Conference Session

Information and Network Security

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Krystal S Corbett, Cyber Innovation Center; Chuck Gardner, New Orleans Military and Maritime Academy; Anthony Joseph Taffaro Jr., New Orleans Military and Maritime Academy; Marvin Nelson, Benton High School

Tagged Divisions

Computing & Information Technology

. The cadets have found these topicsengaging and have participated with excitement in the projects and discussions that centeraround the topics. The cadets enjoy discussing and learning about the various topics in computerscience, especially the discussions on networking. Using the networking project provided byNICERC, the cadets became the nodes and lines of communication while others acted as the“Man in the Middle” or the “Denial of Service.” This enhanced their understanding of sendingmessages through cyberspace and threats that exist.Cyber Science is one course which has been accepted readily and enthusiastically by both theCyber Science instructors and the NOMMA administration. This excitement is reflected in thecadets’ interest and desire

Conference Session

Programs in Support of Systems Engineering Education

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Roger V. Gonzalez P.E., The University of Texas at El Paso; Elsa Q. Villa, University of Texas, El Paso; Peter Golding, University of Texas, El Paso; Joseph A Ramos, The University of Texas at El Paso

Tagged Divisions

Systems Engineering

Muller 2013)3, reflecting the industry attitude thatengineering professionals need a foundational background in one of the traditional engineeringdisciplines, with the addition of practical experience to be effective as systems engineers.Undergraduate university programs in systems engineering are still relatively rare, with mostprograms being at the graduate level.Since we have already been teaching Systems Engineering graduate students at UTEP during thepast 5 years, we anticipate our teaching of undergraduate LE students will in some key ways besimilar. As is the case with SE, our teaching in LE courses will be more focused on skills,entrepreneurial thinking, critical thinking, and problem solving, and less on transferable facts.Our goal will

Conference Session

Mechanical Engineering (ME) Poster Session

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Robert T. Bailey P.E., Loyola University Maryland; Christopher H. Morrell, Loyola University Maryland

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

;  one or more example problems;  a short, multiple-choice “concept” quiz to test understanding (2-3 questions);  a group problem-solving exercise; and  a short, multiple-choice “attention” quiz to assess final understanding (2-3 questions).A mapping of these items and activities to the four elements of Kolb’s cycle (concreteexperience, reflective observation, abstract conceptualization, and active experimentation) isgiven in Reference 14.The developers have recommended a detailed implementation strategy for using their materialsin a 50-minute class14. After quickly running into time constraint problems, the first author ofthis paper modified this strategy as follows

Conference Session

ECE Curriculum Improvement

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

JianJian Song, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology; Deborah Walter, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology; Edward Wheeler, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

? important EM fundamentals 4 4 1 Electrical and magnetic flux and field structure 6 2 1 Material properties – loss and dispersion 4 5 High-speed behavior of passive components 2 7 Wave propagation and reflection 5 4 Transmission lines – time domain analysis 6 3 Transmission lines – frequency domain analysis 5 4 Matching and termination 4 5 S-parameters

Conference Session

Robotics, Mechatronics, and Control Systems - Multidisciplinary Perspectives

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Michael A. Gennert, Worcester Polytechnic Institute; Taskin Padir, Worcester Polytechnic Institute

Tagged Divisions

Multidisciplinary Engineering

collective best guess atcurriculum and courses, understanding that updates would be needed as experience accumulated.The basic structure of the curriculum remains unchanged; however some content, courses, andprojects have changed.Unified Robotics I-IV have been tweaked, with a few minor topic additions, deletions orshifting of material; none serious enough to merit a change in course description.Robotics hardware and languages have been changed to reflect changes in robotics platformsused for homework, labs, and projects. Four of the five core courses originally used the VEXplatform with RBE 3001 Unified Robotics III using a custom-designed processor board based onthe Atmel AVR644P microcontroller. Neuron Robotics DyIO controllers and associated

Conference Session

Real and Virtual - "New" Approaches to Teaching "Old" Courses

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Darinka del Carmen Ramirez, Tecnológico de Monterrey (ITESM), México; Manuel E Macías, ITESM, Campus Monterrey

Tagged Divisions

Chemical Engineering

applications are deduced)? 4) How does the student prefer to process information: actively (through engagement in physically activity or discussion), or reflectively (through introspection)? 5) How does the student progress through understanding: sequentially (in continual steps) or globally (in giant jumps, holistically)?The Remote Lab presented in this paper was used in the class of Material Balances (belonging tothe Chemical Engineering Department) during the August-December 2012 semester, at theTecnologico de Monterrey, Campus Monterrey, specifically in three focus Chemical Engineeringsections with 35, 33 and 32 students in each class, respectively. The survey for the students’perception of their learning style was applied online to

Conference Session

K-12 Robotics

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Krystal S Corbett, Cyber Innovation Center; JoAnn M. Marshall, Cyber Innovation Center/National Integrated Cyber Education Research Center

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

the benefits of theseprograms. Various obstacles can prevent students from being able to participate in the informalprogram; reasons not to participate can range from logistical, time, or financial burdens. Theseparticular reasons do reflect a lack of interest in the activity; students may have the desire to join,but for one reason or another, they are unable to stay after school and participate. By integratingthe informal activity with the formal classroom environment, these otherwise unreached studentscan benefit from the program. Not only are these students able to participate in the activity, butbecause the time restraint is not as demanding, the students may be able to compete in theculminating event of the informal program since that

Conference Session

Distance Learning and Online Teaching Session

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Julie M Little-Wiles, Purdue School of Engineering and Technology, IUPUI; Patricia Fox, Indiana University Purdue University, Indianapolis; Charles Feldhaus Ed.D., Indiana University Purdue University, Indianapolis; Stephen Hundley, Indiana University Purdue University, Indianapolis; Brandon Sorge, Indiana University Purdue University, Indianapolis

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

% students answering “strongly agreed” and 41% “agreed”, 9% “undecided” and 2%“disagree”. Once again, there were no students that selected the category of “strongly disagree”on the Likert scale. Both instructors felt that these synchronous chats did indeed engage theirstudents in the course according to their survey answers.Finally, students were asked how “connected” they felt to their fellow classmates and theirinstructor compared to that of a traditional face-to-face course given the online course containedthe synchronous chats. Table 8 reflects both student sections answers: Table 8. Student “Connectedness” Rate To Classmates To Instructor Less 32% 20% More

Conference Session

Issues in Advising and Mentoring

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Nathan Dolenc, University of Virginia

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

. Students only referred back to mentors when they had completed a taskand were looking for another, more experienced person to check their work. Students realizedmentors played a large role in FRC, but the students’ actions from creating an internal studentcouncil to the day-to-day work ensured the robotics club was student focused.Green Team Page 23.1130.7 The mentors installed a reflective approach that allowed students to find their placeamongst the team’s work and subgroups. Mentors and student leaders implemented preseasonand postseason interviews with every student to cover issues, desires, working relationships, andinput on the year

Conference Session

Robotics, Mechatronics, and Control Systems - Multidisciplinary Perspectives

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jose Antonio Riofrio, Western New England University; Steven G Northrup, Western New England University

Tagged Divisions

Multidisciplinary Engineering

the course. A conceptual final exam was given at the end which coveredmaterial both from the lectures and the hand-on activities. The grade distribution of the course –40% homework and labs, 45% project and 15% final exam – reflect the importance of hands-onlearning as a key approach to this subject. A list of components purchased by each student at the beginning of the semester is shown inTable 1. It should be noted that a textbook was not required, and the lecture content came fromvarious academic and non-academic sources. A basic solderless breadboard is used for all circuit Page 23.1154.5making; LEDs are used for various Arduino

Conference Session

Design Teamwork

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Stephen W. Laguette, University of California, Santa Barbara

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

• Decision making • Managing meetings • Implementing decisions • Creating a healthy climateThe literature regarding team leadership in the academic setting12,13,14,15 is limited but doesprovide some useful insight.A checklist of attributes of informal leadership adapted to student teams has been reported12 • Exerts influence on group processes (task) • Maintains goal focus for self and group (task) • Creates a collaborative atmosphere (relational) • Exhibits technical competence (task) • Exhibits fairness, humility, and trust (relational) • Use creativity, reflection, and intuition (task and relational)Within a very limited examination of student teams, the authors noted that successful informal

Conference Session

Preparation of Professional Engineers Outside of the USA. What are the Education, Experience, and Exam Requirements?

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Stephen Hundley, Indiana University Purdue University, Indianapolis; Lynn G Brown, The Boeing Company; Patricia Fox, Indiana University Purdue University, Indianapolis; Catherine Didion, National Academy of Engineering; Daniel R. Sayre, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

the findings, and outlinesnext steps in this project.Summary of Key Findings-to-DateThe survey yielded 1,027 “usable case” respondents reflecting the following demographicprofile: 70% English; 30% non-English; responses received from all languages except French 80% Male; 20% Female 50% between ages of 40-60; balance over other age ranges 46% Academicians; 40% Practitioners; 10% Students; balance preferred not to answer Aerospace (17%); Computer Science (13%); and Electrical/Computer (13%) are largest Engineering Discipline response categories 64% reported having graduate-level Engineering degreeTop Attributes by Role, Importance, and ProficiencyEarly-Career Professionals: Importance and Proficiency Attributes by

Conference Session

Engineering Ethics Division Technical Session

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mona Itani, American University of Beirut

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Ethics

the movie(s) by holding discussion sessions (held by the instructor, assistant, oramong students themselves) for those videos that had a pertaining assignment. Moreover,the instructor provided detailed assignment questions and requirements that directlytargeted the course objectives covered by the watched videos. This role was reflected Page 23.1193.5slightly by the students’ perceptions to the importance of holding post-video discussion sessions and by their performance on the written assignments. However, the analysis of this role will not be analyzed in depth in this study as it is beyond the main scope. Before responding to the questionnaire

Collection

2013 Pacific Southwest Section Meeting

Authors

Antonella Sciortino; Lisa Star; Tesfai Goitom

. Engineering problems are similar everywhere in the world and they are solvedaccording to the physical and mathematical principles at the foundation of engineering science.However, each solution should reflect the unique cultural and societal environment in which it isimplemented.Ideally, young engineers should be exposed to the global issues involved in the engineeringprofession while they are still in school. Unfortunately, due to the high number of unitsnecessary for graduation compared to other programs, many engineering programs don’t havethe flexibility to accommodate additional courses that would provide students with the globalengineering perspective necessary to advance their careers. Furthermore, financial constraintsmay prevent many

Collection

2013 Pacific Southwest Section Meeting

Authors

Danyang Li; Qiao Zhen; Albert Gordon; Bhaskar Raj Sinha; Marcos Turquetti; Mohammad N. Amin

, faculty, students, andemployers are assured that the graduates are proficient in analytical, technical and criticalthinking skills. They have a sense of professionalism that is instilled with a strong set of values Proceedings of the 2013 American Society for Engineering Education Pacific Southwest Conference Copyright © 2013, American Society for Engineering Education 295    essential for success in the wireless communications field. This program reflects current andfuture industry needs, and graduates from the MSWC program are trained and prepared toassume a leadership role in the field. The MSWC program

Conference Session

Novel Pedagogies 2

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Liu Junhua, Singapore University of Technology and Design; Yue Zhang, Singapore University and Technology and Design; Justin Ruths, Singapore University of Technology and Design; Diana Moreno, Singapore University of Technology and Design (SUTD); Daniel D. Jensen, U.S. Air Force Academy; Kristin L. Wood, Singapore University of Technology and Design (SUTD)

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

industry or Page 23.758.4research relevant problems. This provides the “Concrete Experience” component of the cycle ina similar manner as a case study. The “Reflective Observation” part of the cycle may beaccomplished by providing key times for student questions, critique, and assessment questionsthroughout the learning modules. These observational opportunities may be designed toencourage the students to reflect on the innovation history, processes, problem, theoreticalframeworks, ideas, and / or decisions. The “Abstract Hypothesis and Conceptualization”component of the Kolb cycle may be addressed through the use of the course content

Conference Session

Curriculum Development

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

James Muldoon, Polytechnic Institute of NYU; Paul T Phamduy, Polytechnic Institute of New York University; Raymond Le Grand, Polytechnic Institute of New York University; Vikram Kapila, Polytechnic Institute of New York University; Magued G. Iskander P.E., Polytechnic Institute of New York University

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

example, nature hasendowed bats, dolphins, and whales with the remarkable ability of echolocation to determinetheir distance to various objects through the reflection of high frequency acoustic signals. Batsare nocturnal and consequently work under very low light conditions. By using echolocation,they have the advantage of being able to detect their surroundings even in the dark. Like bats, Page 23.329.6whales and dolphins also operate in low light conditions due to their inability to follow normalsleep cycles like most mammalian species on land because of their need to consciously breathe.Specifically, dolphins and whales stay underwater for long

Conference Session

NSF Grantees' Poster Session

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Alan D. Niemi, LeTourneau University; Matthew G. Green, LeTourneau University; Melanie Roudkovski, LeTourneau University

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Enhancement (FIRE), is supportedby the National Science Foundation under Grant No. 0969382. Any opinions, findings, andconclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the authors and do notnecessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation.1.0 Project Activities1.1 Overall Goal Page 23.551.2The most specific and immediate goal of this project is to increase the School of Engineering andEngineering Technology (SEET) graduation rate from its 2009 five-year average of 42% to animproved five-year average of 65%.1 To achieve this target, 1-year retention of new studentsmust be increased to 85% from its 2009 level of 68

Conference Session

FPD 6: Transitions and Student Success, Part II

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Stacy Holander Gleixner, San Jose State University; Katherine Casey, SJSU College of Engineering; Jared T. Tuberty, San Jose State University; Sanela Latic; Patricia R Backer, San Jose State University; Emily L. Allen, San Jose State University

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

, first-generationstudents, and those with math skills at the pre-calculus level. Our internal data shows that thispre-calculus group has a lower retention rate even though they have aptitude sufficient tosucceed. This admission goal was not accomplished successfully during the first pilot programbecause the applicant pool itself did not reflect the desired diversity. It was also found to bedifficult to determine the math ability level. The admission to the summer transition programwas done before the students had taken the university’s math placement exam. The admittedEXCEED group ended up being in four different incoming math levels their first semester. Ofthe thirty-two admitted students, 26% were female, 10% African American, 23% Latino

Conference Session

It Takes a Village: Engineering Beyond the Classroom

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Elizabeth Litzler, University of Washington; Cate Samuelson, University of Washington

Tagged Divisions

Minorities in Engineering

that adistinction exists between their academic and social peer groups.2 Whereas, academic peergroups tend to reflect the majority represented in the engineering program, social groupsgenerally reflect personal ethnicities.2 Social peer groups not only address cultural needs, butalso meet personal needs, such as opportunities for relaxation and reflection.2,4 In other words,minority students often maintain separate academic and social peer networks, both of which playimportant roles in student persistence, for distinct reasons.2 For example, ethnic organizationsand residences contribute to maintaining ties to cultural heritage, while academic networks helpfacilitate academic achievement.2 Regardless of which network peers fall into, they serve

Conference Session

RET Initiatives

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Margaret Pinnell, University of Dayton; Rebecca P. Blust, University of Dayton; Suzanne Franco, Wright State University; Renee Beach; Sandra M Preiss, Dayton Regional STEM Center

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

and were also aligned with the state curriculum standards.Guided reflections, team presentations of STEM Curriculum, and developed prototypes providedevidence associated with the objectives. Local System Change (LSC), Mathematics TeachingEfficacy and Beliefs Instrument (MTEBI) and Science Teaching Efficacy and Beliefs Instrument(STEBI) surveys were administered to the in-service teachers prior to the program. Follow-upsurveys were administered to the 2012 cohort and will be administered to the in-service teachersduring the 2013 academic year to identify changes in attitudes, beliefs and practices. Classroomobservations of participants delivering developed STEM content provided details regardingtransference to K-12 classrooms. A focus group

Conference Session

Two-Year College Division Transfer Topics Part I

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Erin Shealy, Clemson University; Catherine E. Brawner, Research Triangle Educational Consultants; Catherine Mobley, Department of Sociology and Anthropology, Clemson University; Richard A. Layton, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Two Year College Division

general engineering (which is the required major for new transfers at one school until the students have successfully completed certain prerequisite courses).For survey participants contacted during the 2012-13 academic year (N=66), questions wereadded about the parents’ highest level of educational attainment and whether the student attendedschool on a full-time or part-time basis. Some responses were adjusted to reflect factors knownto the researchers but improperly reported by the respondents, such as whether a particularcommunity college had a formal 2+2 program with the MIDFIELD institution.Data on students’ most recent sending institutions were classified according to in- or out-of-statestatus (compared to the state in which the

Conference Session

Institutional Perspectives and Boundary Work

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ron D Dempsey, Southern Polytechnic State University

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education/Engineering & Society

computerengineering technology, have remained stable in their enrollment. This trend is not reflected inenrollments of engineering technology degrees across the United States. Since 2005,engineering technology programs have shown increasing enrollment.7 Figure 1: Fall Enrollment in Engineering Technology and Engineering Programs at SPSU from 2008 – 2012 ET Programs 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Apparel/Textile Eng Tech 32 38 42 45 41 Civil Engineering Technology 395 376 262 195 150 Computer Eng. Tech. 166 144 143 133 168 Electrical

Collection

2013 Pacific Southwest Section Meeting

Authors

Alex Dekhtyar; Anya L. Goodman; Aldrin Montana

improvement of ourapproach for the Spring 2013 offering.1. IntroductionBeyond higher education, computer science has always been an interdisciplinary field. The vastmajority of software serves purposes outside of the pure field of computing, and thus, buildingsoftware has always involved software developers collaborating with customers who came froma wide range of fields. At the same time, this interdisciplinary nature of the field, best expressed as “we build softwarefor everyone’s needs”, finds scant reflection in computer science education. Traditionalundergraduate computer science (CS) curriculum emphasizes technical proficiency, problem-solving skills, and breadth within the field of computer science, leaving learning about the Proceedings

Conference Session

Two-Year College Division Transfer Topics Part I

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Catherine Mobley, Department of Sociology and Anthropology, Clemson University; Catherine E. Brawner, Research Triangle Educational Consultants

Tagged Divisions

Two Year College Division

materialare those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National ScienceFoundation.References1 Rice, T. J. (2008). Riding out the waves: Community college transfers graduating with bachelor's degrees.Dissertation, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, ID.2 Dougherty, K. J. (1987). The effects of community colleges: Aid or hindrance to socioeconomic attainment?Sociology of Education, 60, 86-103.3 Smith, P. (2010). You can’t get there from here: Five ways to clear roadblocks for college transfer students.Washington, DC: American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research.4 Laanan, F. S. (2001). Transfer student adjustment. In New Directions for Community Colleges, 114, 5–13. San

Conference Session

ABET Accreditation, Assessment and Program Improvement in ECE.

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mark William Redekopp, University of Southern California; Gisele Ragusa, University of Southern California

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

. Special attention was paid todisconfirming evidence and outliers in data coding, as well as elements of frequency,extensiveness, and intensity within the data. Ideas or phenomena was initially identified andflagged to generate a listing of internally consistent, discrete categories, followed by fracturedand reassembled (axial coding) of categories by making connections between categories andsubcategories to reflect emerging themes and patterns (represented in Table 2). Categories werethen integrated to form grounded theory using selective categorization to clarify concepts andto allow for response interpretations, and conclusions associated with the students’ perceptionsof success of the “flipped” classroom. Frequency distribution of the coded

Conference Session

Beyond BS: Issues Affecting Graduate Education

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Zsuzsa Balogh, Metropolitan State University of Denver; Marvin E. Criswell P.E., Colorado State University; Michael A De Miranda, Colorado State University

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

view a summary of the group‟s evaluations and to give them the option torevise, considering this feedback on group response and additional time for reflection, their ownindividual evaluations. This is consistent with the basic principles of the Delphi Method. The Round 2 questionnaire included the same topics as did Round 1, with the addition ofa group of six questions recommended for inclusion in the participant‟s Round 1 responses. Therequested participant input was to assign the achievement levels using Key Set #1 as follows:Level 1-Knowledge; Level 2-Comprehension; Level 3-Application; Level 4-Analysis; Level 5-Synthesis, and Level 6-Evaluation. The numbers ranging from 1 to 6 were assigned to the rank-ordered categories for the

Conference Session

FPD 7: First-Year Engineering Courses, Part II: Perceptions and Paradigms

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Janaki Isabella Perera, Franklin W. Olin College of Engineering; Brendan Thomas Quinlivan, Franklin W. Olin College of Engineering; Yevgeniya V. Zastavker, Franklin W. Olin College of Engineering

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

: PjBL places emphasis on the application of knowledge over the learning of theory through one or more overarching projects. These projects often address real- world problems and are likely to have an interdisciplinary component and a group work orientation. To encourage student engagement in and ownership of the learning process, faculty act as guides, supporting acquisition of content knowledge and providing project scaffolding, while students exercise autonomy by carrying out independent open-ended projects. Students participating in projects create one or more significant tangible deliverables, often derived from the scaffolding provided by the faculty, but ultimately intended to reflect the

Conference Session

General Topics in Graduate Education

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Katy Luchini-Colbry, Michigan State University; Korine Steinke Wawrzynski, Michigan State University; Megan Shannahan, Michigan State University

Tagged Divisions

Graduate Studies

Page 23.599.9research experience. This finding is consistent with prior research about students’ motivationsfor undergraduate research,3,11,18,20,21 and is a reflection of students’ practical concerns aboutexploring options and preparing for future careers (whether in research, academia, or industry).The post-experience survey revisited several of these issues as part of a larger examination ofstudents overall impressions of the summer research experience. Students were asked to indicatetheir level of agreement with a series of value statements about the summer experience using afive-point Likert scale (Strongly Agree=1, Agree=2, Neutral=3, Disagree=4, StronglyDisagree=5). Table 7 summarizes students’ responses to these questions in the post

Conference Session

Communication and Engineering Careers: Motivating Our Students

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Julie E. Sharp, Vanderbilt University; Christopher J Rowe, Vanderbilt University

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education/Engineering & Society

Page 23.705.2zero to three credit hours either required or optional depending on the university. Courserequirements range from optional (no bearing on degree requirements) to elective (mostlypass/fail) to mandatory in order to have access to the job posting database at the college oruniversity. Class sizes range from a seminar-sized group of around eight up to a lecture hallstyle group of about 100 per section, seemingly dependent on the staffing of the career centeritself or available faculty members qualified to teach the class. Formats vary just as much fromsmall weekly assignments to nearly daily assignments and end-of-term reflection papers. Someof the most often stated requirements are that students must create a resume and attend some