Conference Session

Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Case Studies in Construction Education

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Hector Buyones-Gonzalez, Universidad Andres Bello, Chile; Monica Quezada-Espinoza, Universidad Andres Bello, Chile

Tagged Divisions

Construction Engineering Division (CONST)

, university programs inconstruction engineering must adapt to meet the current and future job market demands. Theresults will not only identify specific AI competencies deemed vital in the constructionindustry, per the perspectives of the interviewed professionals and experts, but also provideactionable insights into how these skills can be developed and integrated into the industry,enhancing project efficiency and quality. The analysis of semi-structured interviews withindustry experts reveals a labor market that highly values critical reflection, ethical principles,interpersonal and management skills, technical mastery in programming, data analysis,mastery of emerging technologies and construction-related software, English, andcybersecurity

Conference Session

Construction Engineering Division (CONST) Technical Session 2

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Behnam Shadravan, Florida A&M University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Construction Engineering Division (CONST)

. The problem is that mosteducators need to reflect on the claims. The estimates below are not precise as they are related tothe students who show their worries or share with the educator. Notably, there might be concernsfrom both sides.The complaints related to stronger studentsMost of the claims are from stronger students as they expect others to help, but their teammatesmust assist with their share of the work as desired. Based on the reported debates, it is estimatedthat about 70% of the reported claims have been related to stronger students, which claimed thelack of participation of other members in the group. About 40% of the claims are ones in whichone of the students in the group does not help others, and 20% of the shares are ones in

Conference Session

Construction Engineering Division (CONST) Technical Session 5

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Luciana Debs, Purdue University; Claudio Martani, Purdue University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Construction Engineering Division (CONST)

: (i) architectural history as a background to discuss the relationship betweenthe changes in society and the architectural developments from the first industrial revolution topost-modernism and (ii) recent technological and societal changes to reflect on the foreseeablefuture challenges. The present paper describes our experience developing and deploying thiscourse for the first time. We start by presenting the motivation behind this new course, the learningobjectives, the schedule of topics, and assessments. Following, the instructors provide lessonslearned from the course's first iteration. Finally, we conclude by making suggestions for improvingfuture iterations of the course. These suggestions can also be relevant to others considering

Conference Session

Broadening Perspectives in Construction Education

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jose Manuel Fuentes-Cid; Monica Quezada-Espinoza, Universidad Andres Bello, Chile

Tagged Divisions

Construction Engineering Division (CONST)

dropout [14]. Numerous studies have corroborated that studentswith a strong sense of belonging are more motivated, which is reflected in their activeparticipation and interaction in class, factors that significantly contribute to their academicsuccess, persistence in their studies, and reduction in the likelihood of dropping out orchanging academic programs [15-17]. Active and collaborative learning techniques fosterreflection at individual, group, and general levels and enhance feedback exchange amongpeers and faculty. These strategies promote critical thinking and problem-solving skills,increasing students' motivation and confidence and strengthening their sense of belonging [8,16].Self-efficacy is an individual's belief in their ability to

Conference Session

Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Case Studies in Construction Education

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Carmen Paz Munoz, Universidad Andres Bello, Chile; Monica Quezada-Espinoza, Universidad Andres Bello, Chile

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Construction Engineering Division (CONST)

real-world problem analysis into science-relatedsubjects using case study approaches. These approaches engage students with practicalissues, fostering sophisticated thinking, promoting reflection, integrating, applying priorknowledge, and developing self-management learning skills. In our university's ConstructionEngineering program, introducing case studies addressing real-world problems in thesisprojects in the first semester of 2017 significantly improved the graduation rate, rising from10% in 2016 to 25.9% by 2022. These enhancements across various performance metricsdemonstrate the efficacy of this methodology. This research employs a non-experimentalmixed-methods approach, utilizing surveys and interviews as primary data collection

Conference Session

Broadening Perspectives in Construction Education

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Claudia Calle Müller, Florida International University; ERIKA JUDITH RIVERA, Florida International University; Mohamed ElZomor P.E., Florida International University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Construction Engineering Division (CONST)

following question intended to identify the major challenges and vulnerabilities that low-income communities face post-disaster. The results are presented in box plots, where the boxranges from the first quartile (Q1) to the third quartile (Q3) of the distribution, the median isindicated by a horizontal line, the mean is represented with an “x”, and the whiskers highlight theminimum and maximum values. As evident from the box plots presented in Figure 5, the majorchallenges and vulnerabilities include: (1) lack of housing, yielding a mean of 4.69; (2) lack ofwater and food, reflecting a mean of 4.79; and (3) delayed disaster recovery, yielding a mean of4.45. 5 4.5

Conference Session

Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Case Studies in Construction Education

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Long Duy Nguyen P.E., Florida Gulf Coast University; Zofia Kristina Rybkowski, Texas A&M University; Anh D. Chau P.E., Florida Gulf Coast University; Daniel Linares, Florida Gulf Coast University

Tagged Divisions

Construction Engineering Division (CONST)

engagement, in-class collaborative learningstrategies and post-class comprehensive student feedback in addition to instructor’s observationand reflection were employed in the pilot test – an important step in developing an effectiveeducational case study.IntroductionThe utilization of case studies in educational settings, tracing back over a century, represents asignificant evolution in pedagogical methods. Harrison et al. [1] provide a comprehensiveoverview of this evolution, highlighting the methodological development and flexibility of casestudy research. Their work underscores the adaptability of case studies in providing in-depthunderstanding across various disciplines, particularly social sciences, education, business, law,and health, to

Conference Session

Virtual Design and Construction (VDC) in Construction Education

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

George Okere, University of Cincinnati

Tagged Divisions

Construction Engineering Division (CONST)

Conference Session

Construction Engineering Division (CONST) Technical Session 1

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Veto Matthew Ray, Indiana University–Purdue University, Indianapolis; Elizabeth Freije, Indiana University–Purdue University, Indianapolis; Marvin Louis Johnson, Indiana University–Purdue University, Indianapolis

Tagged Divisions

Construction Engineering Division (CONST)

student learning.PurposeTo prepare students entering the workforce, a simulated experience targeting the constructionbidding process has been adopted as a culminating project in a construction cost estimatingcourse. This paper will discuss student preparation throughout the semester and the integration ofthe simulated experience, its format, interactions, and use of technology. The reflective nature ofthe report will provide a detailed examination of the impact the intervention had on studentlearning using direct and indirect measures currently within the course as well as identify futureassessments through subsequent coursework and feedback provided by program constituents.Current direct measures will include student performance in specified

Conference Session

Virtual Design and Construction (VDC) in Construction Education

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sooin Kim, Wayne State University

Tagged Divisions

Construction Engineering Division (CONST)

greatly when it is adopted in multiple courses or programs of construction education. [19] Multidisciplinary AECO Students reflected that they could better learn program communication practices and strategies when using the BIM software with actual project data in the industry. [41] Multidisciplinary AECO Interdisciplinary BIM-based joint capstone course in program highway engineering improved students’ collaborations and communication skills with other professionals. [42] Multidisciplinary AECO

Conference Session

Student Engagement in Construction Education

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kimberly Grau Talley P.E., Texas State University; Bobbi J. Spencer, Texas State University

Tagged Divisions

Construction Engineering Division (CONST)

negatively worded items tended to havea decreased agreement over that period. While the trends showed the expected movement thatwould reflect an increased sense of belonging to the construction industry, only two showedstatistical difference between pre- and post-internship scores. Item 8, “I am similar to the kind ofpeople who succeed in my career” was statistically significant at the 95% level (t(104) = -1.70, p= .046) and Item 13, “ I do NOT know what I need to do to make a supervisor in my companylike me” was statistically significant at the 90% level (t(104) = 1.49, p = .070). Strongly 7 Agree Agree 6 Somewhat 5 Agree Neither Agree nor 4 Disagree Somewhat 3 Disagree Disagree 2 Strongly Disagree 1

Conference Session

Sustainability and Student Health in Construction Education

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Saeed Rokooei, Mississippi State University; Raheleh Miralami, Mississippi State University; George D Ford, Mississippi State University

Tagged Divisions

Construction Engineering Division (CONST)

sleep time exists, which has consequences on students’performance. These effects are studied and summarized in the literature section. This is alignedwith the question on the likelihood of changing sleep time in possible, which was above average.Another notable point is the expected working hours for professionals in the construction industry.The reported hours indicate that the educational system – deliberately or unintentionally – shapesthe mindset of students to work 51-60 hours (41%) or 61-70 hours (14%), as reflected in Figure 3.This trend is consistent with the numbers reported for the expected and ideal sleep time in theconstruction industry, as reflected in Table 4. Finally, another point worth mentioning is thestatement about

Conference Session

Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Case Studies in Construction Education

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Daniel Eduardo Abril; Miguel Andres Guerra, Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ; Sixto Duran Ballen

Tagged Divisions

Construction Engineering Division (CONST)

students had to use questions to prompt the AI to use wordsindicating that this construction project used the Lean methodology or similar ones. Throughoutthe process, it was demonstrated how students executed and acquired skills related to criticalthinking, reflection, problem identification, and solution seeking. Upon completion of theexercises, a survey was conducted on critical thinking and AI, and how they relate or assist. It wasdetermined that during the project, different skills were learned, such as interpreting and analyzinginformation, and using artificial intelligence as a learning tool. The significance of this study liesin the adoption of innovative pedagogical methods that engage students in the subject matter,thereby maximizing

Conference Session

Construction Engineering Division (CONST) Technical Session 2

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Raúl Esteban Toscano; Vanessa Guerra, University of Virginia; Miguel Andres Guerra, Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ

Tagged Divisions

Construction Engineering Division (CONST)

as memory, concentration, information processing and problem solving[26][27],functions that play a fundamental role when taking an exam.It has been shown that approximately 60% of students who have high levels of stress do notmeet the minimum score on exams, affecting the purpose of the exam [28],alternativemethods have been proposed to reduce stress levels, such as: multiple choice tests,increasing test time, open book tests, home tests. Some of these alternative evaluationmethods have benefits over traditional exams; since they enhance skills such as criticalthinking, reflection, and problem solving, instead of having to focus on the need tomemorize as in open book exams [17].In the case of open book exams, as well as theimplementation of

Conference Session

Sustainability and Student Health in Construction Education

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sepehr Khorshid, The University of Alabama; Raissa Seichi Marchiori, The University of Alabama; Siyuan Song, The University of Alabama

Tagged Divisions

Construction Engineering Division (CONST)

scale, for itemsphrased in a positive tone, a score of 4 instead indicates the lowest level of stress. Thisadjustment ensures that the scale accurately reflects the respondent’s perceived stress levels byaccounting for the positive or negative framing of each statement. Below are the first twoquestions from the section on personal-family related stressors, demonstrating the application ofreverse coding based on the tone of each question: 1) “In the past 30 days, how often have youfelt nervous and stressed?” Given its negative tone, a response of 4 (Very Often) on this questionindicates a high level of stress. 2) “In the past 30 days, how often have you felt confident aboutyour ability to handle your personal problems?” Due to its positive tone

Conference Session

Construction Engineering Division (CONST) Technical Session 1

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Piyush Pradhananga, Florida International University; Mohamed Elzomor, P.E., Florida International University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Construction Engineering Division (CONST)

designed for disassembly,among others. Some concept maps reflected the students’ conceptual understanding of the topicwith few or no misconceptions. Additionally, students also showed both simple and complexrelationships in the concept maps with a clear indication of relative importance. Overall, most ofthe participating students developed a more holistic concept map for addressing the constructionand demolition waste issues by considering design for disassembly and upcycling principles aswell as disaster management guidelines to improve sustainability in construction. Then, throughthe identification of different relationships and patterns among the concepts, students were able toclearly articulate the impact of these systems on the circular

Conference Session

Construction Engineering Division (CONST) Technical Session 4

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Rubaya Rahat, Florida International University; Mohamed Elzomor, P.E., Florida International University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Construction Engineering Division (CONST)

reflective of all STEM institutions, according to the study.The survey responses may also be biased and subject to self-evaluation. Therefore, futureresearch may focus on integrating training across a variety of institutions with different socio-demographic backgrounds to evaluate the efficiency of the intervention. Additionally, suchtraining must be included in every semester along with rigorous evaluation, participation, andmonitoring to achieve long-lasting change.ConclusionInfrastructure projects face unique difficulties when it comes to funding, competing stakeholderinterests, and a variety of social, economic, and environmental consequences. Addressing thesedifficulties while enhancing sustainability performance may be achieved by embracing

Conference Session

Construction Engineering Division (CONST) Technical Session 2

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Saeed Rokooei, Mississippi State University; Raheleh Miralami, Mississippi State University; George D. Ford, Mississippi State University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Construction Engineering Division (CONST)

, communication, collaboration, andparticipation, issue negotiation and resolution, and reflection and self-assessment) werediscussed as major factors impacting the productivity of a team. While a team possesses uniqueaspects, and each aspect imposes a different effect on the structure, processes, feedback loop, andoutputs of the team, it is vital to consider major common characteristics when developing a teamto perform tasks or, on a larger scale, a project. Koolwijk et al. [2] explored the effects of a no-blame culture on the effectiveness of project-based design teams across different project deliverymethods in the construction industry. They concluded that project managers should determinethe level of teamwork and encourage collaboration within a

Conference Session

Project/Problem Based Learning (PBL) in Construction Education

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Raissa Seichi Marchiori, The University of Alabama; Siyuan Song, The University of Alabama

Tagged Divisions

Construction Engineering Division (CONST)

objective. This allowedthe study to observe the natural interaction between the students without putting any pressure onthem to consciously practice the targeted skills.Pre-Summative Assessment QuestionnaireThe pre-summative assessment involved a self-reflection questionnaire utilizing a 5-point Likertscale, ranging from strongly disagree to strongly agree. To avoid bias, for each skill -communication, analytical thinking, decision-making, and leadership - three questions wereprovided to prompt students to self-evaluate their proficiency in these skills prior to the pilotstudy. These questions are detailed in Table 1, offering a comprehensive view of the students'initial perceptions of their skills. Table 1: Students' self-perceived levels

Conference Session

Project/Problem Based Learning (PBL) in Construction Education

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Namhun Lee, Central Connecticut State University; Thomas SJ Kim, Minnesota State University, Mankato; Jiyong Choi, Central Connecticut State University

Tagged Divisions

Construction Engineering Division (CONST)

. Figure 3. Key Elements of CEM Senior Capstone DevelopmentThrough this course development process, several key characteristics that define the success ofCEM capstone course have been identified, including: • Integration of Multidisciplinary Concepts: The course is structured to address a wide range of concepts and practices, including project planning, scheduling, budgeting, risk management, sustainability, and stakeholder coordination. This interdisciplinary approach reflects the multifaceted nature of construction projects in the real world. • Focus on Practical Application: Students are tasked with applying their acquired knowledge and skills to address complex challenges within the construction industry

Conference Session

Student Engagement in Construction Education

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Rubaya Rahat, Florida International University; Mohamed ElZomor P.E., Florida International University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Construction Engineering Division (CONST)

improvement about various infrastructure inequity scenarios, and (ii)students’ interest in working for systemic change to address inequity in resilient infrastructuredevelopments. The demographic questions recorded the participants’ social and educationalbackgrounds. The post-survey included the same Likert scale questions as the pre-survey tocompare the responses and assess knowledge improvements through the module. Additionally,the post-survey included Likert scale questions to reflect students’ feedback on the efficacy ofthe training in improving their understanding of SERI concepts.The pre-and post-survey data were analyzed using both quantitative and qualitative methods. Thestudy utilized the Wilcoxon signed rank test to compare students

Conference Session

Construction Engineering Division (CONST) Technical Session 4

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Claudia Calle Müller, Florida International University; Mais Kayyali, Florida International University; Mohamed Elzomor, P.E., Florida International University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Construction Engineering Division (CONST)

% 9% 28% 2017 - 2018 459 students 7% 44% 17% 31% First Year Second Year Third Year Fourth Year Fifth Year Sixth Year Seventh Year Eigth Year Have not graduated Figure 3: FTIC College of Engineering and Computing Students Graduation RatesThe number of FTIC STEM and EC students who graduate on time at FIU has been increasingover the past eight years as presented in Figures 2 and 3. This reflects an encouraging shifttowards more students graduating in four to five years and fewer students not graduating and

Conference Session

Construction Engineering Division (CONST) Technical Session 1

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Omar Snosi; Kimberly Grau Talley, P.E., Texas State University; Krishna Prasad Kisi, Texas State University

Tagged Divisions

Construction Engineering Division (CONST)

plugin remains relevant and meets the changing needs of the users.Regularly re-evaluating the plugin will help identify areas for improvement, address anylimitations, and ensure that the plugin remains effective in supporting users' work processes andproductivity.AcknowledgmentsThis material is based upon work supported by Texas State University Big Ideas. Anyopinions,findings, and conclusions expressed in this material are those of the authors and donot necessarily reflect the views of the Texas State University Big Ideas.ReferencesAnneberg, Lisa, Craig Hoff, and Ece Yaprak. "Use of AutoCAD in An Electrical EngineeringCurriculum." In 1997 Annual Conference, pp. 2-461. 1997.Akasah, Zainal Abidin, and Maizam Alias. "Bridging the spatial

Conference Session

Sustainability and Student Health in Construction Education

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mohsen Goodarzi, Ball State University; Mohsen Garshasby, Mississippi State University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Construction Engineering Division (CONST)

is ranked fifth with 10 points. However, this ranking is not reflected in the findings ofthis study, indicating a mismatch between the expected and actual contributions of these twocategories to the overall LEED score. This inconsistency between the points attained by LEED-certified projects and the assigned weight to these categories may stem from inadequateweighting criteria for certain categories, underscoring the need for periodic review of LEEDstandards and incorporation of insights from existing certified projects. This finding is in linewith Da Silva and Ruwanpura (2009) indicating that the Materials and Resources category wasthe lowest credit category in terms of credit achievement.The discrepancies highlighted above indicate that

Conference Session

Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Case Studies in Construction Education

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

ERIKA JUDITH RIVERA P.E. , Florida International University; Claudia Calle Müller, Florida International University; Rubaya Rahat, Florida International University; Mohamed ElZomor P.E., Florida International University

Tagged Divisions

Construction Engineering Division (CONST)

, and institutionalagendas might affect their applicability.The recommendations outlined in the study reflect the synthesis of the literature review andinsights contributed by both the writers and experts involved in the research process. Therefore,the selection of AI applications, curricular components, and cooperation methodologies may beinfluenced by biases or subjectivity, potentially affecting the comprehensiveness and success ofthe proposed initiatives. The study primarily focuses on urgent recommendations forincorporating AI into construction management education. Nevertheless, the long-term impactsof these interventions on student learning outcomes, industry-academia collaborations, and thebroader construction sector remain unclear

Conference Session

Sustainability and Student Health in Construction Education

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Boshra Karimi, Northern Kentucky University

Tagged Divisions

Construction Engineering Division (CONST)

sustainability are integrated into campus initiatives. 3.8 0.7 0.18 Average 3.8 0.43 0.11When respondents were asked about implementing innovative solutions to environmentalchallenges, they perceived the campus as not very innovative in this regard. The average score of3.8, with a variance of 0.16 and a CV of 0.04, reflects agreement on this sentiment. Similarly, theyfeel the same way about incorporating regional priorities regarding sustainability into campusinitiatives.Moreover, regional priorities were determined based on their regional importance, as identified bythe USGBC regional councils and chapters, and were then shared with the

Conference Session

Construction Engineering Division (CONST) Poster Session

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Farzam S. Maleki P.E., Wentworth Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Construction Engineering Division (CONST)

thetargeted area.In LiDAR systems, a laser scanner emits laser beams in various directions, and a sensor detectsthe reflected light. By calculating the time taken for the laser pulses to travel to the target andback, the LiDAR system can accurately ascertain distances to objects. This technology findsextensive applications in diverse fields such as topographic mapping, forestry, autonomousvehicles, geology, urban planning, and archaeology. LiDAR is pivotal in producing highlydetailed and accurate elevation models and three-dimensional representations of landscapes orstructures.Although the technology is sophisticated, only a few smartphone manufacturers, primarily AppleInc., have integrated it into their products. LiDAR scanners are crucial in

Conference Session

Construction Engineering Division (CONST) Technical Session 3

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Pranshoo Solanki, Illinois State University

Tagged Divisions

Construction Engineering Division (CONST)

of how to create our own concrete mix, so it was hard to figure out of what and how muchmaterial we needed.”Q 2 Write how this project can be done differently in the future.“One way we could do this project in the future would be to use all 3 of the foam cores to seehow it effects the mass and load testing.”“As well it would make the lab better if we were able to test a ball and then make another 3designs to see what we would like to change while having a baseline to reflect on.”“One thing that can be changed about this lab in the future is to use a different type of mold thatis not 3D printed, it was easy to break/crack while releasing the dried bowling ball from themold.”Q 3 Please provide any other comment or feedback.“The overall lab was

Conference Session

Construction Engineering Division (CONST) Technical Session 3

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

John Cribbs, Wentworth Institute of Technology; Hariharan Naganathan, Wentworth Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Construction Engineering Division (CONST)

construction projects in recent years, specificallyduring and after the pandemic. Thus, students in this era must focus more on utilizing these toolsto track the progress and manage projects in the digital world right after graduation. To achievethis, the faculty must undergo new-knowledge training to upgrade their understanding ofindustry best practices and new technology implementation. This can be achieved throughfaculty-industry residency, industry-based seminars, conferences, and constructive conversationswith industry practitioners and experts. In addition, academic units of construction managementneed to promote faculty knowledge upgrades which reflects on many different factors, includingthe increase in enrollment, establishment of new

Conference Session

Construction Engineering Division (CONST) Technical Session 4

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Carmen Paz Muñoz, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile; Monica Quezada-Espinoza, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile

Tagged Divisions

Construction Engineering Division (CONST)

their structures courses during theregular semester.Timely graduationStudents are expected to graduate in 10 semesters. It should be noted that the ChileanMinistry of Education has emphasized the importance of this indicator since it providesvaluable insight into the costs associated with professional training, and because it representsa higher cost-effectiveness ratio. For the student, the indicator reflects the hope that all theirefforts, study and dedication will enable them to become a competent professional in order toembrace to world of work following graduation [16]. Table 2. Descriptive data for each group, by timely graduation indicator. G1 G2 G3