URMsstudents and proportion of first-generation students in classes. Psychosocial Factors Influencing Course PerformanceSTEM Self-Efficacy STEM self-efficacy, defined as an individual's belief in their ability to excel in STEMtasks and activities [1], plays a pivotal role in shaping students' attitudes and behaviors in STEMfields. Anticipations of personal efficacy dictate the initiation, extent, and sustainability of copingbehavior when faced with challenges and adverse experiences [1]. This belief is influenced byInterest & Engagement Tactics for Success 2prior experiences, accomplishments, as well as social and environmental factors [2]. High STEMself-efficacy
Calculusupon college entrance were significantly more likely to graduate with a degree in engineeringthan students who were not Calculus-eligible [15]. They also noted, however, that there could beother factors acting upon this relationship that could explain more of the variability in persistence[15]. These findings were further evaluated through a follow-up investigation in which Bowenand colleagues [9] explored the impact of Calculus-readiness upon engineering persistence todegree completion along with the potential mediating effect of students’ “at-risk” status. Theresearchers discovered that indeed Calculus-readiness upon college entrance was a significantpredictor of engineering degree completion and accounted for 11% of the overall variance