Collection

2014 ASEE Zone 4 Conference

Authors

John Murray; Erin Elder; Ryan Bingham; Glen Longhurst; Desmond Penny

United States isused in the operation and construction of buildings, is encouraging new buildings, developments,and renovations to be designed to be carbon-neutral by 2030, using no fossil fuel, greenhouse gasemitting energy to operate. Quantitative connections between energy, ecology, and economicsrevealed by systems ecologists Howard & Eugene Odum also indicate the desirability of smallerbuildings, accessible via local transportation, that minimize energy use, maximize efficiency,employ solar technologies, and recycle materials. The Tiny House constitutes a small step in thedirection of these goals. Periodic design reviews, selective design iterations, management bywalking around, and systematic performance monitoring constituted effective

Conference Session

WIED Poster Session

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Lisa M Frehill, National Action Council for Minorities in Engineering

Tagged Divisions

Women in Engineering

. Hence, studyingthe institutional context of this particular set of institutions holds forth some promise forunderstanding how we might increase women’s participation in engineering. In this paper, wepresent results of a preliminary study of nine of the NACME block grant partner institutions andplan to refine and expand these analyses in the next year.The nine institutions represent three sets of three different institutional contexts. All nine areNACME block-grant recipients. This partnership represents investments by NACME inscholarships and research support to the institutions, and on the part of the institutions,themselves, which are required to implement programming shown to be effective in recruitingand retaining students of color.First

Conference Session

Understanding Students and Faculty

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Linda Vanasupa, California Polytechnic State University; Qiong Zhang, University of South Florida; James R. Mihelcic, University of South Florida; Julie Zimmerman, Yale University; Nina J. Truch, California Polytechnic State University

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

roughly 200 college students. Two of the threescales have strong internal reliability with Cronbach alpha reliability measures of 0.73 forconstruct 1) and 0.90 for construct 2). The third is weaker with a Cronbach alpha of 0.3, clearlycalling for a closer examination and alteration of the survey questions. Each of the scalesaccounts for 68%, 63% and 51% of the variance, respectively. We present evidence of validityfor the three scales. Construct validity is illustrated through predictable performance on thescales by contrasting groups of students, consistency in the internal structure through factoranalysis and expected correlations across scales. However, we recognize that these instrumentscan be refined and improved; we have deployed them in a

Conference Session

Research on Diversification & Inclusion

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Michael Brewer, University of Georgia; Nicola Sochacka, University of Georgia; Joachim Walther, University of Georgia

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering, Liberal Education/Engineering & Society, New Engineering Educators, Student, Women in Engineering

not offer a suitable basis upon which to effectively address the issue at hand.In our analysis we identified five dominant stories, one counterstory, and one nonstory (seeFigure 1). As illustrated below, the five dominant stories all share a common premise, whichrelates to how a chronic shortage of engineers is threatening America’s economic recovery,growth, and international competiveness. The counterstory, in contrast, is based on the Page 26.1018.4understanding that today’s students want to make a difference. This story thus concludes withcalls to explore how the desire to have a positive impact needs to be incorporated

Conference Session

NSF Grantees' Poster Session

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

DeLean A Tolbert, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Monica E Cardella, Purdue University, West Lafayette

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees Poster Session

relates not only to formally learned academic knowledge but also to lifelongscience learning and to learning science within cultural contexts. The types of learning that canoccur in informal science environment are categorized by the committee as follows3: • Lifelong learning: “the acquisition of fundamental competencies and attitudes and a facility with effectively using information over the life course, recognizing that developmental needs and interests vary at different life stages.” (p. 28) • Life-wide learning: “the learning that takes place as people routinely circulate across a range of social settings and activities—classrooms, after-school programs, informal educational institutions, online venues, homes

Conference Session

Computing and Information Technology Division Technical Session 8

Collection

2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Stephanie J. Lunn, Florida International University; Monique S. Ross, Florida International University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Computing and Information Technology

. Ross, Florida International University Monique Ross, Assistant Professor in the School of Computing and Information Sciences and STEM Transformation Institute at Florida International University, designs research focused on broadening par- ticipation in computer science through the exploration of: 1) race, gender, and disciplinary identity; 2) discipline-based education research (with a focus on computer science and computer engineering courses) in order to inform pedagogical practices that garner interest and retain women (specifically Black and His- panic women) in computer-related engineering fields. American c Society for Engineering Education, 2021

Conference Session

Equity, Culture & Social Justice in Education Division (EQUITY) Technical Session 12

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Nicole Delgado, New Mexico State University; Hilda Cecilia Contreras Aguirre, New Mexico State University; Luis Rodolfo Garcia Carrillo

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Culture & Social Justice in Education Division (EQUITY), Equity

]. Confidence is critical when engaging in rigorous academic and career fields; yet manywomen and underrepresented minorities indicate they lack confidence and report lower levels ofself-efficacy in pre-college science and math courses [13]. The lack of confidence and lowerlevels of self-efficacy are critical in keeping minorities from selecting degrees they deem hard.Pre-college and undergraduate science and math instructors are not multicultural, have an agingfaculty population, and only 19% of the total professorships held in technical and engineeringuniversity departments are held by women nationwide [20]. There is also no evidence that menhave a higher cognitive ability to understand the content better than their women counterparts.However, there

Conference Session

New Models for Teaching and Learning

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Andrew Morozov, University of Washington; Deborah Kilgore, University of Washington; Cynthia Atman, University of Washington

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

of skills, often at a higher level than others in the same field10. Many studies of engineeringdesign behavior have elucidated the design activity of problem framing, both as it is exhibited byexperts11 and as problem definition is associated with more effective student designers12.Experts are expected to scope a problem in such a way that they adequately account for context.Problem scoping refers to the portion of the design process where designers define the nature ofthe design problem and the space in which they will search for design solutions. This often Page 12.321.3involves gathering information from a broad range of sources, framing

Collection

2023 CIEC

Authors

Marilyn Dyrud

, American Society for Engineering Education ETD 445Long-term effects include significantly elevated cancer rates, as well as increased levels ofcadmium, lead, and zinc in the soil. The latter was discovered in a study of core samples drawnfrom a lakebed six miles from Donora [39]. Currently, U.S. Steel is the defendant in a classaction suit for contaminating Donora and environs with cadmium, resulting from the estimatedfive million tons emitted over the course of 42 years of continuous operation [40].Ethical IssuesThis brief recounting of the cases reveals a number of obvious ethical issues involving personneland general business disposition but little on

Conference Session

International Division (INTL) Technical Session: International Programs and Curricula II

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sigrid -- Berka, The University of Rhode Island

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

International Division (INTL)

an engineering disciplineand a second language and spend their senior year abroad studying and interning as a mandatorypart of their program, then return to campus as part of their 5th and final year where they takecapstone courses in their respective engineering disciplines and the highest sequence of secondlanguage, culture, and literature courses.Research question 1: Which changes in students’ intercultural development were measured bythe IDI assessment?Research question 2: Which individual factors impacted changes in professional, personal andlife skills development during a year of studying and interning abroad?Literature review In previous influential scholarship, Byram [1], Deardorff [2] and Bennett [3] haveoutlined conceptual

Conference Session

Modeling Student Data

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Michael Dyrenfurth, Purdue University; Mike Murphy, Dublin Institute of Technology; Gary Bertoline, Purdue University

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

engineering or technologyprograms, but rather of the university.Introduction & MethodologyToday's world, and by all indicators the world of the future, seems to be increasingly competitive[1] and demanding. Resource scarcity, an increasing imperative for efficiency and effectiveness,manifestly more available information and escalating expectations for quality are but some of thefactors that have caused universities, colleges, departments and programs to attend to evaluation,accreditation and invariably rankings and comparisons [2, 3]. Furthermore, increased global andintra-national mobility as well as widespread access to information has created the opportunityfor individuals to more carefully research their selection of universities to attend

Conference Session

The Climate for Women In Engineering

Collection

2003 Annual Conference

Authors

Mara Wasburn

education experience. Theycoined the now-famous term "chilly classroom climate" to refer to the effects that male-dominated university campuses have on undergraduate women. They argue that male professors'use of sexist humor, belittling albeit bantering comments about women's intellectual abilities,and their use of "he" to refer to scholars in their fields can considerably dampen women's careeraspirations. Almost twenty years later, Martin 2 asserts that the campus climate remains chilly,resulting in “an under-representation of women in the highest ranks of the profession,” and the“backlash against women’s studies” (p. 85).Women faculty in the STEM disciplines describe a "null environment for women" where theyreceive little support or colleagueship

Conference Session

Provocative Presentations & Lunch

Collection

2004 Annual Conference

Authors

Ikhlaq Sidhu

companies likely to succeed in the region. Then, it allows for theprediction of growth variables including job creation, ROI for investors, and ROI for thecommunity. As an illustration, the paper compares the long-term effects of launching 1, 5, 10,15, and 20 companies per year for 15 years sequentially. The results are provided in terms of jobcreation and ROI for a wide range of confidence intervals.1. IntroductionMany communities and regions have taken interest in developing technology companies for thepurpose of economic development. Technology companies are known to bring higher averagesalaries, skilled workers, and increases in tax base. Further, many of these communities haveinvested on the growth of start-ups with the hope of larger paybacks

Conference Session

Technical Proficiency and Cybersecurity Awareness in ECE Education

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Doug W. Jacobson, Iowa State University of Science and Technology

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer Engineering Division (ECE)

situation, users armed with context can apply best practices effectively. 2. Daily Relevance: Our screens constantly buzz with alerts—patch updates, suspicious emails, and malware threats. But these notifications often lack clarity. Security literacy bridges the gap by teaching users to evaluate risks and benefits. It's about making value- based decisions, not blind compliance. 3. Proactivity, Not Reactivity: Rather than reacting to threats, security literacy empowers proactive measures. It equips individuals to safeguard their digital lives preemptively, whether they're students, professionals, or everyday users.In summary, security literacy is essential in the digital age for technology enthusiasts

Conference Session

Diversity and Inclusion

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mel Chua, Olin College; Tess Edmonds, Olin College

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education/Engineering & Society

engineering students. Thesearchitectures are compatible with a wide range of course and informal learning settings. They arefocused on engaging in, observing, and reflecting-in-action on individual and group dynamics,especially in conversations that challenge personal views and comfort zones. After attending toeach architecture in turn, we discuss the collection of architectures as a toolset for facilitating thedevelopment of interpersonal skills in engineering students.IntroductionThe ability to engage with and facilitate conversations on complex topics is a crucial skill forengineering students preparing to thoughtfully encounter a world full of diversity, challengeassumptions, and work across disciplinary and cultural boundaries. This kind of

Conference Session

Student Division Poster Session

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Michael Galczynski, University of Maryland - College Park

Tagged Divisions

Student

well as how they fit or donot fit into that field. When the word engineer is invoked, it may have different meanings andimplications to different students. I posit that the differences in students’ engineering identityconceptions are primarily shaped by theirs’ and others’ expectations of themselves, the structureof college courses as well as their understanding of the engineering discipline.While much research has been done on student identity development and retention, it wouldseem that little work has been done to examine professors’ identities and views within the fieldof engineering4,12. Given that the expectations of professors can effect student confidence andmotivation to become engineers5, it is likely a worthwhile pursuit to develop

Conference Session

Two-year College Potpourri

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Elaine L. Craft, Florence-Darlington Technical College; Karen Wosczyna-Birch, CT College of Technology; Charlotte B. Forrest

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Two Year College Division

colleges and higher education, in general. She is a member of the National Society of Black Engineers (NSBE) and Society of Women Engineers (SWE). c American Society for Engineering Education, 2017Gaining the Competitive Edge in Proposal Submission to the National Science Foundation Advanced Technological Education Program (NSF-ATE): Mentor-Connect Abstract Securing external funding to improve or expand engineering technology and related programs is increasingly essential as state funding for two-year technical and community colleges plummets nationwide. Grants often provide the impetus and means for innovation that would not otherwise be possible. The National Science Foundation Advanced

Conference Session

Faculty Development Medley

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sylvia L. Mendez, University of Colorado, Colorado Springs; Valerie Martin Conley, University of Colorado, Colorado Springs; Comas Lamar Haynes, Georgia Tech Research Institute; Rosario A. Gerhardt, Georgia Institute of Technology; Jennifer Tygret, University of Colorado, Colorado Springs

Tagged Topics

Diversity, Faculty Development Constituency Committee

energy systems curricula for public and college courses and experimental laboratories. Additionally, he is the co-developer of the outreach initiative, Educators Lead- ing Energy Conservation and Training Researchers of Diverse Ethnicities (ELECTRoDE). He received his Bachelor of Science degree from Florida A&M University and his graduate degrees (culminating in a Ph.D.) from Georgia Tech; and all of the degrees are in the discipline of Mechanical Engineering.Dr. Rosario A. Gerhardt, Georgia Institute of Technology Dr. Rosario A. Gerhardt is Professor of Materials Science and Engineering at the Georgia Institute of Technology. In addition to her engineering research interests, she is also interested in improving

Conference Session

FOCUS ON EXHIBITS: Welcome Reception & NEW THIS YEAR! 2018 Best Division Paper Nominee Poster Session Sponsored by Engineering Unleashed

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sylvia L. Mendez, University of Colorado, Colorado Springs

Tagged Topics

ASEE Headquarters

assistants and has received multi-agency funding for energy systems analysis and develop- ment. Sponsor examples include the National Science Foundation, Department of Energy and NASA. Dr. Haynes also develops fuel cells and alternative energy systems curricula for public and college courses and experimental laboratories. Additionally, he is the co-developer of the outreach initiative, Educators Lead- ing Energy Conservation and Training Researchers of Diverse Ethnicities (ELECTRoDE). He received his Bachelor of Science degree from Florida A&M University and his graduate degrees (culminating in a Ph.D.) from Georgia Tech; and all of the degrees are in the discipline of Mechanical Engineering.Dr. Rosario A. Gerhardt

Conference Session

Topics in Computing and Information Technologies I

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Tanner Lund, Brigham Young University; Hayden Panike; Samuel Moses, Brigham Young University; Dale C Rowe, Brigham Young University; Joseph J Ekstrom, Brigham Young University

Tagged Divisions

Computing & Information Technology

health.Administrators can spend a lot of time implementing different tools to try and understand theirinfrastructure, but there is a better way, a way which more effectively utilizes informationalready available to them. The key to improving the system is to implement a practical datamining infrastructure. System Administrators can use it to reduce wasted time and leverageexisting infrastructure data and logs to easily manage many tasks.Practicality of Data Mining InfrastructuresThe average systems administrator has more tasks a day then he can accomplish in his limitedamount of time. These task are usually prioritized by business needs and rate of completion.The more complex a task gets, the more time it takes away from other responsibilities. Thesetasks do

Conference Session

Impacts on K-12 Student Identity, Career Choice, and Perceptions of Engineers

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Cheryl Carrico P.E., Virginia Tech; Holly M. Matusovich, Virginia Tech; Marie C. Paretti, Virginia Tech; Matthew Arnold Boynton PE P.E., Virginia Tech

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

includes studies on the teaching and learning of communication, effective teach- ing practices in design education, the effects of differing design pedagogies on retention and motivation, the dynamics of cross-disciplinary collaboration in both academic and industry design environments, and gender and identity in engineering.Dr. Matthew Arnold Boynton PE P.E., Virginia Tech Matthew Boynton recently finished his Ph.D in Engineering Education at Virginia Tech. He also holds a B.S. and M.S. in Civil Engineering from Tennessee Tech and an Ed.S in Instructional Leadership. Matthew has experience in industry as well as teaching. Previously, Matthew taught Project Lead the Way Engineering courses in two rural high schools in

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Cassandra J. Groen, Virginia Tech; Lisa D. McNair, Virginia Tech; Marie C. Paretti, Virginia Tech; Denise Rutledge Simmons P.E., Virginia Tech; Ashley Shew, Virginia Tech

Tagged Topics

Diversity, NSF Grantees Poster Session

, liberatory maker spaces, and a RED grant to increase pathways in ECE for the professional formation of engineers.Dr. Marie C. Paretti, Virginia Tech Marie C. Paretti is a Professor of Engineering Education at Virginia Tech, where she co-directs the Vir- ginia Tech Engineering Communications Center (VTECC). Her research focuses on communication in engineering design, interdisciplinary communication and collaboration, design education, and gender in engineering. She was awarded a CAREER grant from the National Science Foundation to study expert teaching in capstone design courses, and is co-PI on numerous NSF grants exploring communication, design, and identity in engineering. Drawing on theories of situated learning and

Conference Session

Student Motivation, Identity, and Resilience

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Timothy D. Ropp, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Stephen M. Belt, Saint Louis University

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

traditional lecture/lab course formats to more in-depthproblem-based approaches can cause some learners to retreat from challenges due to earlyfailures or from lack of sufficiently developed recovery techniques. This paper presents atheoretical model of individual resilience for applied engineering and technology-based learners.Such a model could assist instructors tailor pedagogical experiences to more fully integrateresilience during academic preparation. Toward this end, a cross-domain review from seminaland modern research on resilience theory from aviation/aerospace, education, medical andpsychology literature was conducted. Five common resilience themes emerged: (1) Adversitypersistence/perseverance; (2) Contextual awareness (picture making

Conference Session

First-Year Programs: Major Choice

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Michelle E. Jarvie-Eggart, Michigan Technological University; Amanda Marie Singer, Michigan Technological University; Jason Mathews, Michigan Technological University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

-12]. Parentalcareer path [5] and perception of other career fields [6] have been shown to influence studentcareer choice. Children with engineers in their families are exposed to engineering as a career atan early age and acquire a greater understanding of the engineering profession through homeeducation [15]. Occupational inheritance is often the result of early exposure to professions, andengineering runs in families much the same way that law or medicine does. An understanding offamilial influences may help advocates to determine effective methods to expose more diversesets of students and parents to engineering as a profession.The research presented in this paper contributes to the existing knowledge base, providingadditional data to

Conference Session

Accountability and Stewardship

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kari Zacharias, University of Manitoba; Renato B. Rodrigues, University of Manitoba; Paula Rodrigues Affonso Alves, University of Manitoba; Jillian Seniuk Cicek, University of Manitoba

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education/Engineering & Society Division (LEES)

: Origins and Implications of an Approach to Responsible Tech DevelopmentThe Multiplicity of “Stewardship”Technological stewardship, or “tech stewardship,” is a concept used by some engineeringeducators as part of strategies to encourage responsible technological development. In thecontext of Canadian engineering education, the most prominent use of this term is in the TechStewardship Practice Program (TSPP), an online course in which several thousandparticipants - largely undergraduate engineering students at Canadian universities – haveenrolled since 2021 [1].The TSPP positions the term “tech stewardship” as “professional identity, orientation, andpractice” with the goal of “bend[ing] the arc of technology towards good,” [2

Conference Session

Technological Literacy and the Educated Person

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Michele Dischino, Central Connecticut State University; James DeLaura, Central Connecticut State University; Patrick Foster, Central Connecticut State University; David Sianez, CCSU

Tagged Divisions

Technological Literacy Constituent Committee

, which examined the effects of participation in quality afterschool programs among 3,000 elementary and middle school students in 14 cities and eightstates. Results indicated that regular participation in after school programs was associated withimprovements in work habits and task persistence, along with significant gains in standardizedmath test scores, compared to their peers who were regularly unsupervised after school.17 Page 15.478.4Demographic Disparities in After School Program ParticipationSignificant demographic differences exist in activity participation across a range of both school-based and community-based after school programs

Conference Session

Models and Practices of Community Engagement for Engineering Faculty

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Tamara Ball, UCSC Baskin School of Engineering; Michael S. Isaacson, University of California, Santa Cruz

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Community Engagement Division

higher education and improve learning outcomes. Her research to date has focused on educational designs that emphasize learner ini- tiative and agency through inquiry or problem-based learning in formal and informal learning contexts. She has published several papers on the characteristics of learning environments that support or constrain opportunities for any students (including those from non-dominant backgrounds) to participate in key science and engineering process skills such as scientific argumentation. Her work is largely informed by the principles and perspectives on human development and cognition articulated by Cultural Historical Activity Theory. Putting theory into practice, she teaches a service-learning

Conference Session

Transfer and Transitions

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Bruk T. Berhane, University of Maryland, College Park; Shannon Hayes Buenaflor, University of Maryland, College Park; Danielle Melvin Koonce, University of Maryland; Christin Jacquelyne Salley, University of Maryland, College Park; Sharon Fries-Britt, University of Maryland, College Park; Darryll J. Pines, University of Maryland, College Park

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Two-Year College

Dean and Nariman Farvardin Professor of Engineering at the Clark School on Jan- uary 5, 2009, having come to the school in 1995 as an assistant professor and served as chair of the school’s Department of Aerospace Engineering from 2006 to 2009. As dean, Pines has led the devel- opment of the Clark School’s current strategic plan and achieved notable successes in key areas such as improving teaching in fundamental undergraduate courses and raising student retention; achieving suc- cess in national and international student competitions; giving new emphasis to sustainability engineering and service learning; promoting STEM education among high school students; increasing the impact of research programs; and expanding

Conference Session

ELOS Technical Session 1 - Fluids, Wind, and Flow

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jessica Weakly, University of Pennsylvania; Sarah Ho, University of Pennsylvania; Erica Feehery, University of Pennsylvania; Bruce David Kothmann, University of Pennsylvania; Cynthia Sung, University of Pennsylvania

Tagged Divisions

Experimentation and Laboratory-Oriented Studies Division (DELOS)

Paper ID #41981A Low-Cost, Adaptable System for Lift and Drag Measurement in an EducationalWind TunnelJessica Weakly, University of PennsylvaniaSarah Ho, University of PennsylvaniaErica Feehery, University of PennsylvaniaDr. Bruce David Kothmann, University of PennsylvaniaCynthia Sung, University of Pennsylvania ©American Society for Engineering Education, 2024 A Low-Cost, Adaptable System for Lift and Drag Measurement in an Educational Wind TunnelAbstractWind tunnel testing augments the undergraduate fluid dynamics curriculum by providinghands-on application of the course material, and a low-cost version of

Conference Session

Undergraduate Student Issues: Persistence

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Christine Valle, Georgia Institute of Technology; John D. Leonard II, Georgia Institute of Technology; Ann Marie Blasick, Georgia Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Women in Engineering

,role models, and adequate academic preparation, and these problems can cause these students totransfer out of engineering5-8. For example, Espinosa9 examined the effects of precollegepreparation, college experiences, and institutional characteristics, on the trajectories of over1,000 women of color and almost 900 White women pursuing a STEM degree in 135 institutionsnationwide. While the picture can get blurry across this many different institutions and this widerange of majors (considering that the participation of women is vastly different in biology than,say, in physics, or in environmental engineering versus mechanical engineering), she found thatwomen who engage in peer discussions on classwork outside of the classroom, and women ofcolor