Collection

2023 Rocky Mountain Section Conference

Authors

John Annor; Francois Jacobs

and 2030. Thus, the state has created construction education programs inhigh school Career and Technical Education and community college which are supported by theAssociated General Contractors of Wyoming and have teamed with the University of Wyoming toprovide a pathway from secondary to post-secondary education and, eventually, a bachelor'sdegree in Construction Management. The program's unique feature allows students to acquireconstruction industry experience while continuing their education. A pilot program promotingeducational collaboration across various educational institutions in the state of Wyoming wasimplemented using Zoom Meetings and Meeting Owl Pro technologies. The findings provideinsight into connecting secondary and post

Conference Session

Minorities in Engineering Division Technical Session 3

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Gretchen Dietz, University of Florida; Elliot Douglas, University of Florida; Erica McCray, University of Florida

Literature ReviewEngineering has persistently been composed of predominantly white men [4]. As a result, whitemen define a masculine culture of engineering [1], [2], [5]–[12]. The culture is oftenunwelcoming and creates issues for Black and Indigenous People of Color (BIPOC) such asnepotism, cultural mismatch, perceptions of under-qualification, lack of peers, lack of overallworkplace diversity and lack of support for minoritized people [13]–[16]. Throughoutundergraduate education, many engineering students are introduced to these workplace culturesvia internships. Internships are important because they strongly influence career decisions andopportunities [17].Internships and cooperative education programs are valuable for engineering students [18

Conference Session

Session 3 - Track 2: Discovering our "We": Marginalization as Connection between International STEM Faculty and their Black and Brown Doctoral Mentees

Collection

2023 Collaborative Network for Computing and Engineering Diversity (CoNECD)

Authors

Lisa Merriweather, University of North Carolina at Charlotte; Cathy Howell, University of North Carolina at Charlotte; Edith Gnanadass, University of Memphis

Tagged Topics

CoNECD Paper Sessions, Diversity

 Represented a range of Science disciplineConstant comparison data analysisLimitations Sample not representative of STEM FacultyMethodologyWhat are the perceptions ofSTEM doctoral mentoring ofinternational STEM doctoralfaculty based in USinstitutions?1. When in Rome – Pragmatic Mentoring2. Science as the Big Joker – Science Culture as Universal;3. One Step in, One Step Out – Mimicking Whiteness.1. More akin to advising2. Prioritized disciplinary knowledge and career development3. Expectations of how students should show up4. Few were holistic in approach5. Few had training in how to mentor6. Lack of support for mentoring Belief in universality of science culture  Both race and gender neutral Requires teaching the fundamentals without

Conference Session

Engineering Management Division (EMD) Tech Session 2: Course-level strategies to positively impact student learning and experiences

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jonathan Eckhardt, University of Wisconsin - Madison; Minah Park, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Molly Carnes; Jennifer Sheridan, University of Wisconsin - Madison; Markus Brauer, University of Wisconsin - Madison; Brent Goldfarb; Subrahmaniam Tangirala, University of Maryland, College Park

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Management Division (EMD)

]. In STEM fields, women face professional barriers in pursuing careers [5]–[7]. When itcomes to entrepreneurship in STEM, Roach et al. [8] estimate that male Ph.D. students in STEMfields are four times more likely than female students to have intentions to enter the workforce ascompany founders. Low female participation rates in STEM-based entrepreneurship pose several problems:First, to the extent that individuals form companies that solve problems they face or that arebased on their own experiences, the existing population of STEM-based firms is less likely tomeet the needs of women [9], [10]. For example, in an analysis of patent data, Koning et al. [11]found female inventors were more likely to create inventions that address female

Conference Session

Biomedical Engineering Division (BED) Poster Session

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Iftekhar Ibne Basith, Sam Houston State University; Vajih Khan, Sam Houston State University; Faruk Yildiz, Sam Houston State University; Sumith Yesudasan, Sam Houston State University; Melinda Holt; James Harper; kevin lord

Tagged Divisions

Biomedical Engineering Division (BED)

Technology at Sam Houston State University (SHSU). BMET will be a 4-yearconcentration which prepares individuals for careers in medical and health facilities that use medical equipment,different application specific instruments like MRI machine, X-Ray machine, Ultrasound, Cardiac Catheters, ECG,EKG etc. These are the most in-demand skills in the engineering and health fields. To meet this market demand,the proposed concentration prepares learners with the necessary skills for the many biomedical career options inmajor health industries. The proposed concentration consists of a minimum of 122 credit hours and focuses moreon the general Engineering technology courses and in addition more CHEM/BIOL courses to prepare for thebackground information. New

Conference Session

International Division (INTL) Technical Session #5: Best Practices

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Alyson Grace Eggleston, Pennsylvania State University; Robert J. Rabb P.E., Pennsylvania State University

Tagged Divisions

International Division (INTL)

awareness, audience awareness,and collaborative teamwork and leadership, as specified in ABET criteria 2, 3, and 5,respectively. Effective EC pedagogy and industry partnerships can be an effective andmeasurable approach to supporting these criteria.IntroductionInternational approaches to developing Engineering Communication (EC) skills include carefulassays of industry needs, employer expectations, and a continuous cycle of building career-relevant course content [1]. Researchers studying STEM student employability in East Asiahighlight written and visual communication modes as key opportunities for curriculardevelopment. Not surprisingly, whether internationally or centered in a US context, multi-modalcommunication is identified by both students

Conference Session

Women in Engineering Division (WIED) Technical Session 8

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mary V. Villani, State University of New York, College of Technology at Farmingdale; Ilknur Aydin, State University of New York, College of Technology at Farmingdale; Lisa Cullington, National University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Women in Engineering Division (WIED)

reviewer, Dr. Villani was awarded the Chancellor’s Award for Teaching Excellence in 2013. Prior to joining FSC, Dr. Villani had a fifteen-year Computer Consulting Career in the Risk Management and Insurance industry. Throughout her career, she wrote articles and papers on the topic of Risk Management Information Systems and delivered several invited presentations at Risk Management Conferences as she was a recognized expert in the discipline.Dr. Ilknur Aydin, State University of New York, College of Technology at Farmingdale Ilknur Aydin is an Associate Professor of Computer Systems at Farmingdale State College in New York. She received her Ph.D. in Computer Science from University of Delaware in DE, USA and received her

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jill M. D. Motschenbacher, University of Nebraska, Lincoln; Jinhui Wang, University of South Alabama; Amber D. Finley

Tagged Topics

Diversity, NSF Grantees Poster Session

) mentoringthrough partnerships and peer groups. Connected social and cultural experiences were designedto connect students with new educational possibilities, enhance student perspectives, build apeer-support community, and provide students with a chance to explore options for theiracademic and career pathways in an intellectually supportive and culturally enrichedenvironment. Opportunities and experiences for students were designed to encourage interest andexcitement about the engineering field and to help students see themselves as engineeringstudents.Methods Program training effectiveness and student experiences were evaluated through studentskill assessments, student engagement observations, formative and summative participantsurveys, training

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Lisa Shatz, Benjamin Franklin Cummings Institute of Technology; Nicole P. Pitterson, Virginia Tech; Helen Zhang, Boston College

Tagged Topics

Diversity, NSF Grantees Poster Session

students are encouraged to apply for summer internships hosted by BFCIT industrypartners and other companies.Role models: Although the EE faculty is not racially diverse, one of the three full-time EE faculty is awoman (the PI). At some of the IEEE PES student chapter meetings, electrical engineers fromunderrepresented groups talk to the students about their careers and career paths.Faculty support: EE students consistently list faculty support as one of the chief best qualities of theprogram. Faculty regularly attend the IEEE PES student chapter meetings and are engaged in all theprofessional and mentoring activities that the EE program offers.Sense of community: Because of the EE program’s small size, and because EE majors take most of thesame

Conference Session

First-Year Programs Division (FYP) - Technical Session 9: Identity & Belonging 1

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Anna Newsome Holcomb, Georgia Institute of Technology; Jacqueline Rohde, Georgia Institute of Technology; Lakshmi Raju

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs Division (FYP)

Belonging and Peer LeadershipAbstractThis Complete Research paper describes efforts to support students entering an undergraduateelectrical and computer engineering (ECE) program from diversified matriculation pathwaysthrough a peer mentoring program embedded in the first-year curriculum. The myriad entrypoints to this specific engineering program (changes in major, transfers, career changes, stop-outs, etc.) punctuate that first-year-in-engineering may not be synonymous with first-time-in-college. As enrollment patterns continue to change across higher education, it is imperative thatengineering programs are prepared to support students and the variety experiences and needsthey bring to the classroom. In this work, we

Conference Session

Understanding Inclusivity and Equity in STEM Contexts: Equity, Culture & Social Justice in Education Division Technical Session 7

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Tiffani Williams, University of Illinois at Urbana - Champaign; Karin Jensen, University of Illinois at Urbana - Champaign; Ilalee James, University of Illinois at Urbana - Champaign

Paper ID #38149Work in Progress: An Early Analysis of How LanguageCultivates Inclusive Engineering Culture for Black Students,Faculty, and StaffKarin Jensen Karin Jensen, Ph.D. is a Teaching Associate Professor in bioengineering at the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign. Her research interests include student mental health and wellness, engineering student career pathways, and engagement of engineering faculty in engineering education research. She was awarded a CAREER award from the National Science Foundation for her research on undergraduate mental health in engineering programs. Before joining UIUC she

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Nikunja Swain, South Carolina State University

Paper ID #38251Cybersecurity for Everybody - A Multi-Tier Approach toCyber Security Education, Training, and Awareness in theUndergraduate CurriculumNikunja Swain (Professor and Chair) © American Society for Engineering Education, 2022 Powered by www.slayte.com Cybersecurity for Everybody - A Multi-Tier Approach to Cyber Security Education, Training, and Awareness in the Undergraduate Curriculum.AbstractAlmost every career encompasses some form of security and today’s students must be introduced tovarious aspects of security to be effective in their career and daily lives. South Carolina State University(SC

Collection

ASEE-NE 2022

Authors

Jim Olson, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute; Emily Liu, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute; Malcolm Kenneth Porterfield, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Paper ID #35859A practical method for improving Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion inNuclear ScienceMr. Jim Olson, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute After a twenty year Engineering career inventing and operating advanced technology in various private sector and military environments, Jim Olson returned to Academia to formalize and publish the methods and best practices he developed while mentoring and training Early Career individuals in the practical application of STEM concepts. Jim’s research if Engineering Education centric and he is currently pursing a Doctorate of Engineering at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in Troy

Conference Session

Technical Session 7 - Paper 2: Retaining a diverse group of undergraduate students in Engineering Technology Majors

Collection

2022 CoNECD (Collaborative Network for Engineering & Computing Diversity)

Authors

Melanie Villatoro, New York City College of Technology

Tagged Topics

CoNECD Paper Sessions, Diversity

undergraduate cohort in engineeringtechnology majors. PPA provides a supportive college environment, empowersstudents with the resources to succeed academically and professionally, increasesfaculty awareness, provides the participants with positive role models, and creates anopen and inclusive community within the departments. The program elements havethe potential to enhance the diversity and inclusion of all underrepresented groups inengineering and computing professions. 3PPA is funded by the Strengthening Career and Technical Education for the 21stCentury (Perkins V) Act. The program was launched in Spring 2015 and has operatedon a budget of about $100,000. The

Collection

2022 ASEE - North Central Section Conference

Authors

Ruth Camille Pflueger, Pennsylvania State University, Behrend College; Jonathan Alan Meckley, Pennsylvania State University, Behrend College

engineering profession. This Work inProgress paper describes research being done as part of an NSF-funded project, WritingAssignment Tutor Training in STEM (WATTS). The method is designed to improve feedbackwriting tutors without technical backgrounds give to engineering students on technical reports.Students in engineering programs have few opportunities to develop their writing skills. Usually,composition courses are part of the general education curriculum. Students often see thesecourses as unrelated to their majors and careers [2]. Ideally, writing support should be integratedthroughout a program. Since WATTs capitalizes on existing resources and requires only amodest amount of faculty time, it could enable engineering programs to provide

Conference Session

Technical Session M1

Collection

2022 First-Year Engineering Experience

Authors

Xinyu Zhang, West Virginia University; Lizzie Santiago, West Virginia University; Stefanie Paige Hines, West Virginia University

Tagged Topics

Diversity, Works In Progress

ofEngineering Success (AcES) was founded in 2012 for non-calculus ready first-time freshman(FTF) engineering students. AcES consists of a week of activities prior to the fall semester and asemester-long course in academic success and professional development, where students buildprofessional networks and improve their success skills through team activities, field trips, mathreviews, projects, academic success workshops, and career exploration. AcES charged a nominalapplication fee, but program specific scholarships were provided to remove the financial barrierfor underrepresented students such as low-income, women, underrepresented minorities (URM),and first-generation. AcES faced significant recruitment challenges due to the institutionalrecruitment

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Katie Evans, Louisiana Tech University; Mitzi Desselles, Louisiana Tech University; Marisa K. Orr, Clemson University

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees Poster Session

University Marisa K. Orr is an Assistant Professor in Engineering and Science Education with a joint appointment in the Department of Mechanical Engineering at Clemson University. Her research interests include student persistence and pathways in engineering, gender equity, diversity, and academic policy. Dr. Orr is a recipient of the NSF CAREER Award for her research entitled, ”Empowering Students to be Adaptive Decision-Makers.” American c Society for Engineering Education, 2021 Successes and Lessons in Year 4 of an S-STEM Summer Sophomore Bridge during the COVID-19 PandemicThis grantees poster paper documents activities and outcomes of

Conference Session

Pre-College Engineering Education Division Resource Exchange

Collection

2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Joselyn Elisabeth Busato, Bucknell University; Elif Miskioglu, Bucknell University; Kaela M. Martin, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University - Prescott; Davide Guzzetti, Auburn University

Tagged Divisions

Pre-College Engineering Education

Paper ID #33220Introducing Chaos in Elementary School; a Precursor for Multibody Dynam-icsMiss Joselyn Elisabeth Busato, Bucknell University Joselyn Busato is an undergraduate student at Bucknell University, majoring in creative writing and biol- ogy.Dr. Elif Miskioglu, Bucknell University Dr. Elif Miskio˘glu is an early-career engineering education scholar and educator. She holds a B.S. in Chemical Engineering (with Genetics minor) from Iowa State University, and an M.S. and Ph.D. in Chemical Engineering from Ohio State University. Her early Ph.D. work focused on the development of bacterial biosensors capable of

Conference Session

Student Division Technical Session 2

Collection

2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Bibhav Bhattarai, Auburn University; Edward W. Davis, Auburn University; Joni M. Lakin, University of Alabama; Virginia A. Davis, Auburn University; Daniela Marghitu, Auburn University

Tagged Divisions

Student

coatings, 3D printed structures, light-weight composites, and antimicrobial surfaces. Her national awards include selection for the Fulbright Specialist Roster (2015), the American Institute of Chemical Engineers Nanoscale Science and Engineering Forum’s Young Investigator Award (2012), the Presidential Early Career Award for Sci- entists and Engineers (2010), and a National Science Foundation CAREER Award (2009). Her Auburn University awards include the Excellence in Faculty Outreach (2015), an Auburn University Alumni Pro- fessorship (2014), the Auburn Engineering Alumni Council Awards for Senior (2013) and Junior (2009) Faculty Research, the Faculty Women of Distinction Award (2012), and the Mark A. Spencer Creative

Conference Session

Women in Engineering Division Technical Session 3

Collection

2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Kaitlyn Anne Thomas, University of Nevada, Reno; Whitney Gaskins, University of Cincinnati; Kelly J. Cross, University of Nevada, Reno

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Women in Engineering

two working-class parents in adouble-income household. Both parents were first-generation college graduates from theMidwest, and they raised me and my two siblings in California. I graduated from a private,teaching-focused university in Texas with a bachelor’s and master’s degree in civil engineeringwith an emphasis on structural engineering. I worked for three years as a civil engineer beforegoing back to school and pursuing engineering education. My education and career inengineering took place in predominantly white, male settings. Since this research captures theexperiences of WOC, my race, gender, and experiences in engineering education are salient as aresearcher in this study. Many of these women’s experiences I did not relate to

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Zahraa Krayem Stuart, Stony Brook University; Monica Bugallo, Stony Brook University; Kathleen Dinota, Stony Brook University; Hechuan Wang, Stony Brook University; Amanda Esposito, Stony Brook University

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees Poster Session

research and edu- cation awards including the State University of New York (SUNY) Chancellor’s Award for Excellence in Teaching (2017), the 2019 Ada Byron Award of the Galician Society of Computer Engineers (Spain) for a successful professional career path that inspires women to engineering study and careers, the Best Paper Award in the IEEE Signal Processing Magazine 2007 as coauthor of a paper entitled Particle Filtering, the IEEE Outstanding Young Engineer Award (2009), for development and application of computational methods for sequential signal processing, the IEEE Athanasios Papoulis Award (2011), for innovative educational outreach that has inspired high school students and college level women to study

Conference Session

NSF Grantees: K-12 Session 1

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Rebekah J, Hammack, Montana State University; Nick Lux, Montana State University; Paul Gannon, Montana State University; Brock J. LaMeres, Montana State University

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees Poster Session

work conducted as part of therecently funded National Science Foundation Research in the Formation of Engineers project,"Research: Looks Like Me": Leveraging Funds of Identity to Enhance Engineering CareerPursuits in Rural/Reservation Communities. The overall goal of the project is to fosterpartnerships among tribal and community colleges and the surrounding rural and tribal schooldistricts. These partnerships will result in increased awareness and preparedness of rural andindigenous youth to pursue engineering and engineering related careers. We are currentlyassembling professional learning communities (PLCs) consisting of pre and in-serviceelementary teachers, instructors from partner tribal and community colleges, and faculty from alarge

Collection

2021 First-Year Engineering Experience

Authors

Lesley M Berhan, The University of Toledo; Bryan Thomas Bosch, The University of Toledo

Tagged Topics

Diversity

, and Readiness for Engineering andTechnology (GEARSET) Program is to enhance the student learning, academic pathways,academic performance, professional preparation, retention, and graduation of low-income,academically talented (LIAT) students aspiring to engineering careers. By recruiting a diversepool of students with demonstrated academic talent, and by facilitating a pathway to engineeringand technology majors for students who must first complete required pre-engineering courses,we also seek to increase the equity and diversity of the institution’s College of Engineering. Theproject will contribute to the existing knowledge of the impact of financial aid, mentoring,academic support, and professional development on the engineering career

Collection

2021 First-Year Engineering Experience

Authors

Andrew Skelton, York University; Jermin Bates, York University; Julia K Frank, York University

Mathematics Education, and Experiential Learning in Mathematics, who is planning a career as a mathematics educator.Miss Julia K Frank, York University Julia is a current Bachelor of Education student who recently completed an undergraduate degree in the Mathematics for Education, B.Sc. program. She is specifically interested in the use of vertical non- permanent surfaces and collaborative learning in mathematics, and is planning a career as a secondary mathematics teacher. American c Society for Engineering Education, 2021 Work-in-Progress: Curricular Integration of First-Year Experience ProgrammingThe gold standard of First-Year

Collection

2007 North Midwest Section Meeting

Authors

Qingli (Barbara) Dai

captures and/or animation. Each team was evaluated on their ability to doparametric modeling, motion simulation, team work and effective presentations. Studentswere excited with PACE Competition by presenting their group achievements and theirCAD abilities to the judges and other classmates. This competition event also encouragedthem to pursue a career of mechanical design and manufacture in industries.BackgroundMichigan Technological University’s Department of Mechanical Engineering-Engineering Mechanics (ME-EM) was selected to be partnership with General Motors,EDS, and Sun Microsystems in the PACE program for the Advancement ofCAD/CAM/CAE Education on August 30, 2000. The PACE program’s mission is tointegrate mathematics-based CAD/CAM/CAE

Conference Session

Issues in the First Year - Focus on Self-Efficacy

Collection

2017 FYEE Conference

Authors

Lee Kemp Rynearson, Campbell University; Anastasia Marie Rynearson, Campbell University

Tagged Topics

Diversity, FYEE Division - Paper Submission

– 2017 academic year,mandatory extracurricular programming in professional the School of Engineering welcomed its inaugural class,development and service, and mandatory machine shop providing first-year engineering programming andand makerspace training. The three cross-cutting themes extracurricular opportunities to nearly one hundred studentswere the core values of the School of Engineering, the who enrolled in at least one engineering course. The Schoolneed for diversity in engineering, and the availability of of Engineering also provided opportunities for students todifferent career choices in engineering. Data was collected interact with the broader Campbell community throughthroughout the

Conference Session

Pre-K12 Track - Technical Session II

Collection

2018 CoNECD - The Collaborative Network for Engineering and Computing Diversity Conference

Authors

Ardice Hartry, University of California, Berkeley; Maia Werner-Avidon, MWA Insights; Sherry Hsi, Concord Consortium; Ariel J. Ortiz, Lawrence Hall of Science; Kathryn Chong Quigley, Lawrence Hall of Science

Tagged Topics

Diversity, Pre K-12 Education

central evaluation questions addressed by the evaluation were as follows: 1. What do youth learn about the design process and engineering through participation? 2. How does participation in the program influence youth attitudes towards STEM in general and engineering in particular? 3. How does participation in the program influence youth plans for future college and career?ProgramDesignThe TechHive program was designed to create a culture of HOMAGO (Hang Out, Mess Around& Geek Out) for participants. HOMAGO was initially developed as a theory of how youthinteract with new media, using it to “hang out” and extend their friendships, “mess around” toexplore their interests and tinker, and “geek out” by diving deeply into

Conference Session

Student Division Poster Session

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jordan E. Trachtenberg, Rice University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Student

• Technical reports [DeTurris 2012, Elrod 2010]prepare students for science and engineering careers, it is crucial to help them improve 2) Self-identification as a professional • Operating procedures • Develop assessment rubrics [Frank 2015] that directly relatetheir technical writing and presentation skills to wide audiences. It is well-supported that

Collection

2012 EDI

Authors

Eric Knutson

, Horizontal Bars: Typical 40 Year Career Span 40 Year Career Span – Multi Starts RetiredXP-5y XF-Y Multi Program Experience Retired A-2D F-8UXC-120 F-6M1 F-4D U-2 6+ Program Experience Retired F-3H SY-3 B-52 F-105 1-2 Program Experience Close to Retirement A-3D X-13 X-3 C-133 A-6 1 Program Experience Very Few S-2F F-107 B-52 X-2 B-58 SR-71 SC-4A The Next Gen Engineer F-10F F-106 F-2Y F-5D X-21 F-14 F-100 X-14 X-19 S-8 B-57 C-140 C-141 YA-9 F-102 T-2 B-70 A-10R

Collection

2013 ERC

Authors

Mary Galvin

and Groups, 134.03 142.54 Fac/Instr Facilities/Instr 55.864 51.06 CAREER CAREER, 20.32 23.79 57% to Individual Investigators