Conference Session

Curriculum Development and Delivery Modes in Nuclear Engineering

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kendra Foltz Biegalski, University of Texas-Austin; Steven Biegalski, University of Texas-Austin; Paul Johnson, University of Texas-Austin; Sean O'Kelly, University of Texas-Austin

Tagged Divisions

Nuclear and Radiological

provide anindication of the ease and usefulness of this new technology for viewing the ME337C lecture.Survey on the Spot software, developed and made available by the UT College of Engineering,was used to design, collect, and report the podcasting survey. Additionally, the students took the Page 12.1161.2Index of Learning Styles Questionnaire online test to determine their learning styles.2 This test isoffered by North Carolina State University at www.engr.ncsu.edu/learningstyles/ilsweb.html anddetermines where students’ abilities lie on four different learning style continuums:active/reflective, sensing/intuitive, visual/verbal, and sequential

Conference Session

Non-Technical Skills in ET

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jung Oh, Kansas State University-Salina; Alysia Starkey, Kansas State University-Salina; Beverlee Kissick, Kansas State University-Salina

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

involves an integrated three-step processincluding a discipline-specific pre-lab activity, general/customized information literacyinstruction, and communication skills development. This paper describes how thecollaborating team has learned from each other’s reflections to make the assignment ameaningful learning experience.Librarians and faculty have been traversing on parallel paths during the past few decades.The rapid explosion of technological integration into nearly every aspect of daily life hasmerged the separate paths into one. Writing centers and libraries recognize their roles ascenters of learning and the importance of collaboration.1 Librarians, writing center staffand faculty must now travel in tandem in order to prepare students to

Collection

2003 GSW

Authors

Chun-Ling Huang

include the ability to use symbols, learning through observation, planning,self-regulation, and self-reflection [1]. A brief description of each of these humancognitive capacities follows: Ability to Use Symbols: By the use of symbols, humans transform immediatevisual experiences into internal cognitive models that in turn serve as guides for theiractions. Through symbolizing, people also ascribe meaning, form and duration to theirpast experiences. Learning Through Observations: Learning can also occur indirectly by observingother people’s behavior and its outcomes. Individuals’ capacity to learn by observationenables them to obtain and accumulate rules for initiating and controlling differentbehavioral patterns without having to

Conference Session

Design Communications

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Stephen Ekwaro-Osire, Texas Tech University; Innocent Afuh, Texas Tech University; Peter Orono, Indiana University-Purdue University-Indianapolis

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

students are involved in active learning by being connected with libraries and being taughtsoft skills during their training.4-6 They will build upon these skills, horn them and evolve intolifelong learners. Sapp et al.7 used a treasure hunt assignment to teach students various sources of engineeringinformation and its contents. Slivovsky et al. 8 presented methods and strategies of integratingreflection into engineering design class. The engineering design notebook was one of thereflection methods developed and a well defined rubric was used to analyze it. The reflectiveexercises presented were successively shown to guide the students in their reflective thinkingduring the design course. Well formulated design notebooks have been shown to

Conference Session

Educational Research

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Adam Czekanski, United States Military Academy; David Roux, United States Military Academy

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

ConclusionsThe results from both semesters of data collection clearly illustrate a correlation betweenpercentage of correct answers on lesson review questions and anonymity provided to the student.The provision of anonymity enabled the student to place self-doubt and fear of embarrassmentaside in order to answer according to his/her own understanding6, 7. The results from thepopulations using clickers as their response method were reflective of what one would expectfrom a class containing students of varying capabilities and levels of comprehension.Conversely, the results of the populations using hand-raising as their response method wereexcessively inflated. The lack of anonymity amongst these populations inaccurately skewed thedata dramatically in

Conference Session

Assessment and Continuous Improvement in Engineering Technology: Part II

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Nripendra Sarker, Prairie View A&M University; Mohan Ketkar, Prairie View A&M University; Cajetan Akujuobi, Prairie View A&M University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

suggest any improvements. This survey captures their opinions on the quality of theprograms reflecting the students, faculty and laboratory facilities (Figure A.3.)Intern/Co-op Supervisor SurveyOpinions of the Intern/Co-op supervisors on the skills and performance of the continuingstudents form another important feedback to a program. The ABET a-k outcome tool can beused in this survey (Figure A.4)Alumni SurveyAlumni with at least two years of professional experience are the valuable source of informationto judge the strength and recommend ways to enhance the programs. Their performance in theindustry is the major indicator of achievement of the program objectives. As shown in FigureA.5, a one page questionnaire is prepared on the basis of

Conference Session

New Learning Paradigms I

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Rebecca Damron, Oklahoma State University; Karen High, Oklahoma State University

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

included both the theoretical andpractical aspects of the peer tutoring process, was used as part the training process.Topics included everything from the writing process, to working with grammar andmechanics, as well as how to conduct face to face tutorials. The Fellows continued tomeet weekly with their supervisor throughout the semester. The Writing Fellows wereasked to write two reflection papers, one during the training week about their writingbackground and one at the end of the semester about various aspects of the program todetermine the effects of the program.ResultsResults show that WF experience has an effect on student performance. On the firstreport of the semester, 69 students (out of 71) turned in the design project report

Conference Session

Using Classroom Technologies

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Christine B. Masters, Pennsylvania State University; Alexander Yin, Pennsylvania State University; Gül Okudan, Pennsylvania State University; Mieke Schuurman, Pennsylvania State University

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

AC 2009-1276: ASSESSING GROWTH OF ENGINEERING STUDENTS USINGE-PORTFOLIOS: A MDL-BASED APPROACHChristine B. Masters, Pennsylvania State UniversityAlexander Yin, Pennsylvania State UniversityGül Okudan, Pennsylvania State UniversityMieke Schuurman, Pennsylvania State University Page 14.239.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2009 Assessing Growth of Engineering Students Using E-Portfolios: A MDL-Based ApproachAbstractOverall premise of the work presented is to study the potential of e-portfolios as a viablemechanism for student reflection and assessment of growth on attributes that are part ofbecoming a World Class Engineer. These

Conference Session

Assessment and Continuous Improvement in Electronics and Electrical ET Programs

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Nasser Alaraje, Michigan Technological University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

Employer Survey Triennially Center/SoT Staff Input from Industrial Advisory Board Faculty AnnuallyJob Placement DataData from the University Career Center on our graduates’ job placement reflects how successful ourgraduates are in securing a job in a related field.Alumni SurveyThe alumni survey is a written questionnaire which our alumni are asked to complete. Data will be collectedevery three years. The data will be analyzed and used in continuous improvement. A sample copy of thesurvey is included in Appendix A.Employer SurveyThe employer survey is a written questionnaire which

Conference Session

Service Learning Projects in Developing Countries

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jess Everett, Rowan University; Yusuf Mehta, Rowan University; Joshua R. Wyrick, Rowan University; Maria Perez-Colon, Rowan University

Tagged Divisions

Environmental Engineering

, in Senegal, El Salvador, and The Gambia.IntroductionExperiential education involves educators teaching by engaging students directly in realexperiences and focused reflection. Experiential learning is a component of experientialeducation, i.e., learning through direct experience. Experiential education and learning can be avaluable component of engineering courses [1,2,3,4,5].Engineers Without Borders (EWB) is a non-profit humanitarian organization dedicated toimproving the quality of life for impoverished communities around the world. EWB connectsstudents and professional engineers with communities in developing countries and provides helpthrough the implementation of environmentally and economically sustainable engineeringprojects. In

Conference Session

Curricular Issues in Computer-Oriented Programs

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kyle Lutes, Purdue University; Alka Harriger, Purdue University; Jack Purdum, Purdue University

Tagged Divisions

Information Systems

F 55Along with the students’ identification numbers and course grade, the data file recorded the raw Page 14.496.5survey response data, the number of responses that are identified as reflecting introvertpersonalities, and the percent of the total responses that were introvert responses.Table 3 shows the summary statistics taken from the raw data files. The mean reflects theaverage number of responses that were “introvert” in nature. For example, in the CIT 155 class,the 102 students averaged about three introvert-based answers from the seven statements posedon the questionnaire. (We used the numeric count values rather than

Conference Session

Interdisciplinary Education in ET

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

JoDell Steuver, Purdue University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

servicelearning. The management of teams class syllabus had planned a semester’s study of teamtheory, observation of team influence and roles and analysis of team performance in films. Theclass made a decision to radically restructure the learning experience to respond to their needs toactively work for a positive outcome from a tragic event.This article talks about how the changed class format helped students to integrate skills from abroad college experience—marketing, accounting, writing, management, leadership, graphics,public relations, facilities planning, project management and research. The learning cyclechanged from observation and reflection, abstract concepts, testing in new situations andexperiencing (Kolb & Fry)1 to one of creating

Conference Session

Environmental Engineering Curricula

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kurt Paterson, Michigan Technological University

Tagged Divisions

Environmental Engineering

Michigan Technological University (MichiganTech). This paper details the course objectives and design, the educational modelsinfluencing its form, and some preliminary outcomes.Learning PreferencesThere are several methods to assess learning preferences1. One method applicable toscience and engineering students is the Index of Learning Styles2. This forty-fourquestion assessment is easily administered via a web-based questionnaire3. In this methodlearning preferences are determined with results along a spectrum of four learningpairings: sensing-intuitive, global-sequential, active-reflective, and verbal-visual. No twostudents learn exactly alike. Learning style is simply a preferred way of learning – oftenthe way(s) that knowledge “sticks” most

Conference Session

Revitalizing Cooperative Education and Engineering

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Craig Gunn, Michigan State University

Tagged Divisions

Cooperative & Experiential Education

theyencounter reflect work in the engineering world. The questions that require reflection on the level ofengineering performed by the student can bring out a whole spectrum of valuable experiences, butthey also may reflect a more elementary experience that may not be acceptable to some members ofthe faculty. If these faculty members are evaluating the reports, bias may slip into the process.Students carefully relating their experiences may discover negative responses that defyunderstanding. If an experience is very mundane, students have difficulty in making it more than itis. Here the coordinators of the program can step in to provide a supplementary avenue that willprovide the technical direction for the faculty member and another valuable

Conference Session

Writing and Communication

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Necia Werner, Carnegie Mellon University; Suguru Ishizaki, Carnegie Mellon University

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education/Engineering & Society

of a single course. It’s a bit likeinvestigating dark matter; one can hypothesize without seeing it that it exists because of radiationsignals observed when particles collide, but not really understand what it’s composed of or howit holds galaxies in the universe together. Our goal in this project is to provide student writerswith a means to jumpstart their understanding of writing as compositional decision-making byequipping them with the means to quickly, and literally, “see” their composing decisions.To help students notice and reflect on composition decisions in their writing, our team of writingresearchers, educators, and statisticians is piloting use of a suite of computer-aided learning toolsfor corpus-based text analysis in core

Conference Session

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation Division Poster Session

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Karen C. Davis, University of Cincinnati; Fred Richard Beyette Jr., University of Cincinnati

Tagged Divisions

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation

be integrated into engineering and computer scienceclasses at all undergraduate levels. They consist of independent work done via online lessonsthat include video and readings, along with reflective exercises and quizzes.At the University of Cincinnati, we deployed the module on developing an elevator pitch in asenior capstone design course. The online module consists of four lessons. The first two lessonsintroduce the concepts of stakeholders and value propositions, while the latter two introducedeveloping a pitch and recovering from a failed pitch. We split the four lessons into two halves,two to be completed at the beginning of the semester and the remaining two at the end. Therationale for doing so is that students collect voice-of

Conference Session

College-Industry Partnerships Division Technical Session 2

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Alyson Grace Eggleston, The Citadel; Robert J. Rabb P.E., The Citadel

Tagged Divisions

College Industry Partnerships

assessment survey that sought to identify pain points for theprogram, growth trajectories, and desired outcomes, initial offerings of this course used aProject-based Learning (PBL) approach to provide sophomore-level exposure to authenticdocuments. PBL-approaches to teaching feature opportunities for reflection, knowledgescaffolding, and confronting the boundaries of one’s knowledge [15]. Studies in STEM-specificPBL approaches suggest that low- and intermediate-performing students, as well as minoritystudents, demonstrate statistically significant performance gains when provided with anexperiential teaching approach, but the reasons for this success are not well understood [16].Students’ work culminated in four projects submitted throughout the

Conference Session

Materials Division Technical Session 3

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Breanne Przestrzelski, University of San Diego; Susan M. Lord, University of San Diego; Michelle M. Camacho, University of San Diego

Tagged Divisions

Materials

feedback from a first implementation offered in Fall 2017. This second moduletook students to a city-wide recycling processing center to observe the sorting processes thatmaterials undergo once they are discarded. Through this field trip, students were able torecognize some of the challenges of current waste disposal and recycling practices. The thirdmodule welcomed a guest expert to share experiences with the global impact of waste disposaland the relative privileges that persist in developed countries. The fourth module asked studentsto critically assess materials for use in a commercial product, inspired by the regional and globalchallenges they were previously exposed to in the course. Following each activity, studentscompleted a reflective

Conference Session

First-Year Programs: Deciding on a Major

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Katherine M. Ehlert, Clemson University; Maya Rucks, Clemson University; Baker A. Martin, Clemson University; Marisa K. Orr, Clemson University

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

] revised the DMCI to better map to theSRMDM and revealed a three-factor model addressing the elements of the decision-makingprocess for engineering students. Factor one contains questions relating to the generation andevaluation of options phases of the SRMDM and many of the original DMCI questions. Factortwo contains questions that reflect the lack of a decision-making process or impulsive decisionmaking. Factor three contains questions that relate to reflection in the decision-making process.These factors more accurately map to the original SRMDM phases and are a valuable addition tothis study because they allow specific aspects of decision-making to be isolated for predicting achange in major. Students were asked to rate statements relating to

Conference Session

Your Best in 5 Minutes: Demonstrations of Hands-On and Virtual In-Class Teaching Aids

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Tonya Lynn Nilsson P.E., Santa Clara University; Laura Doyle, Santa Clara University

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

are required to reflect and indicate wherethey have seen this connection type outside of the classroom. The demos are followed by four3D examples where students work in their pairs to draw the FBD. A survey conducted in fivestatics courses taught by the authors found that 75.3% of student respondents (n = 78) indicatedthis activity was helpful in their understanding of support reactions with only 9.1% saying it hadno impact and 15.6% indicating it was only a little helpful.IntroductionThe ability to accurately solve statics problems is critical for engineers in a wide variety of fieldsincluding civil, mechanical, aerospace and bio-engineering. Fundamental to determiningstatically correct solutions is the accurate determination of support

Conference Session

Approaches to Encouraging Student Engagement

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Michael N. Littrell, Tennessee Technological University; George Chitiyo, Tennessee Technological University; Lauren A. Michel, Tennessee Technological University ; Steven R. Anton, Tennessee Technological University

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

game design mechanicswere also taught via weekly board game sessions conducted inside and outside of class wherestudents both played and deconstructed the mechanics of the games experienced. In the latterpart of the course, a major course project was assigned in which four teams of students inconjunction with graphic design students developed unique games meant to teach others aboutclimate change and civilization collapse. Specific game mechanics were not prescribed; instead,student teams were encouraged to explore a variety of mechanics and design elements that bestsuited their chosen audience and game theme. In addition to this final board game product,students wrote a reflective paper to (a) explain how the board game accomplished the goal

Conference Session

Community Engagement Division Technical Session 3

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Robert M. Brooks, Temple University; Sangram Shinde, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Jazan University, Jazan KSA

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Community Engagement Division

with ARC officers and the courseinstructor. After the training students formed teams of three and visited homes in the most fireprone neighborhoods of Philadelphia to install smoke alarms, replace alarm batteries and helpresidents make home fire escape plans. The students also provided education and materials onhome fire preparation. In the past five years they distributed materials and provided informationto over ten thousand people in homes and on the streets of the city.The students were required to submit a technical report about the behavior of steel under hightemperatures (i.e., home fires). The report also required a two-page reflection on the service.“The Environment” class was taught 23 times from Fall 1991 through SP 2013. An

Conference Session

Engagement in Practice: Creating a Robust Infrastructure for Community Engagement

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

William C. Oakes, Purdue University, West Lafayette (College of Engineering); Andrew Pierce, Purdue University-Main Campus, West Lafayette (College of Engineering); Nusaybah Abu-Mulaweh, Purdue University

Tagged Divisions

Community Engagement Division

School of Nursing,, retirement community, & a lactation-consultant communication app. Westminister VillageeEnvironmental Develop sustainable projects within the community and the Indiana Veterans’Improvement University. Current projects include an energy audit and design of a Home, NorthviewInitiative reflection pool and the design of an outdoor recreation facility. Church Developing alternative energy solutions to provide power to remote University ofGlobal Alternative rural villages and underserved urban communities in Colombia Antioquia, Medellin

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Priya Mohabir, New York Hall of Science; Satbir S. Multani; Katherine McMillan Culp, New York Hall of Science

Tagged Topics

Diversity, NSF Grantees Poster Session

participation. The diversityof the participants reflects the diversity of the local community. Over half of the participants arefemale, the majority are immigrants themselves or children of immigrants, and members of thegroup speak over twenty different languages. Currently 24% of participants are Latino/Hispanic,18% are Asian/Pacific Islander, 14% are South East Asian, 12% are African American, and 10%are West Indian.Conducting the participatory action researchDuring this twelve-month project, researchers and program leaders worked with a cohort of eightNew York City public high school and early college students who were already working for thescience museum as docents with a focus on a major exhibition about design engineering. Theseyoung people

Conference Session

Getting Into Graduate School

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Katy Luchini-Colbry, Michigan State University

Tagged Divisions

Graduate Studies, Student

comparing sample student budgetsfrom different institutions, be certain to consider the following factors:  How many semesters or months are reflected in the sample budget? Does it cover school breaks and/or the summer months, or do I need to budget for those separately?  Is the tuition rate reflected in the sample budget an accurate reflection of what I would pay, based on my residency and program level (Master’s, PhD, etc.)?  Are there additional fees for students in the graduate program that I’m considering that are not included in the sample budget?  Does the sample budget include expenses for a vehicle?  Does the housing estimate in the sample budget accurately reflect the typical rents I can

Conference Session

Pre-College Engineering Education Focused on Female Students

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Deborah Besser P.E., University of St. Thomas; Annmarie Thomas, University of St. Thomas; Rachel Farah, University of St. Thomas; Tami Brass, St. Paul Academy and Summit School

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Pre-College Engineering Education

behavior. Structure and The way an object is shaped or structured determines many of its Function properties and functions. Stability and For both designed and natural systems, conditions that affect stability Change and factors that control rates of change are critical elements to consider and understand. Table 1 NGSS Crosscutting ConceptsHow crosscutting concepts are implemented and assessed alongside core ideas and practicesraises exciting opportunities to deepen student motivation and learning. Rich resources includingNSF funded, University of Washington’s online STEMteachingtools.org provide a frameworkfor asking deep reflection questions [3

Conference Session

Curriculum and Assessment II

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Masoud Naghedolfeizi, Fort Valley State University; Xiangyan Zeng, Fort Valley State University; Chunhua Dong, Fort Valley State University

Tagged Divisions

Computing and Information Technology

could enhance student learning of the subject particularly in computer programming.To this end, programmable robots could be utilized to supplement programming activities thatencourage and motivate students to apply their creative thinking and programming skills todevise solutions for real-world problems. Since developing a computer program to instruct arobot provides an immediate feedback as whether the program has accomplished its job, itengages students in both learning and reflection processes.This paper presents the application of an affordable programmable robot in three computerprogramming classes; namely, Computer Science and Information Systems: An Overview (CS0),Programming I (CS1), and Programming II (CS2). Also, the survey results

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jennifer R. Amos, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign; Geoffrey L. Herman, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign; Marcia Pool, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign; Kelly J. Cross, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign; Michael F. Insana, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign; Gabriel R. Burks, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees Poster Session

reform to impact graduate education: a case studyAbstractFor more than a decade, American industries have complained that the skills of engineersentering the workforce are not sufficient to meet the challenges of a high-performance workplace[1]. In addition, ABET has recently changed the student outcomes required for engineeringgraduates to reflect many of the skills lacking in undergraduate training [2]. Additionally,national studies suggest the preparation of US graduate students is too narrowly focused onacademic research skills, at the expense of professional skills such as communication, teamwork,mentoring, and leadership [3]. In response to these studies, many departments are trying toradically change their

Conference Session

Use of Technology in Civil Engineering Courses

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Vicki V. May, Dartmouth College; Adrienne J Gauthier, Dartmouth College

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

groups were presented with an Owl’s Dilemma at the beginningof each week or Concept. The dilemma was presented in an inquiry-based fashion for Group Aand required that they share their thoughts about the dilemma. Group B, on the other hand wasjust presented with the dilemma and not asked to comment on it. Both groups were asked toreflect on Owl’s Solution at the end of each week or Concept. Figure 10 shows the percentage oflearners in each group who reflected on Owl’s Solution. Group A learners were consistentlymore likely to reflect on Owl’s Solution than Group B learners. In weeks 5 and 6, 12.9% and15.4% more learners from Group A reflected on Owl’s Solution than learners from Group B.This indicates that Group A learners were more engaged with

Conference Session

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering Division: Engineering Alignment with Core Curriculum (Physics)

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Meera N.K. Singh PEng, University of Calgary; Qiao Sun, University of Calgary; Cassy M. Weber, Science Alberta Foundation (o/a MindFuel)

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Physics & Physics, Pre-College Engineering Education Division

learners receive and process information. The FSLM incorporates someelements of the Myers-Briggs model and the Kolb’s model. The main reasoning for its selection inthe DLMS evaluation is that it focuses on aspects of learning that are significant in engineeringeducation.The FSLM consists of four dimensions, each with two contrasting learning styles: Processing(Active/Reflective); Perception (Sensing/Intuitive); Input (Visual/Verbal); and Understanding(Sequential/Global). The details of the dimensions can be found in Ref.6. In order to determine anindividual’s specific learning style, Felder and Soloman13developed the Index of Learning Style(ILS) survey. Each of the 44 questions within the survey is designed to place the learner’spreference within