Conference Session

Computers in Education 6 - Best of CoED

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Elma Hernandez, Texas Tech University; Venkatesh Uddameri, Texas Tech University; Ameri Gurley, Texas Tech University

were largely guided by the following factors: 1) Increase the scope of the laboratory using modern computational methods and allowing students to explore conditions that are not possible to replicate within the laboratory; 2) Provide socio-technical context to the laboratory experiments and help students contextualize the purpose of laboratory methods in ‘real-world design’ settings; 3) Introduce students to modern sensors and help them evaluate their pros and cons in civil engineering practice.Illustrative examples of the changes made to the laboratories are discussed next, followed by studentassessment of these changes.Using Cloud-Based Interactive Dasboards to Enhance Laboratory MethodsCivil engineering in the 21st

Conference Session

Graduate School

Collection

ASEE Southeast Section Conference

Authors

Ioulia Rytikova, George Mason University; Mihai Boicu, George Mason University; Harry J Foxwell, George Mason University; Duoduo Liao, George Mason University; Larisa Olesova, University of Florida

Tagged Topics

Professional Engineering Education Papers

that includes the following steps: (1) identifyingresearch questions, (2) conducting literature review, and (3) conducting research. Each learningmodule was based on a generic template that includes the following sections: (1) selected andannotated learning materials using a diverse set of pre-selected materials including textbookchapters, research papers, white papers, videos, blogs, and discussions. All materials are groupedinto three categories, (a) required to build a strong foundation in scientific knowledge andunderstanding, (b) recommended to provide additional examples and illustrations to the topicscovered in the required section, and (c) optional to support students who are interested in goingbeyond the required level, (2) knowledge

Conference Session

Professional Skills and Community Building in Chemical Engineering Education

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Deborah Goldberg, University of Maryland College Park

identifying skillscritical for chemical engineering employability, by surveying alumni and employers. Fletcher etal. published professional skills ranked in order of importance, with teamwork, analyzinginformation, communicating effectively, ability to gather information, and self-learning ability inthe top 5 skills [1]. Grant et al. presented similar skills, grouping them into six key skills buckets:1) communication and presentation, 2) analysis and numeracy, 3) information technology, 4)planning and organization, 5) teamwork and collaboration, and 6) innovation and creativity [2].In addition, Grant mapped which of these skills were developed in selected chemical engineeringcourses. Peuteman et al. published work on a novel educational program

Conference Session

Curricular Developments in Electrical and Computer Engineering

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Alan Cheville, Bucknell University; Matthew Lamparter, Bucknell University

research, and early indications that students areable transfer skills into subsequent design courses.IntroductionSmith, Wankat, and Froyd [1] point out in their analysis of historical trends in engineeringeducation, that while design has been important since the turn of the last century [2], theemphasis on teaching design has been increasing in engineering degree programs. In part this isdue to ABET’s requirement of a culminating design experience following the shift to EC-2000about two decades ago [3]. The resurgence of design is also due to: a recognition that designcourses can address a broad range of transferable skills thought important for graduates [4],design and problem solving align with the epistemological stance of engineers [5], the

Conference Session

The Best of Computers in Education

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jayma Koval, Georgia Institute of Technology; Diley Hernandez, Georgia Institute of Technology; Tom McKlin; Douglas Edwards, Georgia Institute of Technology; Rafael A. Arce-Nazario; Joseph Carroll-Miranda; Isaris Rebeca Quinones Perez, University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras; Lilliana Marrero-Solis; Jason Freeman, Georgia Institute of Technology; Taneisha Lee Brown; Pascua Padro; Stephen Garrett; Analia E. Rao; Marion Usselman, Georgia Institute of Technology

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education Division (COED)

Spanish term for “remix”- encompasses the combination,manipulation and mixing of music or other cultural products in the creation of something new[1]. This idea also alludes directly to the concept of hybridization, which lies at the core ofLatinidad and the essence of Latin culture, both musically [2] and culturally [3]. Remixing isconsidered not only a contemporary art form that cuts across multiple creative areas of the digitalrealm [1], but also an educational tool that provides a culturally authentic and creative form ofengagement for students [4]. The benefits of remixing as an educational approach were central tothe philosophy behind the creation of EarSketch, a music mixing software platform andeducational curriculum [5]. EarSketch

Conference Session

Virtual Training, Online and Open Education; Instructional Technology

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Andrew Floyd Barnes, University of North Florida; Andrew McCoy, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods Division (ERM)

. Wayne Hodgins, who is credited with the conceptualization of digital learningobjects and has been called “Mr. Metadata” for his contribution to the field of computer science[1], foresaw a future defined by internet-based learning. He envisioned placing the “control ofcontent...into the hands of every individual...where everyone in need of a given skill orknowledge can be connected directly with those who have it… to have potentially billions ofauthors and publishers” [2, p. 81]. Years later, it is clear that this vision—to democratizeeducation by empowering billions of people to reach and teach one another—has largely beenfulfilled. To provide an example, YouTube EDU, a sub-site of YouTube, is devoted exclusivelyto publishing instructional

Conference Session

Student Empathy and Human-Centered Design

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Lexie Mitchell, Colorado School of Mines; Leslie Light, Colorado School of Mines

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

investigation into which level is truly “deeper” whenconsidering both level of empathy developed as well as quality of solutions as a result ofpivoting is needed.AcknowledgementsThe authors were partially funded by the Office of Naval Research and want to thank theprofessors of the ITD program for participating in these changes over the years, for contributingideas, energy, and creativity, as well as for implementing the required activities in theirclassrooms, as imperfect as they were through the iterations. Appreciation also goes to PaulPolak for helping the ITD program navigate towards dramatically increased student engagementwith strangers.References [1] H.W. Rittel & M.M. Webber, “Dilemmas in the General Theory of Planning,” PolicySciences

Conference Session

Mentoring Practices and Project Teams

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Shane Paul Lorona, Oregon State University; Susan Bobbitt Nolen, University of Washington; Milo Koretsky, Oregon State University

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

-ended work they face inengineering practice [1]. The study described in this paper was part of a broader institutionalchange initiative where we are attempting to address this issue. Shifting student activity fromabstract decontextualized assignments to meaningful, consequential learning, we put students inthe role of engineers working on teams [2]. We believe this shift will more effectively developthe next generation of engineering practitioners, innovators, and entrepreneurs. In theserealistically situated tasks, students engage in activities that require them to activate disciplinaryknowledge and practices to solve real world problems.The change initiative has focused on shifting student activity in collaborative learning sessions,or

Conference Session

Experiences in Manufacturing Engineering Education

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jason M. Weaver, Brigham Young University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

Average Lab Grades 100 80 60 40 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Average Exam Grades 100 80 60 40 1 2 3Figure 1. MFG 480 grades, Fall Semester 2016 (mean ± 1 standard deviation)Grades in general for the course were typical for the department, with an average class GPA of3.25 out of 4.0. Homework scores were consistently high among those that turned them in, aswere lab scores (with the exception of Lab 6). However, exam grades were lower. This could bedue only to a difference in grading practice between homework and exams, but the examsshowed a large

Conference Session

Design Teams 2

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Peter Schuster, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo; Lauren Anne Cooper, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo; Eltahry Elghandour, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo; Eileen W. Rossman P.E., California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo; Sarah Harding, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo; Brian P. Self, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

Paper ID #31254Senior Capstone Team Formation Based on Project Interest: Team Selectionby Students Compared to Team Selection by InstructorsDr. Peter Schuster, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo Peter Schuster earned a B.A. in Physics from Cornell University, an M.S. in Mechanical Engineering from Stanford University, and a Ph.D. in Mechanical Engineering from Michigan Technological University. He worked at Ford Motor Company as a design engineer and technical specialist for ten years before transi- tioning into academia. He is currently a professor in Mechanical Engineering at California Polytechnic

Conference Session

Issues of Outreach and Interest in Engineering

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Meagan C Pollock, Purdue University, West Lafayette

Tagged Divisions

Women in Engineering

Development, 2007. 78(1): p. 246-63.21. Pollock, M. Attracting Future Engineers: Best Practices from K-12 Counselor Professional Development, 2008-2012. in proceedings for WEPAN’s 24th National Conference. 2013. Atlanta, GA.22. Novak, J.D. and A.J. Cañas, in The Theory Underlying Concept Maps and How to Construct and Use Them2008, Technical Report IHMC CmapTools 2006-01 Rev 01-2008.23. Ausubel, D.P., The psychology of meaningful verbal learning. 1963, New York: Grune and Stratton.24. Ausubel, D.P., Educational psychology: A cognitive view. 1968, New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.25. Ausubel, D.P., J.D. Novak, and H. Hanesian, Educational psychology: A cognitive view (2nd Ed.). 2nd ed. 1978, New York: Holt, Rinehart

Conference Session

Innovative Teaching in Architectural Engineering

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Allen C Estes, California Polytechnic State University; Brent Nuttall P.E., California Polytechnic State University; Jill Nelson P.E., California Polytechnic State University; Margot Kally McDonald AIA, NCARB, LEED BD+C, Cal Poly, San Luis Obispo; Gregory F. Starzyk JD, Cal Poly at San Luis Obispo

Tagged Divisions

Architectural

quarter shows a consistent increase in student self-assessmentsfor all disciplines with an average improvement for all disciplines of 1.7/5.0 as shown inFigure 3. Prior to the course CM students appeared generally more confident in theirabilities to function on an interdisciplinary team than other students. Just as withLearning Objective 1 assessment results, students from all disciplines achieved a similarhigh level of confidence by the end of the course.These results are similar to data from previous quarters2,3 where student self-assessmentsalso improved for all disciplines with an average for all disciplines of 1.2/5.0. Thisappears to represent a significant increase in improvement in a year and was consistentacross all disciplines. Data from

Conference Session

Innovative Hands-On Projects and Labs

Collection

2003 Annual Conference

Authors

David Hall; Kelly Crittenden

Session 1368 Design, Fabrication and Testing of Wooden Trusses for Undergraduate Mechanics David Hall, Kelly Crittenden College of Engineering and Science, Louisiana Tech UniversityAbstractThe sophomore engineering curriculum at Louisiana Tech University includes a mechanicscourse that integrates topics from statics and mechanics of materials. This three semesterhour course, which is officially listed as 2/3 lecture and 1/3 laboratory, attempts toseamlessly integrate lecture, laboratory, and group problem solving. The laboratorycomponent of the course focuses on the design

Collection

2000 Annual Conference

Authors

Bryan L. Gassaway; Masoud Rais-Rohani

individual design project in 1998.A column of this kind can fail in crippling, buckling, or combination of the two. For very shortthin-walled columns, crippling (crushing) is the mode of failure, and for a multi-corner sectionits corresponding stress is found from the semi-empirical formula4 (1)where t is the wall thickness, A is the cross-sectional area, Ec is the modulus of elasticity of thematerial in compression, σcy is the compressive yield strength of the material, and g is the shapeparameter determined by dividing the cross section into multiple angle elements. For multi-corner sections, σcs is generally limited to 80% of σcy, unless there are

Conference Session

Ethical Cases and Curricula

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Matthew Russell Capelli, Virginia Tech; Estela Patron Moen, Virginia Tech; William N. Collins, Virginia Tech

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Ethics

with American professional licenses; however, given the stateboundary on professional licensure and a general lack of laws and enforcement agencies indeveloping countries, these licenses can serve only as a form of qualification. It is therefore notuncommon for anyone with an engineering background, including students, to practice andapprove of engineering designs in countries such as Haiti. Two important conditions result fromthis dynamic: (1) for all practical purposes, students serving on humanitarian engineeringprojects in developing countries may be working in an environment where no participant isliable, and (2) students who voluntarily work in an environment void of liability are inherentlyaccepting the responsibility for a heightened

Collection

1999 Annual Conference

Authors

Martin Bowe; Daniel Jensen

now apply techniques, such asspecification generation, customer needs analysis, and functional analysis, to a moregeneral and abstract problem. In so doing, they could build on their concrete experiencewith an actual product, without having to simultaneously learn the mechanics of thetechniques.As stated above, the restructuring efforts focused both on incorporation of hands-oncontent and implementing reverse engineering / redesign projects during the first half ofthe course. These efforts centered around a new reverse-engineering and redesignmethodology, depicted in Figure 1 and detailed in [Otto, Lefever]. Three phases composethe overall structure of the methodology: reverse-engineering, modeling and analysis, andredesign. The first stage

Collection

1999 Annual Conference

Authors

Robert A. Johnson; J. Shawn Addington

procure data from individual courses. Specifically, thestudents are questioned regarding their acquisition of skills associated with the 16 ElectricalEngineering Educational Outcomes listed below :Defined by ABET : (items 1-13)“General Criteria” (Criterion 3)1. An ability to apply knowledge of math, science, and engineering2. An ability to design and conduct experiments, as well as to analyze and interpret data3. An ability to design a system, component or process to meet desired needs4. An ability to function on multi-disciplinary teams5. An ability to identify, formulate, and solve engineering problems6. An understanding of professional and ethical responsibility7. An ability to communicate effectively8. The

Collection

1999 Annual Conference

Authors

Michael A. Kriss

Session 1526 Bridging Departmental Barriers in Search of a New Electronic Imaging Curriculum Michael A. Kriss Center for Electronic Imaging Systems University of RochesterAbstractIn the winter of 1998 six University of Rochester faculty members came together to develop anew, comprehensive undergraduate and first year graduate curriculum in Electronic Imaging.The faculty represented three autonomous departments: The Institute of Optics, the Electricaland Computer Engineering Department, and the Computer Science

Conference Session

Engineering Mathematical Potpourri

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jean Hodges, Virginia Commonwealth University, Qatar

Tagged Divisions

Mathematics

AC 2011-842: A PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATION OF USING WRITINGAS A CRITICAL THINKING TOOLN. Jean Hodges, VCUQatar Since Fall 2004, N. Jean Hodges has been an Assistant Professor of Writing at Virginia Commonwealth University Qatar (VCUQatar) in Doha, Qatar. She earned her degrees in North Carolina: a Master of Science in Technical Communication from North Carolina State University and a Bachelor of Arts in Business Administration, magna cum laude, from Queens College (now Queens University). Her work experiences in legal, medical, executive, and academic positions and her business training have informed her understanding of writing in the workplace and in different fields. Her interdisciplinary Master’s pro- gram

Conference Session

Balancing Personal and Professional Life

Collection

2002 Annual Conference

Authors

Vladimir Goncharoff; Patrick Troy; John Bell; Dale Reed; Cathleen Theys; Ann Ford; Susan Montgomery

Session 3475 Lecturer – An Alternative to the Tenure Track John T. Bell1, Ann Ford2, Vladimir Goncharoff1, Susan Montgomery2, Dale Reed1, Cathleen Theys1, Patrick A. Troy1 1 – University of Illinois Chicago / 2 – University of Michigan Ann ArborIntroductionWhen most people think of an academic position, they think of the traditional tenure-trackprogression from assistant professor through associate professor to full professor. However thereis another alternative that is becoming increasingly common in many universities – The lecturer.The lecturer position is not right for everyone, but for

Conference Session

Teaching and Learning in Online Environments

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Javeed Kittur, Arizona State University; Jennifer M. Bekki, Arizona State University; Samantha Ruth Brunhaver, Arizona State University

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

methodologies. Bekki is the co-director of the interdisciplinary, National Science Foundation supported CareerWISE research program, which strives to: 1) understand the experiences of diverse women who are pursuing and leaving doctoral programs in science and engineering and 2) increase women’s persistence in science and engineering doctoral programs through the development and dissemination of an online resilience and interpersonal communication training program.Dr. Samantha Ruth Brunhaver, Arizona State University, Polytechnic campus Samantha Brunhaver is an Assistant Professor of Engineering in the Fulton Schools of Engineering Poly- technic School. Dr. Brunhaver recently joined Arizona State after completing her M.S. and

Conference Session

Mentoring Graduate Students

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Amy Wheeless, University of Washington; Brianna Blaser, University of Washington; Elizabeth Litzler, University of Washington

Tagged Divisions

Graduate Studies

ofgraduate mentoring programs than is typically possible, which allows CWD to have a betterunderstanding of how the mentoring program might influence career outcomes. Looking at thedata that this mentoring program has collected about participants and their experiences duringand after participation in the program helps generate information about graduate mentoringprograms and their impacts.Literature ReviewMentoring theory posits that mentoring is related to career success, and that the degree of careermentoring should be positively associated with the degree of career success5. Social learningtheory6 is also used to explain why mentoring provides the benefits it does. Socialization is oftendescribed as one of the benefits of mentoring. It provides

Conference Session

Faculty and Program Developments, Exchanges, and Best Practices

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Waddah Akili, Iowa State University

Tagged Divisions

International

is sensing (S)versus intuitive (N) type (12).The sensing person prefers a straightforward, logical, step-by-step approach to learning. The sensing person, often learns by solving problems, andtends to find theory difficult. The intuitive individual, on the other hand, will skip stepsand follow hunches. He/she learns from theory and tends to do a minimal number ofproblems because they think they understand without having to solve problems (13).Perry’s Model of College Student Development (14) can also be used to monitor studentlearning. According to this model, which consists of nine positions (i.e., stages),occupying four general outlooks; people progress from positions 1 and 2, (dualistic),right versus wrong orientations to multiplicity

Collection

2022 Spring ASEE Middle Atlantic Section Conference

Authors

Kaitlyn Kreider, State University of New York at New Paltz; Kevin T. Shanley, State University of New York at New Paltz

team needed to ensure that the bore and length volume, and volume of the working fluid to determine theof the cylinder purchased would produce a sufficient power compression ratio.output to the DC generator so that 1 Amps of current will be 𝜋(𝐵𝑜𝑟𝑒 2 )carried through the phone charger. To determine the critical 𝑉𝐶 = ∗ (𝑙 − 𝑠) − 𝑉𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑝 [1] 4values necessary to produce the required output, a code isdesigned in EES that results in a power output matrix and Where 𝑉𝐶 is the clearance volume in 𝑚𝑚3 , 𝑙 is the length ofsubsequential P-v and T-s diagrams

Collection

2012 Spring ASEE Middle Atlantic Section Conference

Authors

Bruce Char; Jeremy Johnson; David Augenblick

Computation Lab for Freshman Engineering Students ∗ Bruce Char, Jeremy Johnson and David Augenblick Keywords: Introductory computing, computer-based training, technical computation, mathematical mod-eling, Extended Abstract1 IntroductionComputation Lab has been offered for the past five years to 800-1,000 Drexel freshmen including mostfreshmen engineering students. Course objectives include: 1. To introduce students to desktop computational tools that can handle numeric, symbolic, and visual- ization needs for technical problems

Collection

2012 ASEE Zone 1 Conference

Authors

Bruce Char; Jeremy Johnson; David Augenblick

[1], although it is clear that the approach would carry overto other technical computation systems such as Mathematica, Matlab, Octave, Sage, Scientific Python, etc.2 Course elementsScheduling The class consists of 12 two hour lab sessions, held every two weeks during the three termsof the standard Drexel freshman year, along with pre-lab and post-lab on-line exercises. There are threeproficiency exams, one given at the end of each term. Lab sessions are conducted in sections of 30-35 students,staffed by an instructor and two assistants (a mixture of regular faculty, graduate TAs, and undergraduateassistants). In Fall 2011, we had ten instructors and fifteen undergraduate assistants for the 33 sections.On-line work is graded

Conference Session

Advancing Online and Hybrid Learning in Engineering Education

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mary Yvonne Lanzerotti, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; Scott Dunning P.E., Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; R. Michael Buehrer, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; Ahmad Safaai-Jazi, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; Nektaria Tryfona, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; Jianqiang Zhang; Luke Lester, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; Kenneth Reid, University of Indianapolis; Muhammad Dawood, New Mexico State University

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer Engineering Division (ECE)

emails. In this section, several hundred emails have been sent to date by theinstructor. We aim to develop the course through these interactions with the students’ Advisors,and we present results of a comparison of the results in “Intervention groups” (Spring 2022, Fall2022, Spring 2023, and Fall 2023) with the results in “Control groups” (Spring 2021 and Fall 2021sections that did not receive the emails). Preliminary results in Spring 2024 semester show thatclass attendance remains high; 100% of the students took Exam 1; approximately 10-20 studentsattend weekly Friday recitation sessions, and approximately 5-20 students attend weeklyMATLAB recitation sessions. A major finding of this study is that the interactions have helpedimprove student

Conference Session

Historical Perspectives for Engineering Education

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Rachel Maines, Cornell University

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education

AC 2010-605: ENGINEERING AS LAW: INJURY EPIDEMIOLOGY ANDCONSENSUS CODESRachel Maines, Cornell University Page 15.477.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2010 1 Engineering as Law: Injury Epidemiology and Consensus CodesAbstract British Field Marshal John Slessor observed during World War II that the first socialservice a nation can provide for its people is to keep them alive.1 As the recent experience of theHaiti earthquake has forcefully brought home to us, engineering safety codes and standards playa major role in this vital function of government.2 ,3 From the point of view of keeping citizensalive, the

Conference Session

Enhancing Teaching and Research

Collection

2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Kweku Brown P.E., The Citadel; Dimitra Michalaka P.E., The Citadel; Nandan Hara Shetty, The Citadel; William J. Davis P.E., The Citadel

Tagged Divisions

New Engineering Educators

gained knowledge. Pre-test and post-testanalysis can be used to obtain a comparative measure of student knowledge growth on a subjectmatter after a semester or some number of weeks of course instruction. The pre-test is abackground probe while the post-test is an assessment of the knowledge gained over the courseof instruction as the results of the post-test are juxtaposed to that of the pre-test. Studies haveshown that there are benefits associated with using the pre/post-tests when it comes to the growthin student knowledge [1] [2] [3]. However, what happens to this knowledge when students havecompleted the final course examination for the semester? In general, most students wrongfullyperceive that they do not need to remember the material

Conference Session

Innovative K-12 Engineering Programs

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Summer Dann Johnson; Warren Waggenspack, Louisiana State University; Brenda Nixon, Louisiana State University; Daivon Craft, Louisiana State University; Cheryle Peters, Louisiana State University

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

earned approximately 50% of the degreesawarded. These science and engineering trends are similar for African American and NativeAmerican populations. The largest increase in enrollment within a minority group was the Asiansector, with an increase of 36% from 1992 to 1998. [9] Underrepresented groups were typicallyenrolled in 2 year institutions. Table 1. Factors Influencing Career Choice by Gender and Ethnicity Effect on Career/ Degree Choice (Generalized) Factor Black Black White White Reference Female Male Female MaleSocioeconomic Positive