Conference Session

Multidisciplinary Learning and Teaching Experiences

Collection

2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Brett Hamlin, Michigan Technological University; AJ Hamlin, Michigan Technological University; Tori Claudette Reeder; Josh Chase, Michigan Technological University; Mary Raber, Michigan Technological University; Laura Vidal-Chiesa, Michigan Technological University; Modupe Omolara Yusuf, Michigan Technological University; Abraham Romney, Michigan Technological University; Marika Seigel, Michigan Technological University

Tagged Divisions

Multidisciplinary Engineering

) andwriting in the disciplines (WID) have argued for the further development of “interdisciplinarylearning communities,” in which student cohorts enroll in two or more classes simultaneously[9]. Learning community participation has been linked with increased student engagement and,as a result, with increased “educational gains,” such analytical thinking, adaptability to newsocial and professional contexts, and the ability to connect and see relationships between ideas[10, pp. 188, 192].Michigan Tech’s First-year engineering students often fail to see the immediate importance oftheir composition course and how it relates to their future careers as engineers. In fall 2020, weembarked on a mission to better connect students with interdisciplinary first

Conference Session

Track 3 - Session II - Faculty Development

Collection

2013 ASEE International Forum

Authors

Richard F. Vaz, Worcester Polytechnic Institute

Tagged Topics

Faculty Development

-campus project advisors workclosely with student teams on matters such as research and writing strategies, navigating teamdynamics challenges, working in professional settings, and cross-cultural engagement. Advisorsalso assume important non-academic roles, including attending to health, safety, and riskmanagement issues, housing and transportation logistics, and support for students experiencingemotional and/or behavioral difficulties. To prepare faculty for these challenges and supportthem during the off-campus sojourn, WPI uses a strategy combining mentoring, training, on-lineresources, and support networks3,4.Given the importance of how faculty members spend their time, it is worth asking how off-campus advising impacts professional

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Oenardi Lawanto, Utah State University; Wade Goodridge, Utah State University; Assad Iqbal, Utah State University

them to begin Phase 2 with some educational researchfoundation already established.The results of the project evaluation show that the program has made a positive impact onincreasing education research skills and communication skills of the participating REU students.The participating REU students reported that the research projects they worked on increasedtheir motivation and confidence for continuing to engage in engineering education research. Fourparticipants (i.e., 36.4% of the total participants) suggested that, if available, they would preferface-to-face over a virtual REU program. Another four participants (i.e., 36.4%) felt that bothface-to-face and virtual would offer the same quality of research experiences, and 3 participants(i.e

Collection

2008 ASEE Zone 1 Conference

Authors

B.M. Wright; C.W. Swan; D.M. Matson

in the highlands of northern Ecuador with student teams responsible forevaluating local conditions, providing education to local stakeholders, and assessing the impact of theproject on both the community and the team members involved in the project. Communication of surveyresults helped the village to identify municipal project priorities that would unify the community. Thissocial process, initiated by the student visit, resulted in successful attainment of a grant to construct awater filtration facility for the community based on the water quality sampling test results and on a pilot-scale technology demonstration of slow sand filtration.IntroductionThe Tufts University chapter of Engineers-Without-Borders (EWB)1-3 was founded with two

Conference Session

ET Curriculum and Programs I

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Jikai Du, SUNY College at Buffalo

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

a two-year program that was initiated for 2018-2020. Themission of the MEP is “By enlisting Master Educators as agents of change, our ultimate goal isto organically grow an extraordinary culture within the School of the Professions for both facultyand students.” Through the MEP, every major in the School of the Professions will be providedwith a transformative educational experience that inculcates and inoculates them with 21stcentury skills. The key insights of the MEP are:  Faculty desire a transformational experience (engage and recognize)  Aspirations for a strong culture & community  Two target audiences…early career and mid-career  Impact on students (i.e., engage & prepare)  Deeper understanding of

Collection

Middle Atlantic ASEE Section Spring 2021 Conference

Authors

Suzanne Keilson, Loyola University Maryland

engineeringeducation. There is the pioneering example of engineering projects in community service(EPICS) which comes from Purdue University [1]. EPICS programs aimed to provide theircommunity with technical expertise that they might not have themselves or have access to. Thisallows the community organization an opportunity to achieve some of their goals. On the otherside, the service-learning experience can expand and broaden the experience and thinking ofstudents, in this case, undergraduate engineering students. This author’s own understanding ofan ideal for service learning is that it meets the learning aims of a course and the students in thatcourse by allowing them to engage their learning in ‘real life’ and thereby a more complex andnuanced environment

Conference Session

Curricular Developments in Energy Education

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kenneth Van Treuren, Baylor University; Ian Gravagne, Baylor University

Tagged Divisions

Energy Conversion and Conservation

research project.Energy ResearchThis semester led student research teams to investigate a thesis/hypothesis that was developedthroughout the previous three seminars. The desire for these projects was to examine the BaylorUniversity campus as an energy laboratory. Students researched topics that could be of Page 15.379.4significant impact to energy consumption/production and energy economics on campus and inthe community. The research theme supported an exciting and independent activity. Studentsself-selected research areas, with aspects of proposal writing, speaking and presenting, andindependent research all tied together in the projects. The

Conference Session

First-Year Design Experiences

Collection

2005 Annual Conference

Authors

Benjamin Kidd; P. Paxton Marshall

necessary forengineering practice.Engineering graduates must now also d) be able to function on multidisciplinary teams, f) understand "professional and ethical responsibility", g) "communicate effectively", i) "engage in life-long learning", j) have "a knowledge of contemporary issues", and h) have "the broad education necessary to understand the impact of engineeringsolutions in a global and societal context." The School of Engineering and Applied Science at the University of Virginiahas a long history of emphasis on these “contextual” outcomes as exemplified by ourDepartment of Science, Technology, and Society, and an undergraduate thesis required ofall students. The Engineering in Context

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Donald W. Mueller Jr. P.E., Purdue University, Fort Wayne; Josue Njock Libii, Purdue University, Fort Wayne; Donna Dea Holland, Purdue University, Fort Wayne; Omonowo David Momoh, Purdue University, Fort Wayne; Peter A Ng, Purdue University, Fort Wayne; Reynaldo Pablo; Suleiman A. Ashur, Purdue University, Fort Wayne

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees Poster Session

student receives financial aid, commutes, attends full time(at least when starting), and works. In addition, typical students report not being well connectedwith faculty, mentors, or student study groups. And, despite most students receiving financial aid,many still have financial difficulties. Data from grant-funded students [5] and institutional research[4] is also presented to complement the college-wide survey data.Based on these findings, three tools to enhance student success were created, designed by a facultylearning community: 1. Success Assessment Tool – a Qualtrics-based risk assessment as meansfor self-evaluation of barriers (academic, time, or financial) to success and collaborative evaluationof students’ status and needs with their

Conference Session

First-Year Programs Division (FPD) Technical Session 4: Fostering Belonging - Identity, Self-Efficacy, and Retention

Collection

2025 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Brian Patrick O'Connell, Northeastern University; Kathryn Schulte Grahame, Northeastern University; Richard Whalen, Northeastern University; Constantine Mukasa, Northeastern University; Susan F Freeman, Northeastern University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs Division (FPD)

performance show thatfrequent assessments encourage students to reflect on their engagement levels and take proactive steps toimprove participation in upper-level engineering design courses [12].Transparency ensures that all team members have access to necessary information and that expectationsremain clear. Research highlights the importance of openness in decision-making to preventmisunderstandings and promote trust among team members [7]. Transparent communication isparticularly critical in collaborative learning environments, where clarity regarding roles andresponsibilities improves workflow efficiency. Peer evaluation frameworks provide an opportunity forstructured transparency, allowing students to explicitly document their contributions and

Conference Session

Innovative Course Structures and Learning Environments

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Neda Melanie Bassir Kazeruni, Columbia University; Henry Hess, Columbia University

Tagged Divisions

Biomedical Engineering

studentparticipation, and the impacts those activities had on the traditional lecture sessions. 2. Introduction In the past two decades, the extensive research on teaching methods has provided an increasingamount of insight in the most effective active teaching and learning processes1,2. The outcomes ofdifferent studies vary, but a major consensus is that active learning works3: at worst, active learningdoesn’t harm students’ outcomes; at best, it doubles students’ retention4. Consequently, activelearning was incorporated in fields such as STEM,5,6 history and political sciences,7 and business8.Each field, however, focused on different active elements: business school courses are traditionallyknown as mostly case-study based, while engineering courses

Conference Session

Approaches to K -12 Engineering

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Leslie Wilkins, Maui Economic Development Board

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

keyresources in meeting these challenges.This paper presents survey results and anecdotal evidence from the seven year history of WIT’ssignature event: Tech Careers “I Am The Future.” It explains how this event was revised andimproved to become an anchor for STEM career influence and outreach efforts to Maui Countyhigh school students and beyond. Hundreds of students and teachers have participated in theprogram that is now an annual event for the companies in the Maui Research and TechnologyPark (Park) and the U.S. Air Force.The program model offers students a chance to hear presentations from host companies at thePark. The companies are prepped in advance with hands-on engineering activities to engage thestudents. Students then hear from a panel of

Conference Session

Computers in Education Division (COED) Track 3.E

Collection

2025 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ella Kokinda, Clemson University; D. Matthew Boyer, Clemson University; Paige Rodeghero, Clemson University

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education Division (COED)

-regulate while programming was an increase in finding motivation to program.Communication questions focused on the perceived ability to explain what a student is currentlyworking on, listening to others, and asking programming questions. Perceived communicationabilities pre-semester averaged 19.67 out of 25 points, and post-semester averaged 20.00 pointsout of 25 total. Paired sample t-test group results indicate no significant mean increase, t(5) =-0.27, p = 0.40, BH corrected p = 0.40. The largest change in perceived communication abilitieswas an increase in ability to explain what a student was currently working on.Finally, self-views on live streaming questions focused on students’ perceived enjoyment of livestreaming and the impacts that live

Conference Session

Freshman Experience in Engineering Technology

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Janet Meyer, Indiana University-Purdue University, Indianapolis; Stephen Hundley, Indiana University-Purdue University, Indianapolis; H. Oner Yurtseven, Indiana University-Purdue University, Indianapolis

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

who can see connections in seeminglydisparate information and draw on a wide range of knowledge to make decisions” has never beengreater2. AAC&U’s Greater Expectations report argues that universities have a responsibility tohelp students become integrative thinkers who can “adapt the skills learned inone situation to problems encountered in another”2. Another recent study of mathematicaland verbal literacy found that levels of these were significantly higher among studentswho said that their coursework emphasized applying theories or concepts to practical problems3.Learning Communities in Engineering and TechnologyEngineering and technology students, in many instances, lack the fundamentals necessary tosucceed in upper-division courses

Conference Session

Engineering Inclusivity: Challenging Disparities and Cultivating Resilience in Education

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Brian Dick, Vancouver Island University; Kodi Rivera, Simon Fraser University; Michael Sjoerdsma, Simon Fraser University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Culture & Social Justice in Education Division (EQUITY), Equity

of engineering studies at rural and urbancolleges and TIUs before transferring to one of the eight engineering schools4 in the province tocomplete their degrees. Differences between the receiving requirements of the engineering schoolshas traditionally impacted the ability of colleges and TIUs to offer engineering specific courses, andhence limit the access to engineering studies for potential students in their regions. Recently,conversations within the sector led to the development of a common first year engineering curriculum(CFYEC) that aligned the receiving requirements for all engineering schools in British Columbia [6].The CFYEC project was developed with the goals to: • clarify the transfer process for sending and receiving

Conference Session

Construction 2: Teaching Using Projects, Case Studies, and Service Learning

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Robert B. Austin, Bowling Green State University

Tagged Divisions

Construction

University (BGSU) is among the top universities and colleges in the UnitedStates for student engagement, according to rankings by the Wall Street Journal and TimesHigher Education (Belkin, 2016). A recent internal review in the BGSU ConstructionManagement program indicated that student engagement did not quite meet BGSU’s highstandards. In 2006, the Bowling Green State University (BGSU) Construction Managementprogram began participating in the American Institute of Constructors’ (AIC) skills testing,which provides objective assessments of students’ construction management skill sets. Over thelast ten years, BGSU students’ performance on the AIC examination has been erratic, rangingfrom near to below national averages. In recent years (2013- 2016

Conference Session

Materials Division Technical Session 3

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Kaitlin Tyler, ANSYS Inc.; Claes Fredriksson, ANSYS Granta; Hannah Melia, ANSYS Inc.

Tagged Divisions

Materials

resource support for the materials education community will be shared.BackgroundLecture: A Higher Education TraditionLectures are a firm fixture within higher education teaching styles. That was often how currentlecturers were taught, and many professors feel that this traditional method is what they shouldbe using today. The key to a good lecture is the lecturer themselves; by engaging with theaudience, a lecture can provide specifically tailored information for the course to a hall full ofstudents [4]. While good lectures can inspire students, bad lectures can leave a lasting negativeimpression. This teaching style often relies on the idea that a student’s mind is like a sponge—capable of simply absorbing knowledge provided to it. But our

Conference Session

Teamwork & Assessment in the Classroom

Collection

2003 Annual Conference

Authors

James Newell

by including criteria such as“engages in lifelong learning,” “understands the impact that engineering has on society,” and“communicates effectively” in their assessment of engineering programs [3]. Besterfield-Sacre etal. observe that students’ attitudes about engineering and their abilities change throughout theireducation and influence motivation, self-confidence, perception of engineering, performance, andretention [4]. The same group also found that attitudes toward engineering directly related toretention during the freshman year [5]. Seymour and Hewitt [6] examined students who leftengineering programs and found that they were not academically different than their peers whocontinued in the program and that their retention was better

Collection

2000 Annual Conference

Authors

Richard L Canale; Ellen J Duwart; Cheryl Cates

apply knowledge of mathematics, science, and engineeringb) An ability to design and conduct experiments, as well as to analyze and interpret datac) An ability to design a system, component, or process to meet desired needsd) An ability to function on multi-disciplinary teamse) An ability to identify, formulate and solve engineering problemsf) An understanding of professional and ethical responsibilityg) An ability to communicate effectivelyh) The broad education necessary to understand the impact of engineering solutions in a global and societal contexti) A recognition for the need for, and ability to engage in life-long learningj) A knowledge of contemporary issuesk) The ability to use the techniques, skills, and modern engineering tools

Conference Session

Mechanics Division (MECHS) Technical Session 2

Collection

2025 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Phillip Cornwell, U.S. Air Force Academy; Ryan Carr, U.S. Air Force Academy; Brian P. Self, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo

Tagged Divisions

Mechanics Division (MECHS)

twosemesters of implementation, feedback highlighted the portfolio’s value as a tool for keepingcourse materials organized, encouraging pre-class preparation, and improving the documentationof problem-solving processes. We found benefits in the portfolio assignment whether or not weused McGraw-Hill Connect for assigning and grading the homework.Notably, the portfolio's effectiveness in motivating students to engage with pre-class videos andmaintain comprehensive notes underscores its utility in supporting the flipped classroom model.The observed improvement in communication skills, particularly in the Fall 2024 semester,suggests that iterative refinement of the assignment can enhance its impact. At the same time,challenges such as submission logistics

Conference Session

Emerging Trends in Engineering Education Poster Session

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Donna Riley, Smith College; Lionel Claris, Smith College; Nora Paul-Schultz, Smith College; Ida Ngambeki, Smith College

process-oriented approach to assessment forliberative pedagogies, one that is grounded in the classroom and integrated with student efforts tobecome intentional learners.Liberative pedagogies are radically student-centered approaches to learning, which develop instudents the capacity for critical thinking and reflective action (praxis). The ultimate goal ofthese pedagogies is liberation, of the students first through ending oppressive education systems,but ultimately society through the reflective action of students. Liberative pedagogies is aninclusive term, incorporating elements of critical/radical pedagogy of Paulo Freire1 and others,elements of feminist and critical race pedagogies, and the engaged pedagogy described byhooks2 that weaves

Collection

2023 ASEE Midwest Section Conference

Authors

Adam C. Lynch; Amber Williams

Active Learning technique,specifically within the framework of PBL in the context of Integrated Projects. We aim toexplore the benefits and challenges experienced by students, the impact on knowledge retentionand transferability, and the overall efficacy of this approach in cultivating well-roundedengineering professionals. Moreover, the Integrated Projects initiative strives to instill anEntrepreneurial Mindset (EM) developed by the Kern Engineering Education Network (KEEN).Through rigorous analysis and evaluation, we seek to contribute valuable insights to the realm ofengineering education and facilitate continuous improvement in pedagogical practices.1.2 Literature Review1.2.1 Epistemological Foundations - KEEN Entrepreneurial

Conference Session

Emerging Issues in Engineering Education Research and Pedagogy

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Maura Borrego, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; Lynita Newswander, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

byclassroom discussions or lab experience alone. We used literature from the Carnegie Initiativeon the Doctorate and theory of Communities of Practice to frame our study of aninterdisciplinary engineering journal club. Systematic analysis of qualitative field notes andtranscripts reveals that these benefits are indeed transferable to engineering and that journal clubsserve purposes which may not be met by other aspects of graduate education.I. IntroductionGraduate education in engineering aims to prepare the student for professional and/or academiclife through experiential research and critical engagement in the classroom. As the demand forengineers trained to work in ill-structured environments increases, traditional pedagogicalmethods need to be

Conference Session

Computers in Education Division (COED) Poster Session (Track 1.A)

Collection

2025 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

MALEK EL KOUZI, Queen's University; Haley Clark, Queen's University; Richard Reeve, Queen's University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education Division (COED)

significantly com- municative milestones based on phases of language development, language acquisition, and reading comprehension skills [2,3]. Although speech delays are commonly rooted in neuronormative presumptions [4], speech delays can have long-term impacts on children [5, 6]. Some children experience a lack of well-being, lack social skills, and struggle to develop meaningful relationships [5]. With the large importance of supporting students in interactive and engaging manners and the rise of expansive technology, AR An- iMotion leverages advanced AR and artificial intelligence (AI) technologies to create an engaging, immersive learning environment for children. Augmented reality, or AR, is a technology app that relates digital

Conference Session

Design in Engineering Education Division Poster Session

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mary Carpenter Ed.D., CCD - Custom Curriculum Design; Logan Edward Micher, Florida Polytechnic University; Chris Yakymyshyn; Jorge Vargas, Florida Polytechnic University; Christina Drake, Florida Polytechnic University

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

tracking device, water transport and filtration device, educational toy or exhibit) had anegative impact on student interest in the engineering program. Another important considerationis the need to keep the attention of students from different engineering concentrations, as well as(in our case) a significant population of students enrolled in the College of Information &Technology. The latter group of students may have minimal interest or curiosity regardingengineering, and represent a challenge to win over their engagement in the class.There needs to be a balance between narrowing the scope of the assigned problem sufficiently toavoid students being unable to find a way forward, but having a sufficiently open-ended naturethat it reflects a

Conference Session

Capstone and Design Projects

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mohammad Moin Uddin, East Tennessee State University; Keith V. Johnson, East Tennessee State University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

constraints such as desirability,affordability, language, safety etc. pose as major barriers for most students to participate in suchprograms.International student groups bring significant cultural diversity on a university campus. In2012/13, an estimated 819,644 international students studied in US with 19% (2nd highest)enrolled in various engineering and technology programs17. International students andassociations promote awareness of cultural diversity and global understanding within theuniversity and the broader community. Engaging local students with these diverse groups ofinternational students through activities, group projects, and discussions can be an effective wayof exposing students to learn cultural diversity, practices, ethics, and

Conference Session

Mechanical Engineering Division Technical Session 7

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Robert J. Rabb P.E., The Citadel; Ronald W. Welch P.E., The Citadel; William J. Davis P.E., The Citadel; Deirdre D. Ragan, The Citadel; Jason Geathers, The Citadel

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

subjects that require long hours of study to be successful. The current students tend towithdraw from courses at higher rates creating delays in completing their scheduled plan of studyand leading many to change majors or take a longer time to graduate.The School of Engineering began to address these issues through a number of programspresented in the next section. However, student feedback from one program, supplementalinstruction (SI), highlighted that they want more opportunities for tutoring and especially peermentoring. Therefore, a STEM lab was developed for tutoring nightly for freshman andsophomore subjects, and monthly freshman events were developed to build community throughlively and engaging activities, speakers, and speed mentoring

Conference Session

Understanding Concealable Stigmatized Identities (Equity, Culture & Social Justice in Education Division ECSJ Technical Session 10)

Collection

2025 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Cole Thompson, Purdue University at West Lafayette (COE); Stephanie Masta, Purdue University at West Lafayette (PPI)

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Culture & Social Justice in Education Division (EQUITY), Equity

engineering education researchers, want to better understand the experiences ofTNBGNC students, validate their identities, and support their pursuit of engineering degrees, wemust understand the traditional pitfalls of research with the trans community and the ways bywhich trans scholars suggest we move forward. Trans studies as a field was created to fosterdiscourse within the trans community regarding the sociopolitical and cultural dimensions ofgender and identity and provides tools to critically examine systemic inequalities andepistemological biases. By engaging with these tools, we can interrogate the structural barriersthat TNBGNC students face in STEM education and develop research practices that prioritizetheir voices and lived experiences

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Catherine Mcgough Spence, Minnesota State University, Mankato; Emilie A. Siverling, Minnesota State University, Mankato; Michelle Soledad, Virginia Tech

Tagged Topics

Diversity, NSF Grantees Poster Session

quantitative description of students’ community and belonging at IRE.1.1 Iron Range EngineeringIRE students complete lower-division coursework at community colleges around the nation [1]. Thenstudents join IRE for one semester on campus for preparation focused on developing students’professional, design, and technical skills. After this first semester, students earn their degree whileworking in a co-op and earning an engineering salary (average $21.5k per semester). Students remain fulltime students through the co-op based learning format by taking 1-credit hour technical competencies anddesign, seminar, and professionalism coursework, and earn course credit for coursework related to theirvaluable co-op experience by applying and further developing

Conference Session

GIFTS II

Collection

FYEE 2025 Conference

Authors

Ryan McAfee Grudell, Ohio Northern University; Mark Mintzlaff, Ohio Northern University; Ethan Berei, Ohio Northern University; Grace Lawson, Ohio Northern University

Tagged Topics

Diversity, FYEE 2025

complete given tasks, and ability tonavigate the device without significant instruction from their educator. Prior and post-test evaluationscould be made, specifically any improvement in quick math skills before and after learning on the device.Future WorkIn the future, several enhancements can be made to improve the educational impact and functionality ofMath Quest. One area of further development is the integration of a color display. Adding additionalgraphical aspects would help boost student engagement through visually appealing and interactivecontent. For example, images could be used to create more immersive math problems, such as countingobjects in a scene (e.g., apples, carrots, and soccer balls). These make concepts more concrete