Conference Session

Biomedical Engineering Division (BED) Technical Session 1

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jacquelynn Ann Horsey, University of Arkansas; Thomas Hudnall McGehee, University of Arkansas; Mostafa Elsaadany, University of Arkansas; Timothy J. Muldoon, University of Arkansas

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Biomedical Engineering Division (BED)

students’ junior and senior years.While this course focuses on increasing the technical skills of students, it also intends to improvetheir abilities to work in a team and think critically about product design. These goals of thecourse are explicitly stated in the course objectives. To quantify the efficacy of the ClinicalObservations and Needs Finding course as it specifically relates to our geographical location andavailable resources, pre—and post—course surveys were analyzed both qualitatively andquantitatively. To directly tie the methods of analysis to the nature of the course, the learningobjectives remained forefront during the survey creation portion of the process. The objectives ofthe course as listed in the syllabus are as

Conference Session

Emerging Trends in Engineering Education Poster Session

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Cher Cornett, East Tennessee State University

discussion.Students will generally only remember the instructor’s comments as they relate to the grade.In this modified method, an online critique is assigned as homework immediately after the in-class critique. Students provide the instructor with small, JPEG-formatted graphic files of theirwork, or links to the course server, which are posted on Blackboard. Students use these to referback to the work as they complete an on-line survey form incorporating Rikert scales andcomment fields for specific subjective criteria for each work being evaluated.To accomplish this, phpESP, an open source, easy-to-use software package for creating,deploying and managing web surveys is used. With phpESP, you can create a survey through aweb interface without having to

Conference Session

Educational Research and Methods (ERM) Division Poster Session

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Yanfen Li, University of Massachusetts Lowell; Adam St. Jean, University of Massachusetts Lowell; Chiara Ghezzi; Laura Punnett, University of Massachusetts Lowell

course instructor used the board/visuals/computer effectively. D 9. The course instructor spoke loudly and clearly. D 10. The course instructor established and maintained office hours. 11. The course instructor distributed a course syllabus at the start of the semester that specified the D course expectations, grading criteria, and student responsibilities. D 12. The course instructor corrected assignments and exams in a timely manner. D 13. Grading of exams and assignments was done in a fair manner. D 14. Course workload was appropriate. D 15. Course instructor had good command of the class and control over disruptive student behavior. D

Conference Session

Biomedical Engineering Division Poster Session

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Patjanaporn Chalacheva, Carnegie Mellon University

summarized in Table 1. The course begins with the review of basicknowledge in probability, statistics, and programming in Python (Appendix A). The rest of thesemester covers common supervised and unsupervised learning algorithms, and modelevaluation (Fig. 2). This review article provides the description of each covered topic [1]. Whilethese topics are similar to introductory machine learning courses offered by other Engineeringand Computer Science departments and online courses [2]-[4], students learn to apply thesealgorithms to biomedical and life science applications. Students are exposed to different types ofbiomedical data such as measured physiological signals and medical images (Appendix B). Theyalso see typical issues with biomedical data

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jacob R. Grohs, Virginia Tech; David B. Knight, Virginia Tech; Michelle Soledad, Virginia Tech; Scott W Case, Virginia Tech; Homero Gregorio Murzi, Virginia Tech; Natasha Smith, Virginia Tech

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees Poster Session

similar sentiments: “Theother thing that we don't really do and we haven't done this anywhere that I've worked and itwould be really nice if we could is get these instructors of different courses together to talk aboutexactly what to cover, to even just look over the syllabus. What's covered, what they expect theirstudents to know, and what they don't expect their students to know as well.” This participantalso shared: “For all I know, whoever teaches next semester's course that follows [course], theymight expect that their students understand one topic really very well and students are coming inwith no idea how to do it because I don't spend any time on it because I don't think it's thatimportant.”These statements are further supported by

Conference Session

Engineering Physics Technical Session 1

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Bala Maheswaran, Northeastern University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Physics & Physics

accelerated course was structured as follows; each week consisted of four one hundredminute lectures, and a lab, which was taught as a separate course. Syllabus for the course wasprovided at the beginning of the semester. Students were expected to read the concepts of thechapters before it was discussed in class. Mastering Physics10 online tool was used to assignweekly homework based on the text book11 which included video demonstrations and tutorials tohelp students to self-learn basic concepts in physics. These problems were slightly less complexthan traditional end of chapter homework problems. The number of problems varied fromassignment to assignment and was based on the contents of the chapters.During the problem discussion time, about one

Conference Session

Architectural Engineering Division Poster Session

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Saúl Enrique Crespo Sánchez, Tecnologico de Monterrey (ITESM); Miguel X. Rodriguez-Paz, Tecnologico de Monterrey (ITESM); Luis Hernandez Carrasco, Tecnologico de Monterrey (ITESM)

Engineering, MechanicalEngineering and even Space Engineering [8-20]. In this work we analyze the impact thechallenge and the participation of the Strategic Partner had in the learning process of a course ofStructural Engineering within the framework of our educational model using a challenge-basedapproach. In this study, we also analyze two different modalities for the sessions: hybrid sessionsand fully online, as the two cities had different conditions during the pandemic.ObjectivesThe main objective of this work is to present the results of the participation of the strategicindustry partner in the course that required students to present the solution to a real life scenarioor challenge, particularly, the proposals for a structural system of an

Collection

2013 North Midwest Section Meeting

Authors

Aurenice M. Oliveira

also a valuable asset for ABET paperless documentation. The author also implementedfinal exams using course management software with the goal of collecting additional statisticsfor ABET course assessment. This online mechanism allows her to save all the exam informationas opposed to paper exam, which would require scanning of every single exam and manualprocessing of statistics such as number of questions per topic, topics with highest or lowestscores, among others.To support classroom activities, the author has extensively used course management tools.Canvas®, for instance, is an extremely helpful teaching tool that can be used to complement x To develop and apply online exams and quizzes;classroom instruction in a variety of ways, such as

Conference Session

Mechanical Engineering Technical Session: The Remote World

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Brooke-Lynn Caprice Andrade, Boise State University; Krishna Pakala, Boise State University; Diana Bairaktarova, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; Douglas Hagemeier, Boise State University; Harish Subbaraman, Boise State University

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

inaugural Faculty Associate for Mobile Learning. He has a Ph.D. in Mechanical Engineering from the University of Wyoming (Laramie, Wyoming). He has approximately 25 publications/presentations. He is a member of the American Society for Engineer- ing Education (ASEE). He is the recipient of David S. Taylor Service to Students Award and Golden Apple Award from Boise State University. He is also the recipient of ASEE Pacific Northwest Section (PNW) Outstanding Teaching Award, ASEE Mechanical Engineering division’s Outstanding New Edu- cator Award and several course design awards. He serves as the campus representative (ASEE) for Boise State University and as the Chair-Elect for the ASEE PNW Section. His academic research

Conference Session

First-Year Programs Division Technical Session 8: Ways to Measure "Things" About Your Course(s)

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Tony Andrew Lowe, Purdue University, West Lafayette; David A. Evenhouse, Purdue University; Dhinesh Balaji Radhakrishnan, Purdue University; Stephen R. Hoffmann, Purdue University, West Lafayette

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

Paper ID #16406Data-Driven Course Improvements: Using Artifact Analysis to Conquer ABETCriterion 4Mr. Tony Andrew Lowe, Purdue University, West Lafayette Tony Lowe is a PhD candidate in Engineering Education at Purdue University. He has a BSEE from Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology and a MSIT from Capella. He currently teaches as an adjunct at CTU Online and has been an on-and-off corporate educator and full time software engineer for twenty years.David A. Evenhouse, Purdue University David Evenhouse is a Graduate Student and Research Assistant in the Purdue School of Engineering Education. He graduated from Calvin

Conference Session

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation Division Technical Session 6

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sandra Furnbach Clavijo P.E., Stevens Institute of Technology; Leslie R. Brunell, Stevens Institute of Technology; Keith G. Sheppard, Stevens Institute of Technology; Kishore V. Pochiraju, Stevens Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation

and the system must be fully functional. The team must be able to demonstrate the operations of the design in realistic user environments.The course is set up as a workshop-style course. Topics are introduced and then discussed withthe teams to see how each topic is applicable to the individual projects. Students are able to applythe topic to their own projects, as well as other teams’ projects in an open setting. Topics coveredin the two courses are listed below in Table 5.Table 5. Syllabus Material for Senior Innovation I and Senior Innovation II Fall Semester (2 credits - 1x per week 1:50 min) Topics Activities Team Building

Conference Session

Engineering Physics and Physics Division Technical Session 3

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mary Yvonne Lanzerotti, U.S. Military Academy; Kyle Wilhelm, United States Military Academy; William M. Meier, United States Military Academy; Krista Watts, United States Military Academy; Susan M. Lintelmann, United States Military Academy; Suzanne M. Christoff J.D., United States Military Academy

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Physics and Physics

knowledge gain assessmentcomposed of 15 questions asking about the variables and units in 15 of the equations that studentslearn in the course (See Fig. 2). One of the questions asked about an equation that was not includedin the finalized syllabus; answers to this question were therefore not included in the analysispresented in this paper. In this survey, students were also asked four additional questions regardingwhat success meant for them; about their preparation for the course including which previouscourses they had taken in mathematics, physics, and chemistry; and about their expectations forthe instructor.A second portion of the pre-test/post-test offered to the intervention groups asked about studentattitudes toward learning the material

Conference Session

Mechanical Engineering Technical Session: The Art of Education

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Maria-Isabel Carnasciali, University of New Haven; Eric A. Dieckman, University of New Haven; Ismail I Orabi, University of New Haven; Samuel D. Daniels P.E., University of New Haven

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

Paper ID #30146A Three-course Laboratory Sequence in Mechanical Engineering as aFramework for Writing in the DisciplineDr. Maria-Isabel Carnasciali, University of New Haven Maria-Isabel Carnasciali is Chair of the Engineering and Applied Science Education Department at the Tagliatela College of Engineering, University of New Haven, CT. She is also an Associate Professor of Mechanical Engineering in the Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering. She obtained her Ph.D. in Mechanical Engineering from Georgia Tech. She received her Bachelors of Engineering from MIT. Her research focuses on the nontraditional

Conference Session

Mechanical Engineering Assessment

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Eliza A. Banu, Auburn University; P.K. Raju, Auburn University

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

game based assessment. The focus for theconcept tutor applications is to engage students in authentic intellectual work that facilitatesthe assimilation of knowledge in a disciplined manner that will have value beyondschoolwork.Two applications have been developed for a Mechanical Engineering class. For Kinematicsand Dynamics of Machines (MECH2120) course at a large south-eastern university thefollowing modules have been created: Cross-Product Tutor, Calculation of the Determinantof a 3 by 3 matrix Tutor. These applications were used with the purpose of refreshingstudents on how to calculate a cross-product and the determinant of a 3 by 3 matrix. Theseconcepts are prerequisite and vital for the engineering concepts learned in this class. The

Conference Session

Emerging Trends in Engineering Education

Collection

2004 Annual Conference

Authors

Cedric Walker; Carol Mullenax

students haveregistered for the Spring engineering freshman course with more expected as the semesterapproaches. Even at this early stage, this is no worse than what we have seen for retention in thepast few years (Fig. 1). 100% 90% 80% 94-95 95-96 96-97 97-98 98-99 99-00 00-01 01-02 02-03 03-04 (prelim) Academic Year Figure 1: Freshman engineering retention through the Freshman year208 students filled out an online anonymous survey about the course. In this, 80% felt that thecourse either strengthened their choice of

Conference Session

Remediation and Curricular Changes to Improve Student Learning and Outcomes

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Gianluca Guadagni, University of Virginia; Hui Ma, University of Virginia

group of APMA faculties was assembled, and we startedan extensive revision of the way we were delivering math courses to our undergraduateengineering students. Even though the engineering school did not urge us for innovation, wecould not turn a blind eye to how the teaching and learning environment was changing aroundus:  Emerging new technologies  Open-source online homework systems  Changes in demographic in the engineering school, with increasing female enrollment. UVA E-School has one of the highest ratio of female-to-male students in US: 34%.  A slow but steady growth of underrepresented minorities.In addition, engineering schools change their approach towards students by shifting from aweeding system to an

Conference Session

Issues in the First Year - Focus on Classroom Activities

Collection

2017 FYEE Conference

Authors

Shankar Ramakrishnan, Arizona State University, Polytechnic campus

Tagged Topics

FYEE Division - Paper Submission

is evidenced byobjectives. Strengths of this teaching method include “learning at my own pace” being an important factor ofgreater overall student satisfaction with in-class student satisfaction with courses that have an online or e-assistance and competency-based assessment. Results also learning component [16]-[21]. One such learning approach issuggest an impact on mid-level and low achieving the mastery-based approach which has been demonstrated tostudents leading to a higher overall class performance. have increased student confidence and examination scoresCriticisms suggest simplification or emphasis on the [22] – [27]. In this approach, students with various

Conference Session

Dynamic Systems and Control

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Estelle M. Eke, California State University, Sacramento

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

a widevariety of open-ended projects. MathWorks Inc. developed Simulink Support Packages forhardware such as the Arduino and the LEGO Mindstorms NXT Hardware[7]. A deliberate choicewas made to use LEGO Mindstorms NXT (NXT) so as to bypass circuitry design, and focus onprogramming, especially as a lab component is not included in the controls course. In the spring2014 semester the project-based approach using the NXT was introduced to students.Course StructureThe syllabus is structured so as to cover all items listed in the learning outcomes, which state thatthe students should be able to: i. Use the terminology necessary to define a control system, distinguish between open-loop and closed-loop systems, and state the

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Satchi Venkataraman, San Diego State University; Dustin B. Thoman, San Diego State University; Susan Wainscott, University of Nevada, Las Vegas; Jose E Castillo, San Diego State University

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees Poster Session

in their future careers. The course components include: ● Academic and Individual Development Planning ● Communication, ● Teaching and Mentoring ● Exploring Pathways to Interdisciplinary Careers ● Leadership and Entrepreneurship ● Career Exploration and Networking ● Professional & Responsible Conduct ● Health & WellbeingThis course also was designed to provide opportunities for cohort development and networkingbetween current students and alumni of the program. A copy of the syllabus from Spring 2024 isprovided in the Appendix B.Formalization of the professional development activities for graduate students in theinterdisciplinary computational science program into a two-semester course was done to

Conference Session

DEED Technical Session 6 Design Pedagogy

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Joan Tisdale, University of Colorado Boulder; Angela Bielefeldt, University of Colorado Boulder; Katherine Ramos, University of Colorado Boulder; Rebecca Komarek, University of Colorado Boulder

culminates in a design expo where students demonstrateand present their main projects for the term.There is a template syllabus provided to instructors, including learning objectives, recommendedlectures, and recommended assignments. However, individual instructors have control over thespecifics in their course, including selecting the type of preliminary projects and themes (or opentopic) for the main project.In the fall semester of 2021, a number of sections presented students with the project motivationsfrom Jump Into STEM (which included equal access to healthy indoor air, resilience in the wakeof disaster, and solving market adoption for emerging technologies). Other sections presented alocal institutional ‘climate change’ challenge to students

Conference Session

Microsoft Teams, Deep Learning, and Classroom Flipping

Collection

2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Radian G. Belu, Southern University and Agricultural & Mechanical College; Alexandru Belu

Tagged Divisions

Ocean and Marine

novel engineering and management concepts wherebyequipment construction and maintenance are monitored and managed over the Internet. Remote,online and distance education has gained widespread acceptance, even there are some stillopposition and critics [12, 13]. Laboratory practicum and experimentation are considered keyengineering education components. However, hands-on approach is often minimized or evenignored for renewable energy or power engineering courses because of space requirements,safety issues, costs, and often lack of qualified teaching assistants or laboratory engineers. Overthe last decades of technological evolution of computing, computer algebra systems, multimediaand internet have enabled the development of accessible virtual

Conference Session

Graduate Studies Division (GSD) Technical Session 5: Skill Development in Graduate Education

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Britney Russell, University of Connecticut; Antigoni Konstantinou, University of Connecticut; Ayah Abdallah, University of Connecticut; Fayekah Assanah, University of Connecticut

Tagged Divisions

Graduate Studies Division (GSD)

, offering workshopsand seminars focused on scientific writing, public speaking, and presentation skills [9,10]. Someinstitutions have partnered with professionals to provide practical insights and real-worldscenarios, enriching the learning experience. Furthermore, there's a growing trend ofinterdisciplinary courses where students from different scientific backgrounds collaborate,simulating a more diverse communication environment [11,12,13]. Research in this field has alsoemphasized the importance of peer-to-peer learning, creating student-led discussion groups, andassessments focused on improving communication skills [11,13,14,15,16,17]. Digital platforms,like online courses and webinars, have also been leveraged to reach a wider audience

Conference Session

Electrical and Computer Division Technical Session 7

Collection

2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Yang Victoria Shao, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign; Zuofu Cheng

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

. Mukhopadhyay and D.N. Pinder, “Teaching engineering electromagnetics to information and communication engineering students at Massey university” [Online]. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228648052[3] ECE3025: Electromagnetics Course Syllabus in Georgia Tech. https://www.ece.gatech.edu/courses/course_outline/ECE3025[4] EECS 230: Electromagnetics I course in University of Michigan. https://ece.engin.umich.edu/academics/course-information/course-descriptions/eecs-230/[5] Electromagnetics and applications course in MIT. https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/electrical- engineering-and-computer-science/6-013-electromagnetics-and-applications-spring- 2009/index.htm[6] M. Olszewska-Placha et al., "Open Access CAD, EM tools, and examples for

Conference Session

Environmental Engineering Pedagogy and Innovation

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ramanitharan Kandiah P.E., Central State University

Tagged Divisions

Environmental Engineering

evident from the evaluation that theConnect2U approach stimulated students’ interest in water resources, raised awareness aboutwater resources, provided basic knowledge and guided how to gather water-related informationpertaining to the students’ neighborhoods. In this way, Connect2U assisted in fulfilling theobjective of the course, Introduction to Water Resources Management, as a general education-natural science requirement course. However, this study was based only on the sessions that theauthor taught. To assess the full impact of Connect2U, a collaborative study with the data on thesessions taught by the other faculty should be done.The instructor is currently working on an online version of this GeDC course that could helpdistance learning

Conference Session

FPD4 - Teaching Methods for First Year Students

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Michael Haungs, California Polytechnic State University; John Clements, California Polytechnic State University; David Janzen, California Polytechnic State University

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

. Stated another way, it is the student’s responsibility to learn the technicalaspects of the given domain. During lab, the instructor serves as just another available resource tothe student.2.5 DisclaimerKeep in mind that students resist change.18 Some students may have already taken collegecourses or have family members that have described typical college course experiences. At the Page 13.715.5very least, practicing life-long learning is something they almost assuredly did not encounter inhigh school. To cope with this, an instructor should: • clearly state the objectives and goals of the course on the syllabus, • clearly state the

Conference Session

ECE Curriculum Innovations

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Lisa Huettel, Duke University; April Brown, Duke University; Leslie Collins, Duke University; Kip Coonley, Duke University; Michael Gustafson, Duke University; Jungsang Kim, Duke University; Gary Ybarra, Duke University

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

a new, creative approach to content coverage andorganization.4.1 Content CoverageGiven the goal of presenting ECE concepts in an integrated manner, it was clear that the newcourse could not be taught by sequentially introducing circuits and devices, followed by signalprocessing, electromagnetics, and digital logic, or any other similar area-by-area organization. Inother words, the syllabus could not be determined by simply lifting portions of the syllabi ofexisting core courses and appending them to each other. Rather, Fundamentals of ECEintroduces concepts in a very integrated manner, an approach reflected in the structure of the Page

Conference Session

NSF Grantees’ Poster Session

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Robin F Hopkins, University of Louisville; Jeffrey Lloyd Hieb, University of Louisville; Patricia A Ralston, University of Louisville; Keith Brandon Lyle, University of Louisville

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees Poster Session

conditions, the number of quizzes was 12, althoughonly the first 11 contained questions covering target objectives. All quizzes and study plan assignments were administered via an online system calledMyMathLab®, which is an interactive learning system developed and maintained by the Pearsontextbook publishing company. MyMathLab® includes an electronic copy of the coursetextbook, and additional types of media that provide course content such as videos, animations,presentation slides, and projects. MyMathLab® also includes the MathXL® engine which canpresent students with a problem similar to those in the exercise sets at the end of each section inthe textbook. Most problems are algorithmic, meaning that each time the question is presented

Collection

2020 First-Year Engineering Experience

Authors

Frank Vahid, University of California, Riverside; Joe Michael Allen, University of California, Riverside; Alex Daniel Edgcomb, zyBooks; Roman Lysecky, University of Arizona

introductory programming courses known as CS1. Joe Michael is actively researching the impact of using a many small programs (MSP) teaching approach in CS1 courses. His other interests include educational games for building skills for college-level computer science and mathematics.Dr. Alex Daniel Edgcomb, zyBooks Alex Edgcomb is Sr. Software Engineer at zyBooks.com, a startup spun-off from UC Riverside that develops interactive, web-native learning materials for STEM courses. Alex is also a research specialist at UC Riverside, studying the efficacy of web-native content and digital education.Prof. Roman Lysecky, University of Arizona Roman Lysecky is a Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering at the University of

Conference Session

A Potpoturri of Innovations in Physics

Collection

2004 Annual Conference

Authors

Jean Hertzberg

Society for Engineering Education Annual Conference & Exposition Copyright © 2004, American Society for Engineering Student work has been presented to the public in a number of ways. At the end of thesemester, a public show of the students’ work was held in the lobby of the CU EngineeringCenter. Figures 1, 2, 5 and 6 were entered in the most recent Gallery of Fluid Motioncompetition; Figure 5 was one of the winners. Additional student images are available online,along with additional course information at http://www.colorado.edu/MCEN/flowvis/ . In March2004, a formal show of student images has been scheduled for the Boulder Museum ofContemporary Art as part of a program on “The Art of Science in Culture

Collection

2001 Annual Conference

Authors

Hakan Gurocak

PLC program through the I/O withsome basic handshaking to synchronize the two controllers.IV. Was the e-Lab effective?The course syllabus lists 12 measurable outcomes such as being able to use I/O mapping of aPLC in hardware interfacing, being able to develop control programs, etc. We studied thecourse grades to measure these outcomes. In addition, we wanted to quantitatively measure ifthe e-Lab resulted in an evenly distributed quality of education across all sites.First, the entire set of homework and exam questions as well as laboratory assignments wereexamined. Then, questions related to each outcome were combined. Next, scores of eachstudent for each outcome were tabulated. Finally, a normalized average per outcome wascomputed for (1