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Displaying results 23971 - 24000 of 33828 in total
Conference Session
NSF Grantees Poster Session
Collection
2007 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
William Clark, Worcester Polytechnic Institute; David DiBiasio, Worcester Polytechnic Institute
students also completed the VARKlearning style diagnostic17 to help us determine if differences in learning or attitudes towards thesimulations can be attributed to differences in learning styles. We are also seeking to determineif differences in learning or attitudes can be attributed to differences in gender or ethnicity.In addition to evaluating the effectiveness of our first implementation of a simulation in the lab,assessment results are being used to improve the simulation and our ongoing development ofsimulations for other experiments and the next round of implementation scheduled for Fall 2007.Senior thesis projects are currently underway to develop simulations for a gas permeationmembrane unit and a fluid flow experiment.Preliminary
Conference Session
Teaching Innovation in Architectural Engineering I
Collection
2007 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Allen Estes, California Polytechnic State University; Hector Estrada, University of the Pacific
Tagged Divisions
Architectural
adequate communication skills, and ABET specifically requires this as part of the outcomes assessment criteria. Admittedly, some universities include their communication courses on a larger list of electives that were included as humanities electives. • B: Humanities – most programs had some breadth requirement that included courses in political science, economics, history, psychology, sociology, etc. • C: Math and Science – these courses included math (calculus, statistics, differential equations), basic science (chemistry, physics, biology, ecology), and computer science where the emphasis is on programming or computer theory rather than CAD drawing or computer applications. • D
Conference Session
NSF Grantees Poster Session
Collection
2008 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Christine Ehlig-Economides, Texas A&M University; Cathy Mariotti Ezrailson, University of South Dakota; Ramesh Talreja, Texas A&M University
• Weekly UPT- • ES honors Long Term: collaboration Objectives GTA meetings project • Demonstrably and funding • TAMU UWC • Interactive • ES contest improved • ES innovation • CPR website problems writing skills Program • TAMU STEP • Evaluation and Preliminary • Energy course Sustainability: • TAMU IAC Assessment research approved as • Mechanism in findings core curriculum place to sustain Recruiting • Overall writing course ENGR 101 for
Conference Session
Entrepreneurial Leadership and Non-traditional Ways to Engage Students in Entrepreneurship and Innovation
Collection
2007 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Russell Dinardi, Lafayette College; Sharon Jones, Lafayette College
Tagged Divisions
Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation
venture. • Much of the grading for the entrepreneurship program is based on projects, Page 12.843.11 presentations, and teamwork. Students are encouraged to perform career self-assessments and get to know their abilities through courses and projects in entrepreneurship.Texas Christian University: • The entrepreneurship program at Texas Christian requires its students to learn outside of the classroom as well as through coursework. Students are encouraged in the program to contact entrepreneurs and interview them through their own initiative, or a “learn=by-doing” approach. • Students are provided with resources
Conference Session
New Trends in Engineering Management Education
Collection
2008 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Patricia Galloway, The Nielsen-Wurster Group, Inc
Tagged Divisions
Engineering Management
additionalrequired education in a variety of ways, including the increasing use of distance education fromquality engineering institutions, and the use of in-house education programs in firms, agencies Page 13.1197.13and technical societies able to provide educational experiences which are documented to beequivalent in content, rigor, learning and assessment to current engineering education.It is time for engineering educators and engineering institutions consider a master’s degree ofprofessional engineering management, or PEM—a 30-hour degree program that requires awritten thesis, the subject of which is to be agreed upon by the student and the
Conference Session
Technical Capacity Bldg for Developing Countries & Service Learning
Collection
2008 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Lauri Burke, Colorado School of Mines; Barbara Moskal, Colorado School of Mines
Tagged Divisions
International
hasexpertise in mathematics, education, assessment, engineering, water treatment, and curriculumdevelopment. Five of the investigators are tenured professors at Colorado School of Mines; oneis an instructor.Into Your Hands Into Your Hands is a non-governmental, non-profit organization. The mission of IntoYour Hands is “to empower children and families living in rural Uganda to rise above theconstraints of poverty and disease through education and enterprise development.”8A The NSFScholarship program works directly with two members of the Into Your Hands agency. One ofthese individuals is a certified engineer who provides direct support to the project teams. Theother member provides first-hand information, as she was raised in a rural
Conference Session
Mathematics in Transition
Collection
2007 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Anne McClain, University of Alabama-Birmingham; Dale Feldman, University of Alabama-Birmingham; Lee Meadows, University of Alabama Birmingham
Tagged Divisions
Mathematics
solution of problems in the lifesciences and medicine. A biomedical engineer involved in wound healing research can 1) designdevices to facilitate healing, 2) determine ways (including devices) to optimize the speed andcompleteness of healing, 3) model the healing process in order to understand the best ways tocontrol the process, and 4) develop or optimize techniques to better assess the healing process.This task relates to 3 and 4, which are being used to help design treatments and devices tooptimize the healing process (e.g. an electrical stimulation bandage is currently being testedclinically). A critical part of understanding the healing process is that it can be modeled as alinear healing rate. Currently many physicians and the FDA do not
Conference Session
Gender and Accessibility Issues in K-12 Engineering Education
Collection
2007 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Uchechukwu Abanulo; Ananth Iyer; John Helferty, College of Engineering, Temple University; Joseph Fischgrund, The Pennsylvania School for the Deaf
Tagged Divisions
K-12 & Pre-College Engineering
that a lesson is already going on. The interpreter did a good job of avoiding such situations by consistently interpreting everything that was being signed and said by everyone present in the class.5. Evaluation and ResultsTwo forms of evaluation were performed at the end of the course, namely: formative and summativeevaluation. Formative evaluation is one where the subjects provide critical information that could beuseful in improving the program and enhancing results. Summative evaluation, on the other hand,involves an assessment of the success of the program and how well goal were met. In this section,the evaluation process is explained in detail, and results are analyzed based by relating thesummative evaluation questions with
Conference Session
Improving ME instructional laboratories
Collection
2006 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Mohammad Elahinia, University of Toledo; Constantin Ciocanel, University of Toledo
Tagged Divisions
Mechanical Engineering
thestudents had to compile an almost standard report. In the problem solving approach,however, the students had to assess independently the information relevant for thebeneficiary of the report, to structure the report such that it would be easy to read and tomake sure the report was technically sound. Stress calculation Gage technology 5 5 4.5 Fall 2005 - Survey 1/3 4.5 Fall 2005 - Survey 1/3 4 Average of 4 past semesters 4 Average of 4 past
Conference Session
Course-based Approaches to Entrepreneurship Education
Collection
2006 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Anthony Joseph, Pace University
Tagged Divisions
Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation
. This was determined by percentage error testsand the two professors’ joint assessment of the E-teams’ software products. We considered thecourse a qualified success. However, issues such as differential experience in teamwork alongdisciplinary lines, and the need for more business communication skills will need to be morefully addressed in future course offerings.BackgroundMultidisciplinary and interdisciplinary concepts of teaching and learning have appeared inresearch literature since the early part of the 20th century10. Many college students have becomeaccustomed to taking a minor with their major or taking a double major. More recently, studentshave been increasing the number of majors and/or minors they take. Many employers
Conference Session
Using Teams, Seminars & Research Opportunities for Retention
Collection
2006 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Carolyn Vallas, University of Virginia; Anaïs Miodek, University of Virginia; Larry Richards, University of Virginia
Tagged Divisions
Women in Engineering
students felt that the hours of operation of the dining halls could not adequately accommodatetheir research schedules. These issues were taken quite seriously and efforts were made to bettermeet the students’ needs. In 2005, the participants received UVa “Plus Dollars” which could beused at a number of dining facilities that had more extensive hours than the dining hall.In addition, the ethics course received a lower score than many of the other components, in partbecause the scheduled time was considered inconvenient by REU participants. There have alsobeen concerns that the material covered in the class is not technically advanced enough andefforts are underway to assess the course’s structure and content. It should be noted that in spiteof
Conference Session
Pre-Service Development Initiatives
Collection
2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Daniel Tillman, The University of Texas at El Paso (UTEP)
Tagged Divisions
K-12 & Pre-College Engineering
), and technologycorporations (such as hardware company Graphtec, and software companies Aspex andFableVision). The FSC mission is to facilitate integration of the instructional technologydigital fabrication into education -- within formal classrooms, informal learningenvironments, and preservice teacher education.The FSC has identified four concerns that need addressing for digital fabrication tobecome a scalable instructional technology. These are: (1) hardware and software, (2)curricula, (3) professional development and preservice teacher education, and (4)assessment.17 Of these four concerns recognized by the FSC, the present study focused onthe education of future elementary teachers. Specifically, this study investigated how
Conference Session
Grasping the "Concept"
Collection
2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Debra Gilbuena, Oregon State University; Christina Smith, Oregon State University; Bill Jay Brooks, Oregon State University; Talia Sidne Finkelstein, Oregon State University; Milo Koretsky, Oregon State University
Tagged Divisions
Chemical Engineering
-process of faculty who haveconsidered adopting the AIChE Concept Warehouse, a cyber-enabled site for facilitatingconceptual learning in Chemical Engineering. We ask the following research questions: 1. Why do early adopters choose to implement the AIChE Concept Warehouse and how do they use the tool? 2. What factors contribute to the innovation-decision process and how can we minimize negative factors? 3. What ways can we increase awareness?For the purposes of this study, we count someone as “using” the tool if it has enabled him/her toteach in a way that he/she wouldn’t otherwise have employed.BackgroundTransportability is a broad topic that is difficult to research and assess. The ultimate question in
Conference Session
Mentoring Minority Students
Collection
2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Frances Carter-Johnson, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Patricia Ordóñez, University of Puerto Rico Río Piedras ; Renetta G. Tull, University of Maryland Baltimore County (UMBC); Miguel Alfonso Nino, University of Maryland, Baltimore County
Tagged Divisions
Minorities in Engineering
, were notrequired to attend the afternoon hands-on workshop, which impacted the design, implementation,and analysis of the surveys for this study.We designed three surveys, which included a pre- and post-survey (subsequently referred to asthe post1-survey) for attendees of the morning formal presentation. Participants who attended theafternoon hands-on workshop also completed a second post-survey (subsequently referred to asthe post2-survey). Both the pre-and post1-surveys included eleven questions addressing students’expectations for the workshop, five questions about students’ previous funding exposure andexperience, and twelve questions to assess students’ knowledge, skills, and abilities related toapplying for graduate funding. The post2
Conference Session
Research on Learning, Performance, and Impact
Collection
2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Ananda Mani Paudel, Colorado State University-Pueblo; Sylvester A. Kalevela, Colorado State University, Pueblo
Tagged Divisions
Minorities in Engineering
skills.For the purpose of grading, peer evaluations (10% of group grade), individual exams and quizzes(80% of total grade), and individual home work and quizzes (7.5% of total grade each) wereadministered in addition to group work (group grade is 5% of the total grade). If a member isabsent during a class group activity, he or she will receive a zero on that activity. Peer evaluationhelps to assess the contribution of each individual to the team, and individual exams evaluatetheir individual understanding and level of competency on the subject. Student achievementbased on exam grade is used to measure the effectiveness of this approach. Grade inflation isanother factor commonly raised by the critics of group study. In the selectively random group
Conference Session
Case Studies in Entrepreneurship
Collection
2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Daniel Raviv, Florida Atlantic University; Alex Kotlarchyk
Tagged Divisions
Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation
discuss the difficulty ofacademic assessment of this project and share observations and suggestions for improvements tofuture projects of this type. The ultimate goal of the project is to develop a new intelligent residential and commercialwater sprinkling system that uses readily available internet-based weather information, and withno local sensors. We foresee that the eventual product will be of significant value to society atlarge by conserving a significant amount of fresh water. Page 23.623.21. Motivation and Goal The goal of this project is to provide students a real-world learning experience and have themgain or improve
Conference Session
Training and Mentoring of Graduate Teaching Assistants
Collection
2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Rachel Louis Kajfez, Virginia Tech; Holly M Matusovich, Virginia Tech
Tagged Divisions
Graduate Studies
teaching. Various studies have looked at different factors comprisingteacher competence with intentions of defining competence. For example, in one study teachercompetence included content knowledge, pedagogical knowledge, classroom managementknowledge, etc.25 In another study, competence referred to an understanding of the subjectknowledge, children learning, curriculum, and the educational system.26 These studies allsuggest that competence is multi-faceted, and we anticipate the same would be true for GTAs inengineering.Competence has also been studied in literature on teachers and teaching practices with regard toevaluating programs aimed at enhancing teacher competence27 and assessing various aspects ofteacher competence.28 Importantly, past
Conference Session
Engineering Libraries (ELD) Poster Session
Collection
2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Janet Fransen, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities
Tagged Divisions
Engineering Libraries
using students’ responses to how often theyhave:  Examined how others gathered and interpreted data and assessed the soundness of their conclusions  Reconsidered your own position on a topic after assessing the arguments of others  Incorporated ideas or concepts from different courses when completing assignments  Used facts and examples to support your viewpoint12Analysis shows a statistically significant positive correlation between library use andScholarship. Of all the variables included in the model, library use was the only variable thatshowed any significant correlation to Scholarship.No one library access point had a statistically significant relationship to Scholarship.Academic EngagementIn the SERU instrument
Conference Session
iSTEM
Collection
2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Marion Usselman, Georgia Institute of Technology; Mike Ryan, Georgia Institute of Technology; Jeffrey H Rosen, Georgia Tech - CEISMC; Fred Stillwell, Georgia Tech - CEISMC; Norman F. Robinson III, Georgia Institute of Technology; Brian Douglas Gane, Georgia Institute of Technology; Sabrina Grossman, Georgia Tech: Center for Integrating Science, Math, and Computing
Tagged Divisions
K-12 & Pre-College Engineering
University and a bachelor of science degree in Mathematics from Tennessee Technological University.Dr. Brian Douglas Gane, Georgia Institute of Technology Dr. Brian Gane is a postdoctoral fellow at the Center for Education Integrating Science, Mathematics, Page 23.775.1 and Computing (CEISMC) at the Georgia Institute of Technology. Dr. Gane’s research focuses on skill acquisition, STEM education, and assessment & modeling.Sabrina Grossman, Georgia Tech: Center for Integrating Science, Math, and Computing c American Society for Engineering Education, 2013 Integrating K-12
Conference Session
Best of DEED
Collection
2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Julia Kramer, University of Michigan, College of Engineering; Shanna R. Daly, University of Michigan; Seda Yilmaz, Iowa State University; Colleen M. Seifert, Univ. of Michigan
Tagged Divisions
Design in Engineering Education
idea. An abstract image is included to depict the heuristic graphically. On the back of thecard, two examples of existing products are shown: one from a variety of consumer products,and a second from a single type of consumer product (a seating device). The use of these twoexamples shows that each heuristic can be applied to both a wide range of products and to thesame product category repeatedly. An example of a Design Heuristic card is shown below inFigure 2. Page 24.23.4 Figure 2. Heuristic Card Example: Utilize Opposite SurfaceSeveral studies were performed to assess the
Conference Session
Engineering Physics & Physics Division Technical Session 3
Collection
2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Teresa L. Larkin, American University; Victoria "Tori" Vogel, American University
Tagged Divisions
Engineering Physics & Physics
Paper ID #9598A Phenomenological Study of Factors Influencing the Gender Gap in Physicsand other STEM-Related FieldsDr. Teresa L. Larkin, American University Teresa L. Larkin is an Associate Professor of Physics Education and Faculty Liaison to the Pre-engineering Program at American University. She received her Ph.D. in Curriculum and Instruction with emphasis in Physics and Science Education from Kansas State University. Dr. Larkin is involved with Physics Education Research (PER) and has published widely on topics related to the assessment of student learn- ing in introductory physics and engineering courses
Conference Session
General Technical Session 1
Collection
2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Shanshan Li, Purdue University; Yang Chen, Purdue University; David M. Whittinghill, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Mihaela Vorvoreanu, Purdue University, West Lafayette
Tagged Divisions
Computers in Education
might influence students’ motivation toward learning of asecond language. To address this gap in the literature, we used a combination of conveniencesampling and criterion sampling to select five Chinese college students to evaluate an Englishvocabulary learning application built upon augmented reality technology. To assess studentmotivation, the ARCS motivational model was adopted. A semi-structured interview with open-ended questions was used to collect data. Participants indicated that though they were attractedby this tool at the beginning, their motivation level decreased toward the end of the study session.An interpretation of our observations in the context of the ARCS model suggests threemotivational issues. First, predefined AR
Conference Session
NSF Grantees’ Poster Session
Collection
2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Tom Weller, University of South Florida; Carol M. Haden, Magnolia Consulting, LLC; Jeff Frolik, University of Vermont; Paul G. Flikkema, Northern Arizona University; Aaron T. Ohta, University of Hawaii at Manoa; Sylvia W. Thomas, University of South Florida; Rhonda R. Franklin, University of Minnesota; Wayne A. Shiroma, University of Hawaii at Manoa
Tagged Topics
NSF Grantees Poster Session
Tagged Divisions
Division Experimentation & Lab-Oriented Studies
Agree Disagree nor Disagree Agree Mean Remote Sensing 8.1% 2.7% 18.9% 54.1% 16.2% 3.68 Wireless Devices 0.0% 14.6% 39.0% 36.6% 9.8% 3.41 Bioelectrical Signals 4.0% 32.0% 20.0% 36.0% 8.0% 3.12 DC/AC Inversion 17.9% 15.4% 15.4% 41.0% 10.3% 3.10 Power Measurement 44.7% 26.3% 21.1% 7.9% 0.0% 1.92Comparisons of Student Interest and Understanding To assess impact on student interest and engagement with course content, students intreatment and control
Conference Session
Computer Based Grading and Learning Styles
Collection
2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Dan Cernusca, Missouri University of Science & Technology; Clayton E Price, Missouri University of Science and Technology
Tagged Divisions
Computers in Education
face-to-face lecture section(control) with the performance of one online lecture section (treatment), we introduced a controlvariable with two levels (1 – control and 2 – treatment). Since the instructional materials and theassociated assessment tasks were similar for both sections, we predicted that there would be nosignificant impact of this last variable on both self-efficacy and final grade.Procedure and Research InstrumentsFor the purpose of this study we followed two sections of the same course taught by the sameinstructor. The first section used a traditional face-to-face lecture while the second one wasengaged in the new blended format where the lecture was offered fully online and complementedwith one optional weekly face-to-face
Conference Session
New Approaches in Engineering
Collection
2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Audrey Lynn LaVallie, Turtle Mountain Community College; Eric Asa, North Dakota State University; G. Padmanabhan P.E., North Dakota State University
Tagged Divisions
Minorities in Engineering
the “action” level for mitigation, and that another 7% of residences were over a high-risklevel of 10 pCi/L.Student interns decided to continue to investigate the radon problem on the reservation bylooking more closely at high-radon homes (over 8 pCi/L) and comparing these to five controlhomes (less than 4 pCi/L) in terms of weatherization level; gas levels (CO2 and O2); temperature,humidity and pressure; construction materials and history; and soil permeability. Geologicalliterature was also investigated to assess the overall radon potential of the area.Weatherization checks were done by students calculating heat dissipation rates with thermalenergy equations, while gas levels were checked with CBL (Vernier) gas level probes.Permeability was
Conference Session
Classes in Entrepreneurship
Collection
2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Zhang Fenzhi, Aalborg University
Tagged Divisions
Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation
, there areapproximately 35 students (Danish 50% and foreign 50%). The work on a project reportand in courses (related to the theme) covers approximately 80% of each semester and isequivalent to 24 ECTS (European Credit Transfer System). The rest of the semester ismade up of fundamental courses or other compulsory courses. Project work is formulatedwithin the framework of the given themes and is related to the overall educationalobjectives, which can be broad, open themes or a subject-related limited themes. Studentsare allowed to formulate their project proposal themselves. Students are expected to attendthe courses and apply the knowledge gained in them in their project work. The output ofthe courses is assessed along with the project work at
Conference Session
Aerospace Division Technical Session 1
Collection
2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Trevor J. Bennett, Texas A&M University; Kristin D. Nichols, Texas A&M University; Kristi J. Shryock, Texas A&M University
Tagged Divisions
Aerospace
researchwithin aerospace engineering and to stay current with new developments. It also enhances thestudents’ awareness of the technical depth incorporated into aerospace vehicles.Educational OutcomesThe AERO 101 course is a one hour per week seminar class held on Friday afternoons. Thecourse has two sections of 40 students each. One section is a general section; the other is anhonors section. Through the course design the honors section is challenged beyond the generalrequirements of the project. All of the students, with a few exceptions each semester, are firstyear aerospace engineering students who likely have little to no knowledge or experience withinaerospace engineering. Several metrics are therefore used to assess the effectiveness of the
Conference Session
Methods, Techniques, and New Programs in Graduate Education
Collection
2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Niaz Latif, Purdue University, Calumet ; Joy L Colwell, Purdue University, Calumet (Tech)
Tagged Divisions
Graduate Studies
and an M.S. from South Dakota State University (SDSU); both degrees are in Agricultural Engineering. He holds a B.Sc. in Mechanical Engineering from the University of Chittagong in Bangladesh. Dr. Latif has authored/co-authored numerous refereed journal articles and peer reviewed conference proceedings articles and has made national and interna- tional conference presentations. His publication record includes articles related to academic program development and assessment of academic programs. Dr. Latif was the Editor-in-Chief of the Journal of Engineering Technology.Prof. Joy L Colwell, Purdue University, Calumet (Tech) Joy L. Colwell is Director of Graduate Studies for Purdue University Calumet. She is a
Conference Session
Research and Graduate Studies
Collection
2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Erika A. Mosyjowski, University of Michigan ; Shanna R. Daly, University of Michigan; Diane L Peters, University of Michigan; Steven J. Skerlos, University of Michigan
Tagged Divisions
Graduate Studies
?  How would you assess your change in each of the following since beginning your PhD program?Post-PhD Plans o Enthusiasm for my field Peters & Daly, 201118 o Technical Skills o Knowledge in my field o Confidence in my abilitiesThe final survey was electronically distributed via the Qualtrics survey software. It wascomprised of thirteen sections, taking participants approximately 30 minutes to complete.Participants were compensated $20 for their time.VIII. ConclusionThe development of Graduate Student Experiences and Motivations Survey demonstrates asystematic approach to survey development, grounded in
Conference Session
Methods, Techniques, and New Programs in Graduate Education
Collection
2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Dominic R. Primé, Arizona State University; Bianca L. Bernstein, Arizona State University; Amy K. Way, Villanova University; Liza Cohen Hita Hita, Arizona State University; T Michael Liddell, CareerWISE, Arizona State University; Arti R. Sarma, Arizona State University; Jennifer M Bekki, Arizona State University, Polytechnic campus
Tagged Divisions
Graduate Studies
the modules. For example, the following comment expounds on theinstructional value of the self-tests: “The self-tests were a good way to assess my own thoughtprocess and the discussion beneath them corrected my way of thinking.” Additional types offeedback that were common in these evaluations included: (1) corrective feedback pertaining tosome issue with the discipline-specific content, (2) design structure (i.e., from experts ineducational technology), and (3) suggestions for additional strategies, techniques, or approaches(i.e., these were most often suggested by participants with expertise in the content area, such ascommunication, counseling, and counseling psychology graduate students).Conclusion and DiscussionIn this paper, we have