computer, and the Internet.Suggested reasons for this success include an ambitious immigrant population, effective lawsand policies (e.g., effective patent and bankruptcy systems), well-funded corporate research labs,and venture capital availability35,39,65. So far in the twenty-first century, American companies andresearchers have maintained their lead in many areas, including in new fields like socialnetworking, gene therapy, and big data analytics. But recent statistics warn this lead may bewavering. America has gone from first to fourth among countries known for nurturing Page 26.1211.4innovation30. For the first time, the majority of
resultshave direct implications for engineering curriculum design and teaching practices; in short, it iscritical that students are given reasonably difficult tasks that incorporate physical testing, aregiven time for multiple iteration cycles, and are supported as they design.IntroductionEngineering educators seek to engage learners in authentic engineering practices, includingtesting and iterating on designs (NAE and NRC, 2009). Failure is an integral part of the iterationcycle in the engineering design process; designs often fail, that is, do not meet all criteria andconstraints, and a central disciplinary practice in engineering is interpreting this failure asfeedback on those designs (Lottero-Perdue & Parry, 2014; Cunningham & Carlsen
willprovide analyses for other engineering disciplines.Table 2. Student-reported outcomes scales used in this investigation as variables tooperationalize E2020 outcomes.FUNDAMENTAL SKILLS1 (alpha = .71); Please rate your ability to:Applying Math & Science to: The physical sciences to engineering problemsApplying Math & Science to: Math to engineering problemsApplying Math & Science to: Computer tools and applications to engineering problemsDESIGN SKILLS1 (alpha = .92); Please rate your ability to:Evaluate design solutions based on a specified set of criteria.Generate and prioritize criteria for evaluating the quality of a solution.Producing a product (prototype, program, simulation, etc.).Apply systems thinking in developing solutions to
academia. This study also suggests thatengineering Ph.D.s in industry need to possess critical and analytical thinking skills. Thisconcept has not been thoroughly discussed in literature, and presents an opportunity for futurework.AcknowledgementThis material is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation’s Innovations inEngineering Education, Curriculum, and Infrastructure program, under Grant No. 0935039. Anyopinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those ofthe authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation. Page 25.860.8Appendix: Phone Survey Summary
among students toward the subject matter [9].Undergraduate education faces substantial challenges, notably observed in expansive universitylecture classes [10, 11]. These challenges stem from increasing class sizes that make itprogressively arduous for college instructors to motivate students for class preparation andparticipation in discussions. To address this issue, integrating student-led group lecture deliveriesinto the curriculum has been proposed as a potential solution in this study. The importance ofstudent engagement, especially within group interactions, is instrumental in cultivating essentialskills crucial for academic success and holistic development [10]. This emphasis on activestudent involvement spurred further investigation