Page 25.261.3evaluate students, but they also serve to inform students of their progress and to point out areaswhere work is needed. Feedback should be timely to reduce exposure to content misperceptionsand reinforcement of correct understandings,2,3 but the time required to provide feedback tostudents is dependent on faculty time and the availability of grading support. The pressures onfaculty time are discussed at length at conferences and meetings, and institutional budgets dictatewhether grading support is available. In practice, this means that feedback is provided moreslowly than desired, but team testing provides immediate feedback by exposing students to theirpeers’ understanding of the material and testing their ability to contribute
misconceptions. These factors include (1) the unfamiliarityof the relevant education literature to many engineering educators, (2) the lack of concept inventories withgood estimates of internal consistency and validity that address core engineering areas and (3) the lack oftested educational materials in engineering similar to those that have been developed and tested inphysics. However, significant progress is happening related to each of these issues. There is awidespread and rapidly growing awareness of the benefits of active-engagement methods in engineeringeducation (Prince, 2004) and significant progress has been made in developing concept inventories forcore engineering topics (Evans, 2003; Reed-Rhoads and Imbrie, 2007; Streveler et al., 2008
Department of Mechanical Engineering at Northwestern University. Dr. McKenna’s research focuses on understanding the cognitive and social processes of design, design teaching and learning, the role of adaptive expertise in design and innovation, the impact and diffusion of education innovations, and teaching approaches of engineering faculty. Dr. McKenna received her B.S. and M.S. degrees in Mechanical Engineering from Drexel University and Ph.D. from the University of California at Berkeley.Betty J Harper, Pennsylvania State University, University Park Betty Harper is the director of Student Affairs Research and Assessment at Penn State. Prior to assuming this role, Betty worked in Penn State’s Center for the Study of
web-enabled company-provided smart phonessnippets of instructional content which once was taught in a classroom or online. This permitsgreater functionality than legacy wireless application protocol browsers but the content oflearning itself is an extension of the earlier media.A newer variant of m-learning is emerging. Whereas m-learning is an asynchronous transactioninitiated by the recipient or “pulled” by the learner, the newer variant may be called “m-outreach.” As its label suggests, m-outreach has a “push” characteristic to it thus enabling themaximization of skill and knowledge dissemination because it can reach consenting learnersautomatically (i.e. push out educational materials) as a multicast (one sender, multiple recipients