gap, we explore a sample of 5,819 undergraduate engineering students froma survey administered in 2015 to a nationally representative set of twenty-seven U.S. engineering schools. Weidentify how individual background measures, occupational learning experiences, and socio-cognitive measuressuch as self-efficacy beliefs, outcome expectations, and interest in innovation and entrepreneurship affect students’entrepreneurial career focus. Based on career focus, the sample is split into “Starters” and “Joiners” where Startersare students who wish to start a new venture and Joiners are those who wish to join an existing venture. Resultsshow the demographic, behavioral, and socio-cognitive characteristics of each group. Findings suggest that
. Educational environments whichleverage these interests may be better able to attract and retain female students 9.Figure 1. Percentage of degrees awarded to women in engineering disciplines. Adapted from Yoder, B.L. (2014). Engineering bythe numbers. Retrieved from American Society for Engineering Education's College Profiles website:https://www.asee.org/papers-and-publications/publications/14_11-47.pdf.Tinkering Self-EfficacySelf-efficacy is an individual’s self-perceived ability to accomplish a goal or task 12. Self-efficacy is a domain specific measure—for example being confident in my ability to jump acertain distance says nothing of my confidence for gardening—with predictive relationships torelevant outcomes like motivation, effort, and
not aware of any study that has controlled for practice-oriented experiential education at theundergraduate level by explicitly selecting URM student populations that participate in cooperative education-POEEand non-cooperative education-POEE.HypothesesThe study seeks to test whether practice-oriented self-efficacy and academic self-efficacy alone and in interactionwith a number of contextual and demographic variables, contribute to the retention of under-represented minoritiesin undergraduate engineering programs. Survey data will be collected to measure the effect of different programinterventions, including cooperative education, undergraduate research, peer reflection, and mentoring experiences,on self-efficacy and retention. Specifically
.” American Educational Research Journal, vol. 29, no. 3, pp. 663–676, 1992.[7] N. A. Mamaril, E. L. Usher, C. R. Li, D. R. Economy, and M. S. Kennedy, “Measuring Undergraduate Students’ Engineering Self-Efficacy: A Validation Study.” Journal of Engineering Education, vol. 105, no. 2, pp. 366–395, 2016.[8] B. W. Smith, J. Dalen, K. Wiggens, E. Tooley, P. Christopher, and J. Bernard, “The Brief Resilience Scale: Assessing the Ability to Bounce Back.” International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, vol. 15, no. 3, pp. 194—200, 2008.Appendix A: Survey InstrumentPart 1: Please read the following 12 statements regarding advising functions and select the mostrelevant response option from the 6-point scale in the drop-down box to indicate
relationship betweenoutcome expectations and other behavior factors such as self-efficacy and interest. SCT is basedupon the assumption that human ability is a dynamic attribute, and that competence in complextasks requires both well-developed skills and a strong sense of efficacy to deploy one’s resourceseffectively. Social Cognitive Career Theory (SCCT) provides a base for exploring the interactionamong personal, environmental, and behavioral influences in career development.7 SCCTemphasizes the role of self-efficacy, beliefs, outcome expectation and goals in career selection.The instrument was designed to measure three constructs related to engineering: self-efficacy,interest, and perceptions. Self-efficacy refers to the composite beliefs about
by Judge et al.9. For each of the fourcomponents of Core Self-Evaluation, three questions were provided. Each question was based ona Likert scale ranging from 1 to 7, where 1 = “Strongly Disagree” and 7 = “Strongly Agree”. Anexample of one of these items is, “When I try, I generally succeed.” Job Search Self-Efficacy wasmeasured by an 11-item scale developed by Wanberg et al.10 Each question was based on a Likertscale ranging from 1 to 7, where 1 = “Strongly Disagree” and 7 = “Strongly Agree”. An exampleof one of these items is, “How confident do you feel about the following tasks pertaining to jobsearch: Changing your resume to fit specific jobs?”Career Exploration was measured by a 14-item scale developed by Stumpf et al.11. Each question
identifying as URM,we sought to answer the following research question: What impact does use of the career-forward curriculum have on self-efficacy, identity as an engineer and commitment to anengineering career, and in particular, for students identifying as female or URM?For our purposes it is important to clearly define how the terms persistence and commitment areconceptualized and measured, both of which are consistent with the Mediation Model ofResearch Experience (MMRE) [5], which served as the theoretical framework. Commitment isdefined as the student’s willingness to persist towards a specific long-term goal, in this case anengineering career and was measured as an outcome variable through a set of items that loadeddirectly to the construct
. Students access the active learning modules through an online learning managementsystem. Modules consist of ten units that engage students through relatable examples andpractices of foundational principles and applications of engineering graphics. The team took self-efficacy and academic success measurements, which were then analyzed using paired t-tests. Results support previous findings that there are significant differences in self-efficacyand academic success, including students' mental rotation abilities, when instructors providesupplemental materials. The data also supports that students at risk of non-matriculation benefitfrom the combination of active learning modules and additional video tutorials in the realms ofself-efficacy
engineering studies. Such assessment results can provide the basis for thedevelopment and revamping of effective activities designed to meet program objectives andmissions.This paper reports the development and early results of a survey undertaken as part of theNational Science Foundation-funded Assessing Women in Engineering (AWE) project. Theinstrument is designed to measure undergraduate women students’ self-efficacy in studyingengineering. Self-efficacy is “belief in one’s capabilities to organize and execute the sources ofaction necessary to manage prospective situations" 2. Prior work from Blaisdell3 has shown thatfeelings of efficaciousness can be an important predictor in the success of women studyingengineering. In our project, we developed
constructs on 120 first-year engineeringstudents' academic performance in a required engineering course while accounting for their priorsuccess. The motivational constructs include students' self-reported achievement goals (masterygoals, performance goals, and mastery avoidance), self-efficacy beliefs, and task value. Wecollected the data by administering surveys at the beginning of the course. We used AGQ-R forachievement goals and subscales of the MSLQ survey for students' course-related beliefs aboutself-efficacy and task value. Also, SAT scores and prior GPA determined students' prior success.We used students' scores in three exams as a measure of their academic performance in thecourse. We used stepwise hierarchical regression to identify the
Figure 1. Team of students trying to complete one of the tasks (picking up an object formthe bottom of the water tank and bringing it to the surface) of the design competition.Metric developmentThere is a need for specific metrics to measure the impact of outreach activities on high schoolstudents’ attitudes toward STEM disciplines. Meta-analysis of the literature on students’transition from secondary to post-secondary education reveals the following measures as theprimary factors that impact students’ perspectives of STEM disciplines 8-9, 20-24. Self-efficacy: The belief that one can persist in STEM disciplines, overcome obstacles, stress and failures, and achieve competencies to fulfill the requirements of a STEM curriculum
their implications towards building a survey instrumentto assess engineering self-concept.Literature ReviewA systematic review [1] distinguished between self-concept and self-efficacy and discussed theresultant operating definitions for the two constructs. This review found evidence that the twoconstructs in focus were often used interchangeably and were considered as the same measure inpractice. This created inconsistencies in understanding of the two constructs. The goal of thereview was to understand how self-concept and self-efficacy were different and to establish theunderlying constructs of engineering self-concept. The researchers sought to build a survey toassess engineering self-concept through this process. The review revealed 6
within thefirst two weeks of class and the post-survey was administered two weeks before final exams.MeasuresThere were three items measuring outcome expectations for engineering adapted from Lent et al.[13], six items measuring intentions to stay in engineering adapted from Lent at al. [13], threeitems measuring self-efficacy adapted from Lent et al. [13], and five items measuringengineering identity adapted from Chemers et al. [33] & Estrada et al. [34]. Table 1 provides thesample survey items for all four surveys used in this study. Table 2 provides the summary ofdescriptive statistics of continuous predictors and categorical variables. The Cronbach’s alphacoefficients across all subscales were also estimated with values ranging from 0.85
support services could impact retentionrates for both male and female students. Self-efficacy, defined as the perceived degree of self-confidence a person feels towards their ability to complete a given task 2, was predicted toexplain why participation in cooperative education improves retention in engineering fields. Theprior study discussed three main measures of self-efficacy for engineering students; academicself-efficacy, work self-efficacy, and career self-efficacy. Academic success was shown toenhance an individual’s self-efficacy in this area while cooperative education was the maininfluence on work self-efficacy for students who participate in these programs and finally, allforms of self-efficacy were enhanced by academic support.3The
innovation.Bandura defines perceived self-efficacy as “people’s beliefs about their capabilities to producedesignated levels of performance that exercise influence over events that affect their lives.”(Bandura, Self-Efficacy, 1994). Carberry and Lee, in their paper “Measuring Engineering DesignSelf-Efficacy” narrow this focus on the activities related to design, the central function ofengineering, as follows, “Self-efficacy refers to an individuals’ judgment of their capability toorganize and execute courses of action for a given task (Bandura, 1986; 1997). According to self-efficacy theory, the level of self-efficacy for a given task is influenced by other task-specific self-concepts including motivation, outcome expectancy, and anxiety or self-doubt
researchwas originally conducted in 1997 and software tools and applications have grown significantlysince then. In addition, this study did not do any statistical analysis to evaluate the results oftheir work [6].To measure how students felt about the course, we measured self-efficacy - an individual's beliefin their capacity to execute behaviors necessary to produce specific performance attainments [7].If during the introduction of a new software the student becomes discouraged, they will likelydevelop a negative attitude towards the use of such software as well as a negative attitudetowards learning software in the future [8]. Discouraged students do not feel confident abouttheir knowledge and over time this leads to a decrease in their self
instructors takingstudents’ gender, ethnicity, engineering skills, science backgrounds, and leadership skills intoconsideration. All teams were composed of three or four members. Two of the teams weremixed-gender and each one included two male and two female members. Students’ initial andfinal self-efficacy scores were measured using an engineering self-efficacy instrument designedin alignment with the course objectives. Page 14.1188.4Selection of Case StudiesThree students, Bryan, Eric, and Alex (the most supportive, the most responsive, and the mostdisruptive) were chosen for in-depth analysis. All student names reported in this paper
on programming activities, facilitated by both graduate and undergraduate teachingassistants. Students would then have to complete homework assignments based on recitation modules.Motivation and Self-Efficacy OutcomesDesired ResultsThe development of this course was also informed by motivation and self-efficacy theory, and high-levelcourse outcomes were set to increase both student motivation in the course and their self-efficacy as aprogrammer. Motivation was measured using the five constructs of the MUSIC Model of AcademicMotivation[9]: Empowerment, Usefulness, Success, Interest, and Caring. These constructs are defined inTable 2. Table 2: The MUSIC Model MUSIC Letter Name
, therefore, needs to includehands-on PBL activities for students that provide solid grounding in engineering fundamentals.Going through the curriculum, students also gain experience of working collaboratively as ateam to undertake and solve complex engineering problems.To measure the effectiveness of engineering modeling and design curriculum, it is important todetermine the self-efficacy of students. The aim is to enable students to go through hands-onPBL activities during the curriculum to develop self-belief and optimism in their competence toaccomplish tasks and produce expected results. In an earlier work on this subject, authors haveproposed an instrument to measure student's perception of self-efficacy in engineering modelingand design
, unlike the other measures, there was much more room forgrowth. However, there was no significant change detected. Thus, we cannot conclude that thelab kit and curriculum relate to self-beliefs.Table 4. Self-Efficacy results (N = 39) Initial Change Mean: 3.17 Change Mean = 0.17 Standard Deviation: 1.16 Change Standard Deviation =1.40 Conclusion and Future Directions Overall, the lab kit and neuroscience curriculum were most successful in the area ofimproving science aspirations for diverse students. Additional changes need to be made in futureiterations to the curricular materials
administered X X X MSLQ X X X X XThe GRIT survey is a questionnaire consisting of 12, 5-point Likert scale (1 = not gritty to 5 =very gritty) questions that were developed by Angela Duckworth from the Department ofPsychology at the University of Pennsylvania. [23]. Duckworth has identified grit as a unique trait,defining it as “perseverance and passion for long term goals” [22].During the first-year, students’ academic self-efficacy has been directly related to academicperformance [10]. Among other things, the LAESE survey measures a student’s academic self-efficacy. The LAESE survey instrument is a validated instrument developed via the NSF
Using asimilar approach of measuring cultural consumption and preferences by proxy, we examinestudent music genre preference as a potential mediating factor in engineering students’ disciplinechoice.We situate our examination in the context of self-efficacy, which has been shown to have asignificant impact on student behavior, including major choice. Self-efficacy, the belief in one'sabilities, plays a central role in the achievements of individuals throughout their careers.Differing levels of self-efficacy has been documented to impact student behavior from academicachievement to the success in a job search.2 Furthermore, self-efficacy has been shown to have asignificant impact on students’ decisions to major in engineering
]. Students who ultimately leave engineeringbefore their second year often begin their engineering journey with unrealistic views of theirability and the difficulty of the journey. Typically, they underestimate the demands of the major(and career) and overestimate their ability to succeed in the major with little extra effort [2], [3],[5]. This paper compares pre- and post-measures of characteristics believed to be influential orrelated to academic success and student retention in STEM fields for three cohorts (2017, 2018,and 2019) of the AcES program.2.0 MethodologyThree survey instruments: the Grit assessment [6], [7], the Longitudinal Assessment ofEngineering Self-Efficacy (LAESE) survey [8], [9], and the Motivated Strategies for
Efficacy Scale (TSES) survey is a set of questionnaires developed byTschannen-Moran at College of William and Mary and Woolfolk Hoy at the Ohio State University[4]. It is designed to help people gain a better understanding of the kinds of things that createdifficulties for teachers in their school activities. Similarly, teachers are asked to indicate theopinion about each question by marking from 1 to 9. There are two forms of this survey. The longform has 24 questions and the short form has 12 questions. These questions measure efficacy inStudent Engagement, Instruction Strategies, and Classroom Management. TSES has been used inmany teachers’ self-efficacy studies. 2.2 Bandura’s Instrument Teacher Self-efficacy Scale Bandura’s instrument on
measured using the 36-item “Engineering design self-efficacy instrument” [12] – that is, whether students feel: 1. Able, and 2. Motivated to engage in certain engineering design tasks, whether they will be 3. Successful in doing so, and how 4. Apprehensive they would be in performing such tasks. These tasks included: 1. Conduct engineering design 6. Prototype the solution 2. Identify a need 7. Test a design 3. Conduct research 8. Communicate 4. Develop solutions 9. Iterate the process 5. Select the best design A three-level Likert scale was
Development, vol. 72, pp. 187-206, 2001.[9] M. K. Ponton, J. H. Edmister, L. S. Ukeiley, and J. M. Seiner, "Understanding the Role of Self- Efficacy in Engineering Education," Journal of Engineering Education, vol. 90, pp. 247-251, 2001.[10] A. R. Carberry, H. S. Lee, and M. W. Ohland, "Measuring engineering design self‐efficacy," Journal of Engineering Education, vol. 99, pp. 71-79, 2010.[11] T. D. Fantz, T. J. Siller, and M. A. Demiranda, "Pre-Collegiate Factors Influencing the Self-Efficacy of Engineering Students," Journal of Engineering Education, vol. 100, pp. 604-623, 2011.[12] H. M. Matusovich, R. A. Streveler, and R. L. Miller, "Why Do Students Choose Engineering? A Qualitative, Longitudinal Investigation of
in our courses to see students' attitudes towardengineering and analyze the engineering course progress.As the assessment team (authors), we develop new learning models and assessment methodsspecifically tailored to the LED program. These methods allow us to measure the effectivenessof the program in promoting engineering understanding and attitudes among students. Byanalyzing the results of our assessments, we provide instructors and researchers with valuableinsights into how the LED program can be improved and how it compares to other engineeringeducation programs. We are particularly interested in examining the influence of the LEDprogram on students' self-determination, motivation, and self-efficacy, as these factors haveshown to be
summerresidential program geared towards providing high school teachers with insights into the latest inmanufacturing research. The goal was to improve their beliefs and attitudes regarding STEMeducation so that they would feel more capable to impart similar technical information to theirstudents.The next section of this paper (Literature Review) provides an overview of several paperspublished in the area of teaching self-efficacy, its relationship with STEM education, and theinstruments that have been used for its measurement. The Research Design section describes indetail the methodology and instruments used for the purpose of this study. The Data Analysissection provides a description of the data used for this study and the results of the
-item “embracing” subscale of the CEI-II, measuring “a willingness toembrace the novel, uncertain, and unpredictable nature of everyday life” (p. 955). Respondentsindicate how they “generally feel and behave” on each item on a five-point Likert-type scalefrom 1=“Very slightly or not at all” to 5=“Extremely”. The variable “mindful attitude” is createdby averaging the four CEI-II items for each respondent. The mindful attitude items are only onthe EMS 2.0 survey.3.1.3 Measuring Innovation Self-Efficacy (ISE) and Engineering Task Self-Efficacy (ETSE)We measure both Innovation Self-Efficacy (ISE) and Engineering Task Self-Efficacy (ETSE) inthe EMS. All self-efficacy items were measured on a 5-point Likert-type scale from 0=“Notconfident” to 4
captured by SHPE’s long-term NRP throughout the year.While several internal components of McCormick’s model have been validated, NILA’scurriculum serves as a unique opportunity to measure self-efficacy, a challenging aspect tomeasure [47-50], and validate in the context of Hispanic STEM professionals.Figure 2. McCormick’s Social Cognitive Model of Leadership [38], reproduced with permission from the publisher.3. SHPE’s Leadership and Chapter Programming Mapping to McCormick’s Model3.1 NILA’s Curriculum Mapped to Leader Cognitions Figure 3 shows the concept mapping of NILA’s 2019 curriculum to the leader cognitionportion of McCormick’s model [48]. Following the OGSM model presented in Section 2.1,NILA’s objective is captured by McCormick’s