferguson, University of Colorado; Alyssa Nicole Berg, University of Colorado, Boulder
Tagged Divisions
Educational Research and Methods
AC 2012-3418: GRADUATE STUDENTS MENTORING UNDERGRADU-ATES IN RESEARCH: ATTITUDES AND REFLECTIONS ABOUT THESEEXPERIENCESMs. Janet Y. Tsai, University of Colorado, Boulder Janet Y. Tsai is a doctoral student at the University of Colorado, Boulder, whose work examines and develops initiatives and curricular innovations to encourage more students, especially women, into the field of engineering. In addition to assessing peer mentoring programs, Tsai also explores teaching engi- neering statics through tangible sensations in the body, to feel and understand forces, moments, couples, equilibrium, and more via internal constructs instead of the conventional external examples.Dr. Daria A. Kotys-Schwartz, University of Colorado
Conference Session
K-12 and Pre-college Engineering: Educational Policy and Research
Collection
2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Mitchell Nathan, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Greg Pearson, National Academy of Engineering
Tagged Divisions
K-12 & Pre-College Engineering
development; cognition; learning;achievement; informal education; non-formal education; mentor; out-of-school; after school;enrichment; and extracurricular.Overall, multiple searches in the formal education, informal education, and cognitive areasuncovered over 500 reference citations. The abstracts of these articles were reviewed to gleanmore information about content and relevance. Papers were initially included if the programdescribed or studied integrated at least two STEM subjects. Four other criteria were alsoconsidered:  Does the integration include engineering as one of the integrated subjects?  Does the article provide empirical evidence regarding the impact of the program or a review of research on
Collection
2024 ASEE PSW Conference
Authors
Karl Benjamin Ernsberger, Graduation Solutions, LLC
slide. This program provided the initial Fig. 10; Slide 8 from RES+C powerpoint pitch. connections and project thrusts for the early Presented to Graduation Solutions March 2023. versions of student exchange kits. the joy of learning is unnecessary. Elementary students love play rotations, show and tell, Simon says, and career days. Those are the same skills employed with sophistication and training in Scientific research. Play rotations become lab experiments, show and tell becomes conferences, Simon Says becomes the lab method, Career Days becomes internships and residencies. These core skills should be developed, then, in a coherent and functional STEM environment where the student learns to do science, not just
Conference Session
NSF Grantees Poster Session
Collection
2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Chung-Suk Cho, University of North Carolina, Charlotte; David S. Cottrell, University of North Carolina, Charlotte; Candace E. Mazze, University of North Carolina at Charlotte
Tagged Topics
NSF Grantees
in terms of the course learning objectives. • Aid Academic Community Building: Questionnaires and post-interviews will measure the benefits and relative strength of working relationships, the benefits from sharing academic initiatives, and plans for future collaboration.Project Evaluation External assessment of this project will be provided through the Center for EducationMeasurement and Evaluation (CEME) 15 from the University of North Carolina at Charlotte.CEME routinely serves research efforts both internally and externally to the University to assessboth quantitative and qualitative performance criteria. The investigators for this project will alsoconduct a highly structured assessment project to document
Conference Session
Educational Research and Methods Division (ERM) Technical Session 11
Collection
2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
David Paul Fernandez, Utah Valley University; Walker Eads, Utah Valley University; Israd Hakim Jaafar, Utah Valley University; Abolfazl Amin, Utah Valley University; Abdennour C. Seibi, Utah Valley University
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Educational Research and Methods Division (ERM)
to enquire if Ihad interest in an undergraduate research experience. He had recently obtained a grant toperform work in Additive Manufacturing and was looking for two undergraduate researchassistants. I was informed about the scope of the study and the research questions it sought tofind an answer to, and that it will commence at the start of the Fall 2023 semester. I learned thatthe study would involve looking into how different carbon fiber (CF) parameters such aschopped length, concentration, and geometry when mixed with a certain base polymer resin canbe customized to optimize the strength properties of the 3D prints.After being heavily involved in the initial work, I feel that this is the first time I have everundertaken research to
Conference Session
NSF Grantees Poster Session
Collection
2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access
Authors
Amari Simpson, University of Illinois at Urbana - Champaign; Lara Hebert Ph.D., University of Illinois at Urbana - Champaign; Luisa-maria Rosu, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; Meagan C. Pollock, Engineer Inclusion; Lynford Goddard, University of Illinois at Urbana - Champaign; Tasha D. Henderson
Tagged Topics
NSF Grantees Poster Session
curriculum and teaching in science education from Boston University.Lara Hebert Ph.D., University of Illinois at Urbana - Champaign Serves as the Outreach and Public Engagement Coordinator for The Grainger College of Engineering. She brings to this position and this initiative expertise in teacher education and curriculum design.Dr. Luisa-Maria Rosu, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Luisa-Maria Rosu is the Director of I-STEM (Illinois Science Technology Engineering and Mathematics) Education Initiative and a Research Associate in the Center for Innovation in Teaching and Learning at University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign. A former mathematics teacher, elementary through college, her interests evolved from teachers
Conference Session
Engineering Libraries Division Technical Session 2: Special Topics
Collection
2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access
Authors
Qianjin Zhang, University of Iowa; Brian Westra, University of Iowa
Tagged Divisions
Engineering Libraries
years. A Research Data Interest Group (RDIG) was initiated in 2015by an Engineering and Informatics Librarian and a Sciences Instruction Librarian to support thedevelopment of the Libraries’ research data services. The RDIG included librarians and campuspartners from Information Technology Services, the Iowa Informatics Initiative, the Division ofSponsored Programs, and other stakeholders. The RDIG facilitated communication aboutresearch data management topics, and attempted to raise institutional awareness of datamanagement needs and opportunities by hosting several seminars and workshops, andadvocating for the creation of a Data Services Librarian position in the Libraries in 2017.The Data Services Librarian has led efforts to build research
Conference Session
Project-Based Service Learning
Collection
2009 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Jim Chamberlain, Clemson University; Lisa Benson, Clemson University
Tagged Divisions
Environmental Engineering
knowledge withwhich to make systematic improvements to the CI class’s structure and setting. Often calledaction research, this kind of research is quickly assimilated and implementable, and has thepotential for bearing much immediate fruit[1]. The goal of the class is in creating an atmosphereof professionalism that is characteristic of a consulting engineer’s office and work structure.Secondly, the findings may point to the need for a more in-depth study that will utilize studentprofiles and perceptions generated here. Two educational theories are used to form the initial theoretical constructs or bases forthe survey questionnaire. These are motivation theory and situated cognition, and both aredescribed below. No less than with
Conference Session
Research in Faculty Development
Collection
2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Cara Margherio, University of Washington; Kerice Doten-Snitker, University of Washington; Julia M. Williams, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology; Elizabeth Litzler, University of Washington; Ella Lee Ingram, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology
Tagged Topics
Faculty Development Constituency Committee
Participatory Action Research (REDPAR)AbstractThis research paper investigates the formation of strategic partnerships, as experienced by teamsof change agents in academic engineering and computer science. In this qualitative study oftwelve teams making cultural, structural, and curricular change at their respective institutions, weexamine the process of forming strategic partnerships through three initial stages: identifyingpotential partners, making an intentional approach, and establishing governance. We find teamshave utilized a variety of strategies within each of these stages, such as establishing alignment ofgoals across the project team, the partner organization, and the home institution. These resultsdelineate practices for initiating
Conference Session
NSF Grantees Poster Session
Collection
2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Courtney June Faber, University of Tennessee, Knoxville; Lisa Benson, Clemson University; Rachel Louis Kajfez, Ohio State University; Marian S. Kennedy, Clemson University; Dennis M. Lee, Clemson University; Anne Marguerite McAlister, University of Virginia; Karina Sylvia Sobieraj, Ohio State University; Teresa Porter, Ohio State University; Alessandra St. Germain, Clemson University; Guoyong Wu, Clemson University
Tagged Topics
NSF Grantees Poster Session
conceptual model showing how researcher identity and epistemic thinking [19] (e.g.beliefs about knowledge, processes for generating knowledge, and justification of knowledge)emerge through participants’ experiences in UREs.The process of developing our grounded-theory conceptual model from our structured memosstarted with four coders independently reading a subset of memos to develop an initial list ofpotential themes. Each coder further refined their themes by testing their salience acrossparticipants. Once each coder finalized their own core set of themes, a single list of emergingthemes was generated by coders combining and refining their individual lists. This process led tothe generation of six final themes: independence, response to failure
Conference Session
Minorities in Engineering Division Technical Session 3
Collection
2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Dennis O'Connor, California State University, Chico
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Minorities in Engineering
Connections Collaborative (CSC²) initiated andsupported a summer research opportunity for underrepresented minorities within the College ofEngineering at California State University Chico. The aim was to recruit and retain students inscience, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) majors and facilitate their academicsuccess through hands on learning. Through an application process which considered studentinterests and backgrounds, awardees were paired with a faculty mentor to work on a researchproject over the summer. Students received a stipend and nominal equipment budget to purchasesmall items to support their research projects. This paper documents the experiences of oneinterdisciplinary team, comprised of students and faculty from the
Conference Session
Crossing the Discipline Divide!
Collection
2005 Annual Conference
Authors
Aiman Kuzmar
instituteshave an edge over the teaching institutes.2 Universities can engage undergraduate students inexisting research projects. Undergraduate students and graduate students, as well as the facultyin charge of such research projects, benefit from this process. In other cases, research iscompletely conducted by undergraduate students under faculty supervision without theinvolvement of graduate students. Universities with graduate programs have the suitableenvironment to initiate and sustain undergraduate research. They have the means needed towrite official proposals to agencies at all levels. Typically, granting agencies give preference tothese universities2 because of their high potential to succeed. In summary, universities withgraduate programs
Conference Session
Lighting the Fire: REU
Collection
2004 Annual Conference
Authors
Shashi Nambisan
ABET’s evaluation criteria regarding undergraduate participationin research are examples of efforts and initiatives over the last decade to target and includeundergraduate students in research efforts. Going one step further would be including highschool students in such efforts. This paper summarizes efforts, experiences, and initiatives overthe last six years at the UNLV Transportation Research Center to include undergraduate and highschool students in research projects and lessons learned from the same – including examples ofpotential benefits and concerns. The paper also addresses innovative strategies and opportunitiesto fund high school students participating in research activities during the summer break.IntroductionFor well over the last
Conference Session
Decision-Making in Engineering Ethics Education
Collection
2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Tim Ransom, Clemson University; Alysa Rose Lozano, University of Kentucky; Betul Bilgin, The University of Illinois Chicago; Courtney Pfluger, Northeastern University; Sindia M. Rivera-Jiménez, University of Florida; Katie Cadwell, Syracuse University; Gisella R Lamas Samanamud, University of Kentucky
Tagged Divisions
Engineering Ethics Division (ETHICS)
– Brazil. Her technical research experience focuses on water and wastewater treatment, statistical methods and biofilms applied to engineering. She also studies the application of SoTL to the chemical engineering curriculum. She is passionate about DEIB, outreach opportunities and mentoring. She has been awarded the 2022 Engaged advocate award. She has completed the Global Diplomacy Initiative course from UNITAR and she is a STEM PEER academy fellow 2023. ©American Society for Engineering Education, 2024 Work-in-Progress: Exploring the Role of Self-Efficacy in Entrepreneurial Decision-Making: An Action Research StudyAbstractIn this study, upper-level chemical engineering students
Conference Session
Developing Young MINDS in Engineering - Part I
Collection
2010 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Atin Sinha, Albany State University
Tagged Divisions
Minorities in Engineering
. Page 15.1113.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2010 Student Ballooning Project: An Effort to Create Sustainable Undergraduate Research Experience in a Minority InstitutionAbstractHigh altitude ballooning project has gradually become an accepted method of initiatingundergraduate students in scientific research through an exciting “out of the world” perspective.Traditionally student ballooning projects throughout the country have been led either by militaryacademies or major research universities. Only recently, through an NSF sponsored effort, someof the minority universities are getting initiated into the student ballooning project that starts witha summer training program of faculty/student teams and
Conference Session
Professional Papers
Collection
2025 ASEE Southeast Conference
Authors
Lianjun Wu, Mercer University; Arash Afshar, Mercer University; Dorina Marta Mihut; Belle Lin; Melanie L McElroy, Mercer University ; Jordi Riera Shephard, Mercer University; Michael James Norenberg, Mercer University
Tagged Topics
Professional Papers
his bachelor’s degree in mechanical engineering at Mercer University. ©American Society for Engineering Education, 2025 Interdisciplinary Undergraduate Research in Prosthetic Hand Development: Bridging Mechanical and Biomedical EngineeringAbstractThis paper presents our initial progress on an innovative undergraduate research project thatbridges mechanical and biomedical engineering disciplines in the field of prosthetic handdevelopment. A group of undergraduate students, majoring in mechanical engineering andbiomedical engineering, are engaged in a collaborative effort to design, fabricate, and characterizeactuators for prosthetic devices. The project aims to provide students with hands-on
Collection
2025 PNW Section Annual Meeting
Authors
Yuliana Flores; Jennifer A. Turns
tension between authentic community engagement and academic research agendas isparticularly acute for researchers who belong to the communities with which they work. Whenresearchers are community members themselves, they navigate complex dual roles andresponsibilities that may not be fully addressed by conventional research ethics frameworks. This paper presents a case study of a high school engineering project I led during Winterquarter 2025, examining how I navigated the evolving relationship between communityengagement and research interests. Initially conceived as an outreach opportunity—a chance forhigh school students to learn about engineering applications in educational technology and userexperience—the project had no research
Conference Session
Full Papers I
Collection
FYEE 2025 Conference
Authors
DeAnna Katey, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; Terrance I Harris, Drexel University
Tagged Topics
Diversity, FYEE 2025
student characteristics upon acceptance into an institution (input), student's exposure toinstitutional programming (environment), and the development of talent after exposure to the environment(outcome) [4]. This theoretical foundation provides a structured approach for examining how peermentoring affects Black engineering students' experiences and outcomes.The research illuminates the lived experiences of Black students participating in peer mentoring programsacross two engineering institutions, each implementing distinct initiatives designed for minoritizedengineering students: DELTA at Drexel University and CEED at Virginia Tech. This comparativeapproach sought to examine institutional contexts when evaluating support programs for
Conference Session
Faculty Development Division Technical Session 2
Collection
2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Morgan Broberg, Purdue University at West Lafayette (COE); Baishakhi Bose, Purdue University at West Lafayette (COE); Raul Pineda-Mendez, Purdue University at West Lafayette (COE); Rachel Gehr, Purdue University at West Lafayette (PPI); Camila Garcia Jange, Purdue University at West Lafayette (COE); Jacqueline McDermott, Purdue University at West Lafayette (COE); Michael Loui, University of Illinois at Urbana - Champaign; Jessica Eisma, The University of Texas at Arlington; David Devine, Cleveland State University
aprincipal investigator to an independent colleague with these characteristics? The EngineeringAcademic Career Club (EACC) at Purdue University seeks to help bridge this gap betweenstudent or post-doctoral researcher and successful tenure-track applicant. To this end, the goal ofthe Engineering Academic Career Club is to establish a community to bring graduate studentsand postdocs together who have the drive and passion for continuing on to academic careers.EACC’s flagship initiative is the mentoring circles program.Mentoring is widely accepted as a key promoter of personal and professional growth in scienceand engineering [1]. This paper discusses one novel program designed to help graduate studentsand postdocs identify achievable goals, which will
Collection
1996 Annual Conference
Authors
Raj Mutharasan; Alan Lawley
from a new NSF initiative, the authors have developed atwo-course sequence on ‘Advanced Materials Processing’. The thrust of the NSF initiative is to combine completed or matureresearch””iith curriculum development in technological areas of national importance, with the objective of stimulating heightenededucational involvement of faculty researchers. The research performed by the authors has been primarily in the generic area ofprocessing with emphasis on clean metals technology, gas injection processes, melt atomization, spray casting, and powderprocessing. The two-term course sequence under development utilizes the results of this research as a foundation.The overallscope of this NSF-funded Combined Research and Curriculum Development
Conference Session
Practice/Industry Partnership
Collection
2003 Annual Conference
Authors
Katherine Liapi
structures, and structural considerations in thedesign of new deployable structures are introduced. Among the various forms ofdeployable structures that are discussed, tensegrity structures are introduced andpresented as an ideal example of transformable structures in which geometric form,function, material and structural expression are uniquely related to each other.As a partial requirement for the development of this project students are expected todefine a need that justifies the use of a deployable structure, conduct research onperformance requirements of existing and desired structures that serve this need, anddevelop an initial concept and design of a new structure that fulfills these requirements.The geometric and trigonometric expansion of a
Conference Session
Trends in Mechanical Engineering: Curricula and Courses
Collection
2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Timothy M. Hodges P.E., Virginia Military Institute; Elizabeth White Baker, Wake Forest University
Tagged Divisions
Mechanical Engineering
intent of exposingstudents to graduate work in engineering. The Undergrad Only College and a Grad Institutionpartnered to create and jointly fund summer research projects for the Undergrad Only Collegesstudents. The students propose a research project that is jointly mentored by a Grad Institutionfaculty member and a faculty member at the home Undergrad Only College. After the projectswere selected, the student spends the summer at the Grad Institution conducting a study orexperimental work to complete the research project. The program broadens the researchopportunities for the undergraduate student by enabling the student to go to the Grad Institutionand interact with graduate faculty and students.The initiative is to promote and instill a
Conference Session
Multidisciplinary Engineering Potpourri
Collection
2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Tolga Kaya, Central Michigan University
Tagged Divisions
Multidisciplinary Engineering
researchgroup formation. Although the initial time investment could be overwhelming, careful timeplanning and continuous follow-up helped use the time efficiently. It was very helpful to beinvolved in professional development programs and their effects on the research group surveyswere prominent.7. AcknowledgementsThe author would like to thank Mr. Harley Blake from Central Michigan University’s HumanResources Department for his support on conducting 360º surveys. Undergraduate student RyanOwen was also very instrumental in giving feedback for the manuscript. The author is also verythankful to Mrs. Carolyn Kaya for her help in proof-reading the manuscript.References [1] National Science Foundation Engineering Education and Centers. Specialized
Collection
1997 Annual Conference
Authors
Mohamed A. Bourham; Donald J. Dudziak
’ interest. Such previous experience has shown that researchwas helpful in providing the undergraduates with experimental and computationalexpertise, insight on the importance of research for continuing education, and thepossibility of advanced research that leads to graduate studies. In theundergraduate research cases that have been conducted in the Department ofNuclear Engineering at NC State University, it turned out that most of theundergraduates who had been engaged in research proceeded into graduatestudies, either to the master or the doctoral level. Because of these facts, and thegained experience, an undergraduate research program was initiated in thesummer of 1996. The program provides a research experience and helps thestudents to be
Conference Session
Experimentation and Laboratory-Oriented Studies Division (DELOS) Technical Session 4: Bring Your Own Experiments +
Collection
2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Adeel Khalid, Kennesaw State University; Awatef Omar Ergai, Kennesaw State University
Tagged Divisions
Experimentation and Laboratory-Oriented Studies Division (DELOS)
. Specifically, the abilities of people with expertise levels invideo gaming have significantly affected performance scores in many flight simulators. However,these studies lack generalization due to the small sample size. This study investigates whether priorgaming experience impacts the flight performance of novice pilots using a large sample size, flightsimulator, and eye-tracking metrics. During data collection, student researchers get hands onexperience with participants and data acquisition. They gather data on two student groups for thisstudy: students with little or no prior experience with gaming and those with significant gamingexperience. Both groups receive initial training on basic operations and control of an aircraft onan FAA approved
Conference Session
Minorities in Engineering Division Technical Session 4
Collection
2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access
Authors
Eleazar Marquez, Rice University; Samuel Garcia Jr., NASA EPDC
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Minorities in Engineering
the work that I did produce was of somewhat questionable quality. By learning how to "let go" and build up what others have done, I would say that I have become a much better teammate.” “Research is often very team and self-motivated. To make progress, you need to take initiative to call people together and find ways of allowing everyone to contribute.” “It's great, especially when working with people you trust and enjoy being around.”One student response noted the organizational/logistical importance of group work and howto improve its effectiveness: “I learned that it is very important to document your work such that others can build upon your work.”Beyond an increase in group dynamics and interpersonal proficiency, the
Conference Session
Energy Conversion and Conservation Division Technical Session 1: Mechanical and CAD Track
Collection
2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access
Authors
Leah Hope Sirkis, University of Pittsburgh; Tony Lee Kerzmann, University of Pittsburgh
Tagged Divisions
Energy Conversion and Conservation
also gained experience in the full cycle of a research project, from conducting aliterature search to writing a conference submission. By working with her mentor through eachstep in the research process, the student gained confidence in her abilities to be successful inresearch. With minimal previous research experience, the student was initially reluctant tocommit to the rigors of graduate school research for fear of failure, despite having interest inresearch. This project’s success encouraged the student to choose a research-based master’sdegree program and provided the confidence necessary to pursue her interests.The OTEC project provided a unique opportunity for the student to explore and reflect on herinterests. A list of potential
Conference Session
Environmental Engineering Division Technical Session 3
Collection
2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Annalisa Onnis-Hayden , Northeastern University; Carolina Beatriz Venegas-Martinez, Northeastern University; Marissa P. Dreyer, Northeastern University
Tagged Divisions
Environmental Engineering
), removal of emerging contaminants in wastewater, mi- crobial ecology in engineered systems, as well as treatment for water reuse and nutrient recovery. She is the coordinator of the BEST program, initiated to offer opportunities and attract undergraduate and multi- disciplinary students to participate in research and/or learn new applications of molecular biotechnology for environmental engineering.Dr. Carolina Beatriz Venegas-Martinez, Northeastern University PhD in Environmental Engineering with 14 years of experience in the water & wastewater treatment field, including 5+ years of experience teaching courses related to water quality, water/wastewater treat- ment, and water resources/environmental management
Conference Session
Information Literacy in First-year Courses and Co-curricular Experiences
Collection
2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access
Authors
Shelby J. Hallman, North Carolina State University; Bertha P. Chang, North Carolina State University
Tagged Divisions
Engineering Libraries
librarians to engage in dialogue with engineering departments aboutways to support their junior researchers. An initial round of meetings with department headsand/or directors of undergraduate programs in several academic departments took place in thesummer of 2016 to learn how undergraduate research was handled in these different departmentsand to uncover any specific needs or concerns around information literacy and research skillssupport. One key initial finding was learning that undergraduate research was fairlydecentralized, not only at the College level, but also within each department; initiatingparticipation in research tended to take place at the individual level, e.g., students cold-callingfaculty members for research opportunities, or
Conference Session
Developments in Chem Engineering Education Poster Session
Collection
2005 Annual Conference
Authors
Joseph Holles
expectations for graduate school. “Proceedings of the 2005 American Society for Engineering Education Annual Conference & Exposition Copyright © 2005, American Society for Engineering Education” In addition, our department had observed over a number of years that graduate studentsdid not have the necessary skills to give a proper professional presentation. Clearly, the ability togive professional presentations is a necessity for graduate school (e.g., research grouppresentations, thesis proposals, regional and national meetings, final thesis defense). In addition,as future members of the work force with advanced degrees, these students will be expected togive professional presentations in their jobs. The initial