Conference Session

Foster Excellence

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Claude Villiers, Florida Gulf Coast University; Neville Parker, The City College of The City University of New York

Tagged Divisions

Minorities in Engineering

ninth or tenth grader; students must have completed pre-algebra, or qualified for enrollment in pre-algebra for the coming school term; have a minimumof a "B" cumulative grade point average; an expressed interest in engineering, science, computerscience, transportation or technology career; two letters of recommendation; a ComprehensiveTest of Basic Skills (CTBS) Standard Test Score; and transcript. All previous graduates of theInstitute are invited to attend the Internship component of the program.Program StructureA well structured program is put in place at the CCNY Summer Transportation Institute Programto ensure that the students are provided with academic and technological enrichment to assistthem in the pursuit of a career in the

Conference Session

MIND - Poster Session

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Gholam Ali Shaykhian, NASA; Rhoda Baggs, Florida Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Minorities in Engineering

patterns. Suppose an instructor wishes to keep a listof all graduate students who have taken their courses and have earned an “A”. Thisparticular professor requires all his/her research assistants to maintain an “A” average tobe considered for the assistantship. Also, each department wishes to keep track ofgraduate students that have maintained an average of “B” or better. Furthermore, astudent can only work as either a graduate teaching assistant or research assistant but notboth. Students are required to check with their professors or their respective departmentsfor potential opportunities for teaching or research assistantships. Figure –1 shows theobject relationships among Student, Professor, Department, College and University. Eachdepartment

Conference Session

New Trends in Engineering Graduate Education

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Phillip Sanger, Western Carolina University

Tagged Divisions

Graduate Studies

/WCNews/NewsArticleDisplay.aspx?ArticleID=21.2. Birchall, J. (2005, May 26). Family healthcare costs rising by up to 10% a year. FT.com Financial Times.Retrieved May 27, 2005 from http://news.ft.com/cms/s/545a79a4-cd76-11d9-aa26-00000e2511c8.html.3. Blake, B. (2005, April 8). $108M expansion plan would improve health care. Asheville Citizen-Times.Retrieved May 30, 2005 from http://www.wcu.edu/pubinfo/news/ statecapitalplan0804.htm.4. Brown, N. P. (2003, September-October). Where next for healthcare: The prospects for the professions. HarvardMagazine. Retrieved May 24, 2005 from http://www.harvardmagazine.com/on-line/090339.html.5. Center for Regional Development. (2005). [data compiled from U.S. Census 2000 data.] Western CarolinaUniversity.6

Conference Session

TC2K Methods and Models

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

David Cottrell, University of North Carolina-Charlotte

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

engineering and construction b. Extract information from standard construction contract and bid documents c. Compare alternative construction methods and materials d. Perform material quantity calculations and take-offs e. Estimate labor and equipment requirements for construction activities f. Prepare comprehensive construction cost estimates g. Use spreadsheets and industry software as aids in preparing cost estimates. As a pragmatic approach to properly assess the Course Learning Outcomes, theinstructor identified specific Subject Areas of Emphasis (SAE) that provided a mediumfor assessing student performance throughout the course. Table 6 (See the

Conference Session

Technology Integration in the Classroom for Manufacturing II

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Thomas Smith, Purdue University; Niaz Latif, Purdue University; Stephen Elliott, Purdue University

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

study. First, if visual data was used for quality (in terms ofparts per million defective), then the number of defective parts would significantly decrease.Secondly, if visual data was used for productivity (parts produced per person per hour), then theproductivity would significantly increase. Both of these hypotheses were tested using paired t- Page 12.1591.5tests at the 95% confidence level. (a) (b) (c)Figure 4. Pictures showing manufacturing floor without visual data (a) and with visual data (b), and examples of

Conference Session

Emerging Trends in Engineering Education Poster Session

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Scott Schaffer, Purdue University; Kimfong Lei, Purdue University; Lisette Reyes, Purdue University; William Oakes, Purdue University; Carla Zoltowski, Purdue University

includingquestionnaires, interviews, and focus groups. First, a comparative, multiple case study designwas used to select 2 teams from 35 teams in a university community engagement program.This program is designed to give teams of undergraduate students with active learningexperiences within real world contexts. Student teams work with advisors and clients to defineproject scope, create alternative designs, and develop, test, and implement solutions. Themultiple cases were analyzed for the purpose of theoretical replication, which either (a)predicts similar results or (b) produces contrasting results but for predictable reasons. Thedevelopment of a rich, theoretical framework is an important step in all of these replicationprocedures21. Multiple cases were

Conference Session

Emerging Trends in Engineering Education Poster Session

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

John Duffy, University of Massachusetts-Lowell; David Kazmer, University of Massachusetts-Lowell; Linda Barrington, University of Massachusetts-Lowell; John Ting, University of Massachusetts Lowell; Carol Barry, University of Massachusetts-Lowell; Xiaoqi Zhang, University of Massachusetts-Lowell; Donn Clark, University of Massachusetts-Lowell; Alan Rux, University of Massachusetts-Lowell

mean ber m=38 4 neutral ‘05 ‘04 Statement 2004 a. With service learning, course learning objectives are met in a credit-bearing course while real community needs are met. 6.43 44 b. With service-learning that is well done, research has shown that students learn the subject matter better. 6.36 45 c. With service-learning, research has shown that students become better citizens. 6.28 46 d. There is evidence that underrepresented groups in engineering (e.g., women) participate in s-l projects voluntarily at a much higher rate than their proportion in the population of students would predict

Conference Session

What's New in the Mechanics of Materials?

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Julie Linsey, University of Texas-Austin; Austin Talley, University of Texas--Austin; Daniel Jensen, U.S. Air Force Academy; Kristin Wood, University of Texas-Austin; Kathy Schmidt, University of Texas-Austin; Rachel Kuhr, University of Texas-Austin; Saad Eways, Austin Community College

Tagged Divisions

Mechanics

surveys. Photoe la stic Be a m Be nding: Expe cte d Gra de vs. Q10 "I likie d doing this a ctivity." U S AFA S pring 06 5 4 3 2 1 0 A B C Expe cte d Gra de in Cla ss Figure 16: Expected grade v.s. Survey question 10, “I liked doing this activity.” USAFA Spring 06 (n=28, 21, 8 respectively

Conference Session

Capstone Design & Project Courses

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Matthew Green, LeTourneau University; Paul Leiffer, LeTourneau University; Thomas Hellmuth, LeTourneau University; Roger Gonzalez, LeTourneau University; Stephen Ayers, LeTourneau University

Tagged Divisions

Multidisciplinary Engineering

12.584.10During the fall semester of the year-long senior design sequence (3 credit hours per semester),students enrolled in ENGR 4813 Senior Design also enroll in ENGR 4400 Senior DesignSeminar (see Appendix B for descriptions), which is a meeting of all students in senior designone day a week for the fall semester in order to cover material needed by every student. Studentsare required to attend this zero-credit, pass-fail, seminar as a graduation requirement. While nooutside work is required from this seminar, to keep the students engaged, the faculty memberwho is presenting a given seminar may choose to give a pass-fail quiz at the end of the seminarto ensure students have captured the needed material. Students may have no more than twounexcused

Conference Session

Climate Issues for Women Students

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Xiang-Yun Du, Aalborg University; Anette Kolmos, Aalborg University

Tagged Divisions

Women in Engineering

just establishing a friendly learning environment. As a conclusion, this paper proposes that genderinclusiveness in engineering education involves not only increasing the number of women, but also thecontent aspect towards more contextual learning.References1. Berner, B. & Mellstrom, U. (1997) Looking for Mister Engineer: Understanding Masculinity and Technology at tow Fin de Siecles. In: Gendered Practices: Feminist Studies of Technology and Society. Berner, B. (eds), pp39-68. Almqvist & Wiksell International, Stockholm.2. Chiu, L.H. et al (2002), Engineering and Technology Education for Women in the New Century, Engineering Science and Education Journal, August, 2002, pp145-152.3. Cockburn, C. (1985) The Material of

Conference Session

Engineering Professional Development for K-12 Teachers – II

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Steve Shumway, Brigham Young University; Jared Berrett, Brigham Young University; Andy Swapp, Milford High School; Ronald Terry, Brigham Young University; Thomas Erekson, Western Illinois University

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

future and see if they can implement this in their curriculum also.References1. Wade, R.K. (December 1984/January 1985). What makes a difference in inservice teacher education? A meta- analysis of research. Educational Leadership, 42, 48-542. Locke, W.E., Teacher attitudes suggest inservice programs, (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED 283 785, 1985).3. Showers, B., Joyce, B., & Bennett, B., Synthesis of research on staff development: A framework for future study and a state-of-the-art analysis. Educational Leadership, 77-87, November 1987.4. Korinek, L., Schmid, R., & McAdams, M., Inservice Types and Best Practices, Journal of Research and Development in Education, 18(2), 33-38, 1985.5. Berman, P

Conference Session

Optical and Wireless Communication Systems

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ernest Kim, University of San Diego

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

Smith Chart problems involving stub tuners is expanded upon in theRF and microwave lecture session nearly simultaneously with the electromagnetics course. Theexception is that in the RF course, microstriplines are used in the impedance matching designs onstandard FR4 printed circuit board material. A standard 63 mil thick 1 ounce copper single-sidedboard is used with 1/8” wide copper tape (which is close enough to 50 Ω for student laboratoryexperiences) is used to fabricate the matching circuits as shown in Figure 1. Figure 1. (a) DC Shorted Stub. (b) AC Shorted Stub with CB .The two simple configurations shown in Figure 1 can be used to illustrate situations where DC orAC coupling between the generator and load is desired. This

Conference Session

Technical Issues in Architectural Engineering I

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Hector Estrada, University of the Pacific

Tagged Divisions

Architectural

Engineer: Survey Results. StructureMagazine, National Council of Structural Engineers Associations, July 2004, Pages 41-43.Estrada, H. (2006). A Survey of the American Architectural Engineering Curriculum. Proceedings of 2006 ASEEAnnual Conference and Exposition, Chicago, IL.Roddis, W. M. K. (2006). Web-Enhanced Teaching of Steel Design: From Case Study to CD. Proceeding of the2006 Structures Congress, ASCE.Russell, J. S. and W. B. Stouffer (2005). Survey of the National Civil Engineering Curriculum. Journal ofProfessional Issues in Engineering Education and Practice, Vol. 131, No 2, April 1, 2005, Pages 118 – 128. Page 12.1569.7

Conference Session

ABET Accreditation of Multidisciplinary Programs

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Shekhar Sharad, National Instruments

Tagged Divisions

Multidisciplinary Engineering

AC 2007-1708: TEACHING ENGINEERING CONCEPTS ACROSS MULTIPLEDISCIPLINES USING A SINGLE PLATFORM BASED ON VIRTUALINSTRUMENTATIONShekhar Sharad, National Instruments Page 12.1355.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2007 Teaching Engineering Concepts Across Multiple Disciplines Using a Single Platform based on Virtual InstrumentationAbstractMultidisciplinary Labs are becoming increasingly important with convergence of technologies.Continuing budget cuts make it difficult to fund new infrastructure such as physical labs andalternatives that enable educators to reuse existing labs are needed. With the evolution of thedesktop and graphical design

Conference Session

Introducing Active and Inductive Learning and Improving the Learning Curve in ME

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

David Malicky, University of San Diego; James Kohl, University of San Diego; Ming Huang, University of San Diego

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

, 1991, pp. 45-48.[6] C. Rogers, M. Cyr, J. McDonald, and T. Nocera, “The Design and Performance of Musical Instruments,” Proceedings of the ASEE Annual Conference, 1998.[7] D. Hall, P. Hadala, F. Roberts, “Laboratory Exercises for Statics and Mechanics of Materials on a Shoestring,” Proceedings of the ASEE Annual Conference, 2000.[8] H. J. Lenoir , “The Wobbler Steam Engine: A Connection Between the Past, Present, and Future of Mechanical Engineering,” Proceedings of the ASEE Annual Conference, 2004.[9] M. Lobaugh, “Revving up interest in Hands-On Engineering,” Proceedings of the ASEE Annual Conference, 2004.[10] N. B. Allen, J. M. Cunnington, L. J. Westra, M. K. Klein, E. M. Odom, and R. E. Smelser

Conference Session

Best Practices in Industrial Technology

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Manocher Djassemi

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

Adv an ced M od erate B asic N one 1 2 3 4 1 M y skill in 2D C A D after takin g IT445 is: 50% 30% befo re:taking IT445 is: 25% 10% 60% 15

Conference Session

Assessing Design Coursework II

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Olga Pierrakos, Virginia Tech; Maura Borrego, Virginia Tech; Jenny Lo, Virginia Tech

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

mathematical methodologies including but not limited to, thefollowing: 1. knowledge of and skill with the design process including a.) problem recognition and definition b.) establishment of design requirements (performance and life-cycle, such as economic, manufacturability, assemblability, usability, aesthetics, quality, serviceability, sustainability, as well as impact in an environmental, societal, and/or global context) c.) generation of multiple design concept alternatives d.) utilization of decision-based methods and tools to support analysis, evaluation, and selection of design alternatives against multiple and perhaps conflicting requirements e.) analysis and verification

Conference Session

Gender and Accessibility Issues in K-12 Engineering Education

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Stephen Krause, Arizona State University; Veronica Burrows, Arizona State University; Judy Sutor, Arizona State University; Marilyn Carlson, Arizona State University

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

need to make a concerned effort to expose young girls to the tinkering process. Everyday household jobs can provide the types of experiences needed to accomplish the task. For example, changing then oil, backwashing the pool, putting together furniture, using power tools….Frieda also suggests enhancing tinkering skills at home that promoted by children’s parents. Tinkering self-efficacy a. let a daughter work side by side with her dad changing the oil, etc. b. allow girls to fix ‘things’ around the house c. buy girls tinkering toys like legos, bionicles, tool sets. . .Fred also suggests a similar approach for parents to provide opportunities to tinker with toys andeveryday tasks

Collection

2007 Spring ASEE Middle Atlantic Section Conference

Authors

V. Briller; E. Deess; R. Calluori; K. Joshi

MailingsPublicationsThe focus group members were unanimous that there were a lot of uncoordinated and excessivemailings from the university. One of the female students said that “her dad thought multiplemailings seemed to indicate that schools were desperate.” Students in the focus grouprecommended that there should be one hard copy in the form a well-printed brochure ormagazine telling about an institution and then a modest post-card type follow-up. The magazineor brochure should have: (a) Balanced information about academic and non-academic matters; (b) Compelling information about successful graduates and employment statistics by department. (c) Description of the ties with other colleges and universities; especially information about

Conference Session

The Critical First Year in Engineering Education

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jamie Medoff, University of Maryland-Baltimore County; Anne Spence, University of Maryland-Baltimore County

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

experienceThe following results in this section were obtain from the The University of MarylandBaltimore County GK-12 Teaching Enhancement Partnership Project Final Evaluation Page 12.825.7Report (2002-2005).In all three years of the program, the survey focused on four key areas: A) Fellows’ skills improvement. B) K-12 students’ enriched learning C) Teachers’ professional development D) Strengthened university-community partnershipsFor the purpose of this study, the fellow’s skill improvement section was focused onbecause of how it identified with the fellows thoughts on skill development in careerrelated areas. Particularly, how the TEPP program

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Deniz Gurkan, University of Houston; Alan Mickelson, University of Colorado at Boulder; Driss Benhaddou, University of Houston

power required to achieve the same bit error ratewill be higher. The required amount of the increase in power to achieve the same BERlevel is the power penalty introduced by the extra fiber.The BER can be measured for one system for individual received power levels asdepicted in Figure 3 for a system A and then for a system B. The difference in receivedpowers to obtain the same level of BER is the power penalty of system B with respect tothe system A. Page 12.1114.73. Project Web Site at University of HoustonThe project has been hosted on a web site as a repository of all components of the labs.Figure 4. Remote labs have been posted on the project web

Conference Session

Emerging Trends in Engineering Education Poster Session

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Gina Montgomery, Auburn University; Chetan Sankar, Auburn University; P.K. Raju, Auburn University

. The questionnaire contained 35 objectivequestions with a 5 point Likert scale ranging from “1: Strongly disagree” to “5: Strongly agree.”The respondents circled a letter on the scale from 1 to 5 which most closely corresponded to theirresponse to each of the 35 items. Because the 35 questions yielded substantial reliabilities forfive clear concepts or constructs, the analysis for the evaluation was organized according to thefollowing five constructs: (a) important and valuable, (b) perceived skill development, (c)instructionally helpful, (d) self reported learning and (e) intrinsic learning and motivation.Earlier studies have validated these constructs2, 4, 5. Cronbach Alpha values were computed forthese constructs. These values range from 0

Conference Session

Design in Engineering Eduaction - Poster Session

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Alan Cheville, Oklahoma State University; Christine Co, Oklahoma State University; Bear Turner, Oklahoma State University

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

perform well one module of the peer evaluation do well in allmodules. The data shown in the table below indicates correlation values and p-values fora single semester course consisting of seventeen students. The values show a high andstatistically significant correlation coefficient between the three sections of the evaluationtool. This data indicates that students who are scored highly by peers well on one sectionof the peer evaluation are also scored highly on other sections. [A] [B] [C][A] Peer: Attitude[B] Peer: Effort 0.78 (p

Conference Session

EMD Recruitment and Certification

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

William Loendorf, Eastern Washington University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Management

; Davis5, 2003, p. 17). Three ofthe major contributors were W. Edward Deming, Joseph M. Juran, and Philip B. Crosby. Anumber of basic similarities can be extracted from these philosophies. These include Page 12.1234.7management commitment, training, and continuous improvement.These methodologies offer support and provide direction for organizations interested inbeginning or improving a total quality system. All of these methodologies utilize and involve thesame common practices: “Establish an organizational policy, implement that policy throughdocumented procedures, practice the procedures and policies in the work environment, andshow proof that

Conference Session

Design in Engineering Eduaction - Poster Session

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jennifer Miskimins, Colorado School of Mines; Ramona Graves, Colorado School of Mines

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

this time for reference purposes.The Criterion 3 components are:1 (a) an ability to apply knowledge of mathematics, science, and engineering (b) an ability to design and conduct experiments, as well as to analyze and interpret data (c) an ability to design a system, component, or process to meet desired needs within realistic constraints such as economic, environmental, social, political, ethical, health and safety, manufacturability, and sustainability (d) an ability to function on multi-disciplinary teams (e) an ability to identify, formulate, and solve engineering problems (f) an understanding of professional and ethical responsibility (g) an ability to communicate effectively (h) the broad education necessary to

Conference Session

Innovative Mechanics Education Programs and Projects

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jean Nocito-Gobel, University of New Haven; Gregory Broderick, University of New Haven; Samuel Daniels, University of New Haven; Michael Collura, University of New Haven; Richard Stanley, University of New Haven

Tagged Divisions

Mechanics

but the data does indicate animproved trend. These preliminary indicators suggest that EAS students are as prepared as theirpeers who took traditional courses. Performance of students in the junior level mechanicscourses will continue to be monitored and collected for assessment.References1. Collura, M.A., B. Aliane, S. Daniels, and J. Nocito-Gobel, “Development of a Multi-Disciplinary EngineeringFoundation Spiral”, Proceedings, 2004 American Society for Engineering Education Annual Conference andExposition, Salt Lake City, Utah, June 20 – 23, June 2004.2. Foundation Coalition Website: http://www.foundationcoalition.org/home/sophomore/index.html

Conference Session

FPD12 -- Novel Approaches to First Year Programs

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Christopher Rowe, Vanderbilt University; Stacy Klein-Gardner

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

. Student: __________________ Midterm RubricQuestion 1 a) What assumption is made about the statistics of a random sample compared to the statistics of a population? How does sample size affect this assumption?Student displays understanding of sampling through 1 2 3 4 5explanation of sample vs. population assumptionsStudent displays understanding of sample size through 1 2 3 4 5explaining the value of a larger sample size b) Report 3 measures of center, 1 measure of spread, and 1 measure of variance for the provided data.Student displays understanding of a measure of center through 1 2 3 4 5choosing 3 correct answersStudent displays understanding of

Conference Session

Curricular Innovations

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Maura Borrego, Virginia Tech; Lynette Osborne, National Academy of Engineering; Ruth Streveler, Purdue University; Karl Smith, University of Minnesota; Ronald Miller, Colorado School of Mines

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

helpful in discussing network data analysis. We also thank Dr. NormanFortenberry, Director of the National Academy of Engineering’s Center for theAdvancement of Scholarship in Engineering Education, for his partnership in this project.The authors also thank the RREE Executive Committee members who participated in therevisions of the 2005 RREE: Robin Adams, George B. Forsythe, Frank Huband, MarciaMentkowksi, and Marilla Svinicki.References[1] Fincher, S. and R. Adams, "Interactive Session- Developing Engineering Education Research Questions: What Do They Look Like? How Do I Get One?," Proceedings, 2004 ASEE/IEEE Frontiers in Education Conference.[2] Griffin Jr., O. H., A. Aning, V. K. Lohani, J. M. Kampe, R. Goff, M

Conference Session

Software Engineering Topics

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Valentin Razmov, University of Washington

Tagged Divisions

Software Engineering Constituent Committee

8 Term Term(a) (b)Figure 1. (a) Student perception of team sizes. Each dot in the graph is labeled with the range ofteam sizes for the respective term. Most welcome were teams of size 5-8 (corresponding to thered square dots), while smaller or larger teams (corresponding to the blue circle dots) receivedless favorable ratings in the respective terms when they occurred.(b) Student perception of the incremental delivery approach. In the first two terms the approachwas recommended, while subsequently its use was required. In the graph, the lower early

Conference Session

Knowing Our Students, Part 2

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mica Hutchison, Purdue University; Deborah Follman, Purdue University; George Bodner, Purdue University

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

: National Academies Press, 2007.4. Bandura, A., Self-Efficacy: The Exercise of Control, New York: W. H. Freeman and Company, 1997.5. Pajares, F., "Self-Efficacy Beliefs in Academic Settings," Review of Educational Research, Vol. 66, No. 4,1996, pp. 543-578.6. Lent, R. W., Brown, S. D., Schmidt, J., Brenner, B., Lyons, H. and Treistman, D., "Relation of ContextualSupports and Barriers to Choice Behavior in Engineering Majors: Test of Alternative Social Cognitive Models,"Journal of Counseling Psychology, Vol. 50, No. 4, 2003, pp. 458-465.7. Schaefers, K. G., Epperson, D. L. and Nauta, M. M., "Women's Career Development: Can TheoreticallyDerived Variables Predict Persistence in Engineering Majors?," Journal of Counseling Psychology, Vol. 44, 1997,pp