the Likert scale was computedfor each student with items 1, 3, 5, and 7 reverse-coded to produce a single Failure Mindsetassessment measure [8].We included all eight questions although previous studies omitted the health and vitality questions(questions 2 and 5) when applying to failure [4, 8]. We included these questions in the survey, butas detailed in the Discussion, we did not use these questions in the primary data analysis.In the end-of-semester survey, we also asked the students the following two open-endedquestions: 1. How would you define a healthy mindset toward failure? 2. How has this semester changed your Failure Mindset, positively or negatively?The responses were thematically grouped using ChatGPT, by supplying the full set