Conference Session

First-Year Design Experiences

Collection

2005 Annual Conference

Authors

S. Scott Moor

EngineeringDesign course.Web ResourcesThere are a large number of simple sites on the World Wide Web that include basic informationon making wind chimes. I refer students to Brian Suits’ web site, from Michigan TechnologicalUniversity, for a quick overview of building and understanding wind chimes.10 Page 10.540.2 Proceedings of the 2005 American Society for Engineering Education Annual Conference & Exposition Copyright © 2005, American Society for Engineering EducationThe Chuck’s Chimes website, which one of my students located, reviews the basic theory ofwind chimes plus a discussion of finding an ideal length for a tube

Conference Session

Capstone & Educational Resource Developments

Collection

2005 Annual Conference

Authors

Donald Peter

- RF signalingwould happen in reverse. - Addressing Getting the original communication translation was a - 20m rangeformidable task. The protocol of the RCX’s IR port is quitecomplicated and undocumented. It was understood only afterlong hours in front of an oscilloscope. Once the message was PIC Translation Boardtranslated, it still had to make it through the noise of randomRF signals that were constantly being picked up. To solve this - IR signalingproblem, every message sent has a 3-byte header that thereceiving PIC searches for to decide it has a real message and

Conference Session

Novel Upper-Level Materials Curricula

Collection

2004 Annual Conference

Authors

Rajiv Asthana; Richard Rothaupt; Danny Bee

. It reinforced some ideas and principles that had been presented in class. It allowed for out of class research that normally would have been bypassed and real world experience with the reality of team of individuals following a timeline’. • ‘In our estimation, PM is an effective way to control essential factors in parts, such as density and porosity, by simply manipulating a few variables like material used, pressure, temperature and time’.Several suggestions to improve the lab activity also emerged. These included: • ‘have one group member do all the compacting to achieve a more uniform density plot…each person in one group would press consistent densities, but there was variation

Conference Session

Engineering Education Research

Collection

2004 Annual Conference

Authors

Kimberly Barron; Sang Ha Lee; John Wise; Robert Pangborn; Thomas Litzinger

following the completion of their undergraduate education.This instrument was originally distributed in paper form, but was converted to an online versionin 2001, which is now administered via the World Wide Web.2The new expectations regarding formative assessment for engineering program accreditationserved as an additional driver for a change in approach. It simply made sense to reformulate thesurveys so that measures would result that could be used to effect change. The challenge was todesign the new instruments so that the value of comparison with the results of previous surveyswas not lost, while introducing the new content in a way that would not make for a time-consuming and ultimately off-putting format.The most likely candidate for piloting

Conference Session

Potpourri Design

Collection

2003 Annual Conference

Authors

Barry Lineberger; Larry Stikeleather

methods andapproaches a real world engineer would use to try and answer some of these basic design issues.Specifically, we wanted to exercise modern engineering tools for design and manufacturing andconduct a designed experiment to reach conclusions about the influence of the amount of massand the mass location upon PWD car performance. BAE202 students were asked to design, construct, and test a gravity propelled modelracecar with basic specifications similar to those stipulated by the Boy Scouts of America in theirannual Pinewood Derby competition. 2 Students were required to: a) develop a design package by first creating 3D solid CAD models of the car body, the wheels and axles, and the auxiliary masses to be added as

Collection

2001 Annual Conference

Authors

Jerome Lavelle; Peter Shull; Heather Nachtmann; Joseph Hartman; Robert Martinazzi; Kim Needy

items chosen to put in the knapsack such that the sum of their sizes is lessthan or equal to the capacity of the knapsack. The integer knapsack allows multiple, identicalitems to be placed in the knapsack.2.1 Model DevelopmentIn this application, the knapsack is the syllabus and the items to be placed in the knapsack arecourse topics. A topic can be put in the knapsack more than once, representing more than onecontact hour in the classroom or learning environment. The value of a topic is dependent on theinput problem parameters. That is, the given demographics of a curriculum, course, educator andstudent body will define the value of having a given topic in the course syllabus.Mathematically, the model may be written as follows:max

Conference Session

ASEE Multimedia Session

Collection

2002 Annual Conference

Authors

Jasper L Steyn; Tobia Steyn

being a major form of interaction between facilitators and students. Clear instructional guidelines are also given. Nevertheless, students are not flooded with technical (language) issues nor are they spoon-fed. Page 7.144.11 Proceedings of the 2002 American Society for Engineering Education Annual Confere nce & Exposition Copyright © 2002, American Society for Engineering Education· Technology as a tool. Students enrolled for the support course do not have proficiency in the use of a word processor and application software for compiling scientific reports presumed for all engineering students at the

Conference Session

Writing and Portfolios

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jennifer Turns, University of Washington; Kejun Xu, University of Washington; Matt Eliot, University of Washington

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

artifact, and second by relating this concept or phenomenonwith larger constructs, such as values or norms in “real world” engineering practice.In the following annotation, the participant begins with general statements about the value andutility of teamwork in engineering practice. Going from the general to the specific, theparticipant then describes a key element of teamwork – coordination between sub-teams – andthe positive impact it had for the course group project. TEAMWORK: ANNOTATION 2 A very important aspect of engineering is teamwork. Very rarely does an engineer work alone on a project. Instead, engineers must work and rely on each other to complete a project. This aspect of engineering was taught to us during the [course

Conference Session

Engineering Collaboration: Faculty and Student Involvement in K-12 Programs

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Elizabeth Eschenbach, Humboldt State University; Mary Virnoche, Humboldt State University; Lonny Grafman, Humboldt State University; Forrest Stamper, Hoopa Valley High School; Laura Atkins, Humboldt State University; Rebecca Raymond, Humboldt State University; Katie Mills, Humboldt State University

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

the University of Colorado at Boulder: her early work there addressed concerns about the digital divide.Lonny Grafman, Humboldt State University Lonny Grafman is an Instructor of Environmental Resources Engineering and Appropriate Technology at Humboldt State University; the co-founder and instructor in a full immersion, Spanish language and appropriate technology summer program in Parras, Mexico; and the executive editor of the International Journal for Service Learning in Engineering. In addition, he is the President of the Appropedia Foundation, sharing knowledge to build rich, sustainable lives. Lonny seeks ways to increase knowledge of the world through exposure and synthesis

Conference Session

Minorities in Engineering Division Technical Session 8

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Bruk T. Berhane, University of Maryland, College Park; Felicia James Onuma; Stephen Secules, University of Maryland, College Park

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Minorities in Engineering

classes that they took, Titan felt a sense ofpressure to perform well. This pressure even differed from the enthralled sense that Carter hadonce he began to see real-world connections in his courses. That is, while Carter was motivatedby his own scientific inquiries, Titan was motivated by a compulsion to perform well in hisexaminations: Well, the final exam that I took in high school was through the British, Cambridge, and basically you had to study really hard, really to pass. And then I think you don’t want to waste money if you fail, some parents would be like, ‘You basically wasted money for no reason’ and they’ll always use you as a scapegoat in the family and then they’re like, ‘So basically you and such went

Conference Session

Engineering Ethics Division Technical Session 2

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kirsten S Hochstedt, Penn State University; Sarah E Zappe, Pennsylvania State University, University Park; Thomas A. Litzinger, Pennsylvania State University, University Park; Tricia Bertram Gallant, University of California, San Diego; Robert G. Melton, Pennsylvania State University, University Park; Shiyu Liu, Pennsylvania State University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Ethics

Page 26.1542.11needed for future career appeared much more frequently in the post-assessment responses. Thefew pre-assessment responses that discussed these issues were not qualitatively different fromthe related post-assessment responses, and therefore will not be considered separately here.Example pre- and post-assessment student responses that concerned public safety/being qualifiedin engineering and future career include:  It is not only important to yourself, but the world. If two pilots took a test and one passed because [they] cheat[ed] off the other, they would then be able to receive their license without knowing the proper materials and therefore could be a danger to society.  Academic integrity and integrity

Conference Session

Global and Intercultural Competency

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Maria Claudia Alves , Texas A&M University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

International

King and BaxterMagolda (2005), theory development on multicultural competence has been limited by heavyreliance on the assessment of attitudes as a proxy for competence [12]. Below I present some ofthe terminologies and frameworks being used today in this filed including the one chosen as theframework for this study – Intercultural Maturity.Global CompetencyOlson and Kroeger (2001) define a globally competent person the one who has enoughsubstantive knowledge, perceptual understanding, and intercultural communication skill toeffectively interact in our globally interdependent world [13]. According to Lohmann, Rollinsand Hoey (2006), basic global competence is the product of both education and experience. Forthem, a global competency includes

Conference Session

Fulfilling the CE BOK2 - Case Studies

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

George List, North Carolina State University

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

 the topic are completed by the students.  Lecture time devoted to the topic is,  perhaps,  three  to  four  weeks  or  more.    The  point  value  on  student  work  products  is  substantial,  perhaps  50%  or  more  on  each  assignment.    As  a  result,  students  have  an  “application  knowledge”  or  an  “understanding.”   Students  are  deemed  to  be  reasonably  “proficient” as a result of a major contribution. A  numerical  scheme  is  used  to  transform  these  qualitative  categorizations  into  quantitative ratings:  1  for  minor,  2  for  moderate,  and  4  for  major.  The  relative  contributions  of  various courses to the (a)­(k) outcomes in this regard are shown in Table 1. Table 2 shows the

Conference Session

Best Paper, Best Diversity Paper

Collection

2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Maija A Benitz, Roger Williams University

Tagged Divisions

Ocean and Marine

communityengagement projects, have gained popularity for their documented ability to improvecommunication and collaboration skills, while challenging the students to apply their engineeringknowledge in a real-world setting [6], [7], [8], [9]. While the ability to travel for inter-universitydesign competitions and meet face-to-face with community partners are challenged by thecurrent pandemic, creative measures are being employed such as virtual competitions and onlinecollaboration.Inside the classroom, the same challenges exist to implementing successful experiential learningactivities, especially when those classrooms are remote or hybrid. Project-based learning (PBL)is frequently employed in first-year survey courses as well as senior capstone courses, for

Conference Session

First-Year Programs: Wednesday Potpourri

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Natasha Perova-Mello, Oregon State University; Sean P. Brophy, Purdue University, West Lafayette (College of Engineering)

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

order to the process. The goal of our pedagogical approach in engineering education is to help apprentice the students into the ways of managing their workflow using basic tools likes the suite of online applications like Google Docs and the wide range of plug-ins developed by third parties. In industry they may use systems that are more structured and comprehensive because they are needed to support very large complex projects that involve multidisciplinary teams working on the project (e.g. engineering design, manufacturing, finance, marketing etc.). The collaborative software learning criteria framework developed by Stahl (2004) provided useful definitions of affordances for social awareness, knowledge building and knowledge management that

Conference Session

Literature and Research Perspectives on Engineering Leadership Development

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Cindy Rottmann, University of Toronto; Doug Reeve P.Eng., University of Toronto; Mike Klassen, University of Toronto; Serhiy Kovalchuk, University of Toronto; Qin Liu, University of Toronto; Alison Olechowski, University of Toronto; Madeleine Santia

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Leadership Development

—institutions that are not specifically set upto teach them.Our final conceptual tension is rooted in Cech’s [9] research on social justice in engineeringcontexts. In particular, we ask whether engineering leadership researchers treat diversity as anadditional topic or as a pre-existing, constitutive aspect of all social phenomena—includingleadership. We have included this tension because our institute is dedicated to helping engineerslead change by building a better world, and more specifically because many of the articlesselected by our reading group explicitly address diversity, inclusion or social justice. Together,these four conceptual tensions drawn from leadership, social action, situated learning and socialjustice theories allow us to gain

Conference Session

First-Year Programs Division: Best of FPD

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Shabnam Wahed, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; Nicole P. Pitterson, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs Division (FYP)

go into design. So really thinking about stakeholders and how that has a real impact on your design.During the direct classroom observation, the topic was scoping the project which involvedevaluating each team member's alternative using their team's criteria. Student engagement wasmostly between low (35%) and medium (43%) for most of the time of the class (See AppendixE). Joey’s experience of teaching SolidWorks multiple times has allowed him to develop tacticsto teach the subject effectively, despite the students' struggles: The concrete ones are actually very easy to teach. Now I've done it a couple of times. So like I can teach SolidWorks. The students sometimes struggle with it but it's like the same questions

Conference Session

Faculty Development Division (FDD) Technical Session 7

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ashley R Taylor, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; Josh Iorio; Kelly Scarff, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; Angelo Biviano, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; Christine Burgoyne, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; Caroline Finlay Branscome, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; Kathleen Carper, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; Sara L Arena, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University

Tagged Divisions

Faculty Development Division (FDD)

Paper ID #43908Learning from Experience: A Faculty-Led Collaborative Inquiry ExploringEvidence-Based Strategies for Embedding Communication Skills Across EngineeringCurriculaDr. Ashley R Taylor, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University Dr. Ashley Taylor (she/her) is a Collegiate Assistant Professor in the Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics at Virginia Tech. Her teaching and research focus on mobilizing engineering students to solve pressing real-world challenges through community-based participatory approaches. Taylor has partnered alongside communities in rural Appalachia, Nigeria, Malawi, Tanzania

Conference Session

Digital Technologies and Learning

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Debra Gilbuena, Oregon State University; Ben Uriel Sherrett, Oregon State University; Milo Koretsky, Oregon State University

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

performanceand desired performance. Feedback in the academic world takes many forms, from interaction inthe classroom to interaction during office hours with a teaching assistant or a professor.According to a meta-analysis by Hattie and Timperely, the effect size of feedback is among thetop of all educational factors, weighted heavier than such factors as student’s prior cognitiveability, socio economic status, and reduction in class size.1 They describe feedback as a processwhere teachers identify specific learning goals, help student ascertain where they are relative toreaching those goals, and then assist students in moving their progress forward. Feedback inside

Conference Session

Tools of the Trade

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Robert Niewoehner, U.S. Naval Academy; Craig Steidle, US Naval Academy; Eric Johnson, US Naval Academy

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Management

, computermodels or even physical models fashioned from wood or clay. Paul, Niewoehner and Elder applya model to the way in which engineers think, an architecture whose purpose is aiding the analysisand evaluation of thought, that we might improve our thought. The analysis and evaluation of our thinking as engineers requires a vocabulary of thinkingand reasoning. The model that follows is not unique to engineering; indeed, its real power is itsportability, adapting to any domain of life and thought. In so far as an engineer masters therudimentary skills of critical thinking in the context of engineering, they have really appropriatedthe skills of life-long learning for whatever domain of learning their professional and personallives lead them

Conference Session

Student Success and Interactions

Collection

2022 ASEE Zone IV Conference

Authors

Michael Sekatchev, University of British Columbia; John Graeme Dockrill, University of British Columbia, Vancouver; Agnes Germaine d'Entremont P.Eng., University of British Columbia, Vancouver

Tagged Topics

Conference Submission, Diversity

interpretation. Contrary tomultiple choice problems, where a student chooses from several given answers, solving textbookstyle questions, with a clear and replicable solution requires a thorough understanding of thecontent. Multiple choice problems generally do not accurately assess the student’s understandingof the content, as the student may have done the majority of the question correctly, but made anerror in their final calculation, which would be given a mark of 0. Multiple-choice problems canalso be randomly answered, giving a chance of getting the mark, without actually knowing thecontent. Textbook style questions come closest to typical real-world problems, and are thosemost often encountered on exams. The questions are more open-ended with the

Conference Session

Two-Year College Potpourri

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Diego Reyes; Brooke Coley, Arizona State University, Polytechnic Campus

paper to understand not only the effect that this stigma has on thedecision to go to community college but also for those that do choose to venture into the mistwhat has been their experience. Leading to the research question of this study: 1. How has the stigma associated with community college impacted students' decisions to attend a community college? 2. What do the stories of students that attended community college reveal about braving the stigma? Literature ReviewThe Importance of Community College A growing problem for the United States (US) is the number of engineers andengineering careers needed to stay as one of the top innovators and world

Conference Session

Computing and Information Technology Division (CIT) Technical Session 2

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Debarati Basu, Embry Riddle Aeronautical University; Harini Ramaprasad, University of North Carolina at Charlotte

Tagged Divisions

Computing and Information Technology Division (CIT)

student said, ‘I believe it is good to let us know about the rules of academic conductahead of time instead of waiting for people to make mistakes’, while another student mentioned,‘I think this module was important because sometimes students may not realize what could beconsidered academic misconduct’. Students also emphasized the importance and significance ofincluding relevant examples, as one stated, ‘using real-world scenarios helped me understandwhat constitutes academic dishonesty’.Students also provided several recommendations to improve the module. Some of the suggestionsinclude reviewing the quiz answer choices to remove ambiguity, adding more quiz questions,adding more examples, improving the navigation of the content, adding more

Conference Session

Equity, Culture & Social Justice in Education Division (EQUITY) Technical Session 5

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Karen Dinora Martinez Soto, Virginia Tech; Homero Murzi, Virginia Tech; Jazmin Jurkiewicz, Virginia Tech; Rene Alberto Hernandez, Virginia Tech

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Culture & Social Justice in Education Division (EQUITY), Equity

establish a differentiation from the generalterm “Hispanic” which many consider to not be representative of the community. However, theinclusion and adoption of the term have generated some debate. For example, members of thecommunity have different views on if the term is applicable in a Spanish-speaking context, inwhich cases some might advocate for the term Latiné as being the linguistically gender-neutralword created by those in Spanish-speaking countries. Several studies have been conductedaround the use and understanding of the term in different contexts, however, there has not beenan extensive exploration of the topic in engineering.The purpose of this work is to explore how engineering students -who identify as Latinx/a/o/é ata large

Conference Session

Committee on Effective Teaching Presents: Evaluation, Assessment, & Performance

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Timothy Aaron Wood, P.E., The Citadel; Stephanie Laughton, The Citadel

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering Division (CIVIL)

. A. Angelo and P. K. Cross, Classroom Assessment Techniques: A Handbook for College Teachers. John Wiley & Sons Incorporated, 2005.[20] M. T. H. Chi and R. Wylie, “The ICAP Framework: Linking Cognitive Engagement to Active Learning Outcomes,” Educational Psychologist, vol. 49, no. 4, pp. 219–243, Oct. 2014, doi: 10.1080/00461520.2014.965823. Appendix A. Dual Submission Homework Methodology Implemented in Sophomore Mechanics CoursesAppendix A.1. Syllabus ExcerptsIndividual Homework.Homework is for the student, for his or her learning, practice, and assessment. Many of thehomework problems represent intentionally challenging, real-world problems. Workingengineers and engineering students

Conference Session

Pre-College Engineering Education Division Technical Session 15

Collection

2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Stacy S. Klein-Gardner, Vanderbilt University

Tagged Divisions

Pre-College Engineering Education

(food and water), must have same parts as a real beak and attach in the same place. April 23 Finish Beauty and the Beak April 27 Design a straw rocket for maximum Must use a common base. Must use distance traveled paper and scotch tape for fins. April 28 Design a sail car that uses wind for None propulsion April 29 Design a puppy play space None April 30 Design a yarn de-tangler for knitters None May 7 Design a package to keep an egg safe when Limited materials dropped from increasing large heights (think Humpty Dumpty!) May 11 Design a prosthetic arm to carry a small cup

Conference Session

Diversity in Community Engagement Implementation II

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jeremy Smith, Australian National University; Jennifer Patricia Turner, Engineers Without Borders Australia ; Nick John Brown, Engineers Without Borders Australia; Joli Price, Engineers Without Borders Australia

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Community Engagement Division

in the UK, Ireland and NZ, with over 50universities in total being involved around the world in 2015. With such large numbers ofstudents involved, there is no direct engagement between students and the partnerorganisation and community members. Resources are provided by EWB-A and if furtherdetail is required an EWB-A volunteer placed with the partner sources the necessaryinformation. At the end of each year, universities nominate up to four student reports whichare provided to EWB-A. These are summarised and a portfolio of concepts and ideasprovided to the partner organisation for them to select any that appear relevant, interesting orrequire further work. Further evaluation of the EWB-A Challenge has been undertaken sinceit started in 20078

Conference Session

Emerging Trends in Engineering Education Poster Session

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kevin Dahm, Rowan University; Roberta Harvey, Rowan University; Brian Lefebvre, Rowan University; Heidi Newell, Rowan University; James Newell, Rowan University

, teamwork experience and technical communication practice21,22.These conditions make the Junior/Senior Clinics meaningful and exciting learning experiences,but the pressure derived from the intense and often unpredictable environment exacerbates thestudents’ barriers to learning. Preferences for sequence and avoidance of chaos and risk leavesome students frustrated by what they see as the lack of structure of a real-world project. Theyare unsure how to cope in situations where clear instructions and step-by-step procedures havebeen replaced by multi-tasking, frequent shifts in direction, uncertain timelines, and inconsistentexpectations. They may become impatient with learning patterns exhibited by team membersthat conflict with their own. The

Conference Session

Electrical and Computer Division Technical Session 10

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Diane T. Rover, Iowa State University; Joseph Zambreno, Iowa State University; Mani Mina, Iowa State University; Phillip H. Jones III, Iowa State University; Douglas W. Jacobson, Iowa State University; Seda McKilligan, Iowa State University; Ashfaq A Khokhar, Iowa State University

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

systems, reconfigurable hardware, embedded systems, and hardware architectures for application specific acceleration. Jones received Intel Corporation sponsored Graduate Engineering Minority (GEM) Fellowships from 1999-2000 and from 2003-2004. He received the best paper award from the IEEE International Conference on VLSI Design in 2007.Dr. Douglas W. Jacobson, Iowa State University Doug Jacobson is a University Professor in the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at Iowa State University. He is currently the director the Iowa State University Information Assurance Cen- ter, which has been recognized by the National Security Agency as a charter Center of Academic Excel- lence for Information

Conference Session

Engineering Transfer Issues: Two-year College to Four-year College

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kirsten A Davis, Virginia Tech; Andrea M. Ogilvie P.E., Virginia Tech; David B Knight, Virginia Tech

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Two Year College Division

states have experienced amore than 50% change in Hispanic population between 2000 and 2011 U.S. Census,31 and thetop 10 fastest growing Hispanic states experienced a more than 100% change in Hispanicpopulation during the same period, ranging from a 103% change in Georgia to a 158% change inAlabama Pew.32 Findings from our study may be most relevant and applicable to institutionslocated in fast growing Hispanic states that are strategically planning for the future of highereducation and a shift in student demographics. In addition, as shown in Table 1, 59% of thestudents in this sample would be classified as “vertical” transfer students having spent all or mostof their time at a community college or two-year institution prior to making the