what it meant, in the last decade the use of the termhas exploded [2]. STEM is now used to refer to educational activities across all grade levels (frompre-school to post-doctorate) and to both formal (e.g., classrooms) and informal (e.g., after schoolprograms) experiences. According to data available publicly, annual federal appropriations forSTEM education are now in above $4 billion. There is an active interest in STEM education at thatlevel given the importance placed on advancing science and engineering to maintain U.S.competitive edge. STEM education is now a topic used frequently in policy debates, includingissues of education, workforce development, national security and immigration. According to theCongressional Research Service STEM