Conference Session

Technological Literacy for Undergraduate Students

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Robert M. Brooks, Temple University; Jyothsna K. S., St.Joseph's College, Bangalore, Department of English; Amithraj Amavasai

Tagged Divisions

Technological and Engineering Literacy/Philosophy of Engineering

dealingwith real world technological issues.For the past 20 years the principal author has taught a course, ―The Environment,‖ to non-engineering and non-science majors as a science core requirement. In Fall 2007 a section of thiscourse was taught using the traditional lecture method. In the other sections of the course,methods for improving the technological literacy of these students were developed. Four bestpractices were selected from these methods and taught to an experimental group in summer2010. The best practices are: (1) learning from three hands on and minds on labs, (2) use ofcharts and equations, (3) making students familiar with the top 20 bench mark numbers used inthe industry, and (4) acquiring knowledge about the commercial

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Yen-Lin Han, Seattle University; Kathleen E. Cook, Seattle University; Teodora Rutar Shuman, Seattle University; Gregory Mason P.E., Seattle University; Jennifer A. Turns, University of Washington

Tagged Topics

Diversity, NSF Grantees Poster Session

Paper ID #22165Engineering with Engineers: Revolutionizing Engineering Education throughIndustry Immersion and a Focus on IdentityDr. Yen-Lin Han, Seattle University Yen-Lin Han is an Assistant Professor in the department of Mechanical Engineering at Seattle University. Her research interests include micro-scale molecular gas dynamics, micro fluidics, and heat transfer ap- plications in MEMS and medical devices as well as autonomous vehicles and robotics. She also holds the patent for the continuous trace gas separator and a provisional patent for the dynamic tumor ablation probe. She is passionate about Engineering

Conference Session

International Division Poster Session

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Caridad Cruz López, Universidad de las Américas, Puebla.; Aída Hernández Hernández, Universidad Politécnica de Tlaxcala; Aurelio Lopez-Malo, Universidad de las Americas Puebla; Enrique Palou, Universidad de las Americas Puebla

Tagged Divisions

International

what the engineer is doing in your drawing. Write at least two sentences. 2) List atleast three words/phrases that come to mind when you think of an engineer. 3) What kinds ofthings do you think an engineer does? Study facilitators were careful not to talk aboutengineers or engineering during the administration of the DAE test. Facilitators offered helpto clarify directions and question prompts, but they did not offer any ideas or assistance thatwould influence students’ original conceptions of engineers or engineering. Twenty-eightinformal interviews (which were videotaped) were performed after the DAE test andconsisted of one-on-one discussions between a facilitator and students (8 from Puebla and 20from Tlaxcala) to further investigate

Conference Session

Engineering Design

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ann P. McMahon Ph.D., Ann P. McMahon, LLC

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

AC 2012-3627: MENTAL MODELS ELEMENTARY TEACHERS HOLDOF ENGINEERING DESIGN PROCESSES: A COMPARISON OF TWOCOMMUNITIES OF PRACTICEAnn P. McMahon Ph.D., Ann P. McMahon, LLC Ann P. McMahon is a STEM education consultant for grades Pre-K through 16. She holds B.S. and M.S. degrees in mechanical engineering from Washington University in St. Louis and a Ph.D. in science education from the University of Missouri, St. Louis. Her work bridges elementary education and profes- sional engineering communities of practice. Her research and consulting interests also include applying design thinking and system dynamics methodologies to improve systems and practices in Pre-K through 16 STEM education. McMahon served for eight years as the K

Conference Session

Integrating Art, Humanities, and Engineering

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Adeel Khalid, Southern Polytechnic State University (ENG); Craig A Chin, Southern Polytechnic State University; Mir M. Atiqullah, Southern Polytechnic State University; John F. Sweigart P.E., Southern Polytechnic State University; Beth Stutzmann, Southern Polytechnic State University; Wei Zhou

Tagged Divisions

Multidisciplinary Engineering

prepare engineers to fulfill their cultural and civicresponsibilities. For an engineering educator, it is vital to inculcate in the engineering students,the importance of studying humanities that can open up their minds to the use of creative ideasfrom great minds outside of science. Humanists claim that the state-of-the-art scientificknowledge techniques that engineers learn in their college curriculum have a limited shelf life. Ifthey master the humanities, it can provide tools for extending that shelf life. One of the mostimportant aspects of engineering is effective communication, both verbal and written.Humanities study can strengthen the ability of engineers to work and communicate with others.Importance of HumanitiesA number of engineering

Conference Session

Cool Ideas

Collection

2016 EDI

Authors

J B Holston, University of Denver, Daniel Felix Ritchie School of Engineering and Computer Science

Daniel Felix RitchieSchool of Engineering & Computer Science Project XITEOne DU : Entrepreneurship and InnovationThree Deans : Business, Law, and Engineering/CSInstitute – structure (-ish) Project XITEOne BHAG: “Building the Stanford of Denver at the speed of an entrepreneur”http://www.denverpost.com/business/ci_29689866/building-stanford-denver-at-speed-an-entrepreneur Project XITETwo Activities during Alpha Phase: “Meetings of the Minds” --Building a CyberSecurity Eco-System “Activate” --JoyBox, „Uber-ize the Courts‟, Lyric2Learn Project XITEWhat could possibly go wrong???

Collection

1998 Annual Conference

Authors

S. A. Mandayam; R.P. Ramachandran; A. J. Marchese; Robert P. Hesketh; Ralph A. Dusseau; John L. Schmalzel; Kauser Jahan

aesthetic icons, engineering achievements and defining structures for theircommunities. They tend to leave a lasting impression on the human mind. They are alsoreminders of historic battles and patriots honored. This module challenges students to determinethe span of a bridge on campus assuming that it has been washed away by high floodwaters.Students are provided with a SokkiaTM digital theodolite, a leveling rod and a measuring tape.Bearing in mind that their knowledge of trigonometry is their only analytical tool for thisproblem, students in teams of four apply the principles of triangulation to measure angles anddistances. This three hour outdoor class not only generates excitement but also helps reinforcetheir knowledge of trigonometry while

Collection

2004 ASEE North Midwest Section Conference

Authors

Christopher R. Carroll

thatexercise the technical abilities of students in all of these areas is daunting. Most topics that cometo mind will require only rudimentary knowledge from one or more of the engineering programs.For example, take the problem “Design a battery.” Okay, it’s electrical – check. Okay, it mustbe packaged, so it’s mechanical – check. Okay, it must be manufacturable, so that’s industrial –check. And then there’s the chemistry involved, so it’s chemical – check. So, true, all four ofthe engineering disciplines at UMD are included. But probably the chemical engineeringcomponent will dominate the design work, so the chemical engineering students would havesome “advantage” with this problem, or examined from the other viewpoint, engineeringstudents from non

Conference Session

Engineering Design

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Taryn Melkus Bayles, University of Maryland, Baltimore County; Joshua A. Enszer, University of Maryland, Baltimore County; Julia M. Ross, University of Maryland, Baltimore County

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

AC 2012-5405: INCORPORATING ENGINEERING DESIGN INTO HIGHSCHOOL STEM INITIATIVESDr. Taryn Melkus Bayles, University of Maryland, Baltimore County Taryn Bayles, Ph.D., is a Professor of the Practice of chemical engineering in the Chemical, Biochemi- cal, and Environmental Engineering Department at UMBC, where she incorporates her industrial expe- rience by bringing practical examples and interactive learning to help students understand fundamental engineering principles. Her current research focuses on engineering education, outreach and curriculum development.Dr. Joshua A. Enszer, University of Maryland, Baltimore County Joshua Enszer is a full-time lecturer in chemical engineering at the University of Maryland

Conference Session

Sustainable Engineering

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Eric Beckman, University of Pittsburgh; Gena Kovalcik, University of Pittsburgh; Mary Besterfield-Sacre, University of Pittsburgh; Robert Ries, University of Pittsburgh; Kim Needy, University of Pittsburgh; Laura Schaefer, University of Pittsburgh; Larry Shuman, University of Pittsburgh

Tagged Divisions

Environmental Engineering

2006-737: COMBINING GRADUATE STUDIES, RESEARCH ANDINTERNATIONAL EXPERIENCES IN SUSTAINABILITYEric Beckman, University of Pittsburgh Eric J. Beckman received his BS degree in chemical engineering from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1980, and his Ph.D. in 1988 from the Polymer Science Department at the University of Massachusetts. In 2000, Dr. Beckman was made the first Bayer Professor of Chemical Engineering at the University of Pittsburgh. He served as Associate Dean for Research from 2000-2001, and chairman of chemical engineering from 2001-2005. In 2003 he created the Mascaro Sustainability Initiative at the University of Pittsburgh to foster interdisciplinary research

Conference Session

Engineering Ethics

Collection

2003 Annual Conference

Authors

Billy Koen

theory in mind indefining utilitarianism.5 Others have recognized the problems caused by these matters for utilitarianism, at least in small part, as evidentin the discussion of utilitarianism and its connection to game theory in reference [9 (Volume 7, pg. 210) ]. Page 8.885.8 Proceedings of the 2003 American Society for Engineering Education Annual Conference & Exposition Copyright  2003, American Society for Engineering Educationengineer, administrator, and the public to the importance of ethics based on the best thinking ofthe philosophers of the past. What it does suggest, however, is that

Conference Session

Engineering Design

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kerry Meyers, University of Notre Dame; Victoria E. Goodrich, University of Notre Dame; Jay B. Brockman, University of Notre Dame; Jay Caponigro, University of Notre Dame

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

Derby, the fifth grade students were challenged topredict how the weight of a vehicle would influence how far it would roll down a straightaway,starting from an inclined ramp. The very nature of this project makes it unique in that it wasdesigned to have mutual benefit for both the engineering students and the fifth grade students. AYouTube video from the initial program administration in the fall of 2010 depicts the energylevel at the I2D2 event when so many creative minds of diverse backgrounds and ages arebrought together (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Bvrjr7Qd1Rk).The “serious play” activities during I2D2 were designed to elicit meaningful customer inputfrom the fifth grade students; the college students then designed and built pets using

Conference Session

Engineering Ethics

Collection

2003 Annual Conference

Authors

Ed McCaul; Earl Whitlatch; Robert J. Gustafson

Session XXXX Alumni Perspectives on Professional and Ethical Responsibility Robert J. Gustafson, Edward McCaul, Earl Whitlatch The Ohio State UniversityAbstractThe goal of the study reported in this paper was to collect data which would give guidance to ourprograms on ways to reduce the gap in the perceived importance versus preparation of College ofEngineering B.S. graduates in the area of “Professional and Ethical Responsibility”. A surveywas designed to address four main questions: Q1) What ethical issues are occurring most frequently in engineering practice? Q2) What is

Conference Session

Multidisciplinary Technical Session

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Malinda S. Zarske, University of Colorado, Boulder; Lauren A. Rockenbaugh, University of Colorado, Boulder; Daria A. Kotys-Schwartz, University of Colorado, Boulder; Derek T. Reamon, University of Colorado, Boulder

Tagged Divisions

Multidisciplinary Engineering

AC 2011-975: ENGINEERING FOR AMERICAN COMMUNITIES: EN-GAGING ENGINEERING STUDENTS IN MULTIDISCIPLINARY ALTRU-ISTIC ENGINEERING DESIGN PROJECTSMalinda S Zarske, University of Colorado, Boulder MALINDA SCHAEFER ZARSKE is a doctoral candidate at the University of Colorado Boulder in engi- neering education. Her research interests include engineering student learning, diversity and recruitment. Her current research is centered on the impacts of project-based service-learning on student identity, recruitment, and retention in engineering. She is a Co-Director of the Engineering for American Commu- nities student organization, on the development team as well as a content editor for the TeachEngineer- ing.org digital

Conference Session

Sustainable Engineering

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Llewellyn Mann, University of Queensland; David Radcliffe, University of Queensland; Gloria Dall'Alba, University of Queensland

Tagged Divisions

Environmental Engineering

AC 2007-892: EXPERIENCES OF SUSTAINABLE DESIGN AMONG PRACTICINGENGINEERS ? IMPLICATIONS FOR ENGINEERING EDUCATIONLlewellyn Mann, University of Queensland LLEWELLYN MANN is a PhD student in the School of Engineering at the University of Queensland and a member of the Catalyst Research Centre for Society and Technology. He has a Bachelor of Engineering (Mechanical & Space) and a Bachelor of Science (Physics) from UQ, as well as a Graduate Certificate of Education (Higher Education). Major research interests include; Engineering Education, Sustainability, Teaching and Learning, Engineering Design, Technology and Society.David Radcliffe, University of Queensland DAVID RADCLIFFE is the

Conference Session

Multidisciplinary Engineering Courses II

Collection

2005 Annual Conference

Authors

Christopher Carroll

Copyright ©2005, American Society for Engineering EducationEngineering Professionalism course emphasizes the importance of being aware of the issues ineach of these areas.Multidisciplinary DesignCreating design experiences for a class that includes Electrical and Computer, Chemical,Industrial, and Mechanical Engineering students is a challenge. Finding design problems thatexercise the technical abilities of students in all of these areas is daunting. Most topics that cometo mind will require only rudimentary knowledge from one or more of the engineering programs.For example, take the problem “Design a battery.” Okay, it’s electrical – check. Okay, it must bepackaged, so it’s mechanical – check. Okay, it must be manufacturable, so that’s industrial

Collection

2014 EDI

Authors

Keith Buffinton

and prepare students for being exceptional contributors to future employers. The principal elements of this process are re-engineering ourintroductory course Exploring Engineering, creating a new set of courses around the theme of IDEAS (Innovation, Design, Entrepreneurship, Application, and Systems), offering a regular series of entrepreneurially minded extracurricularcompetitions, and ongoing efforts to introduce more faculty to new opportunities for their courses. All of these elements will lead to the creation of a KEEN Entrepreneuially Minded Engineer certificate program. On-boarding and Sustaining Faculty Creating and Deploying IDEAS Studio Electives

Conference Session

The Ever-Changing Course

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Amy Thompson, University of New Haven; Jean Nocito-Gobel, University of New Haven

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

this level. Wigal introduces these concepts through lecture material and hands-ondesign exercises and includes introduction of systems engineering tools such as objective trees,functional block diagrams and function node trees. The purpose of introducing these systemengineering methods is to get students thinking about complex relationships, in a non-linearfashion. Wigal discusses and presents systems thinking activities like “mind mapping” andbrainstorming to get students to begin thinking non-linearly and functionally, instead ofphysically.Existing Project-Based Engineering CourseEngineering faculty at the University of New Haven have designed a Project-Based Introductionto Engineering course with the objectives to introduce students to the

Conference Session

Design Methodology and Evaluation 2

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Alan Chong, University of Toronto; Jason A. Foster, University of Toronto; Patricia Kristine Sheridan, University of Toronto; Robert Irish, University of Toronto

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

or fulfill a purpose in the most efficient manner possible.”2 “My definition of engineering design has changed as a result of our group and class discussion during the tutorial. While I still believe that at its core, engineering design is the process by which engineers analyze problems and come up with solutions that are feasible economically, efficient, and safe, I have added some side notes to my definition. I believe there are other considerations engineers must keep in mind while designing products. The aesthetics and elegance of the design are also important. In addition, the product should provide some level of innovation. This could be coming up with an altogether new product or simply improving

Conference Session

Elementary Engineering

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Brenda M. Capobianco, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Jeffrey D. Radloff, Purdue University, West Lafayette

Tagged Divisions

Pre-College Engineering Education

rather serve as guiding and supportive options for teachers todraw out students’ thinking that could be built upon or challenged in productive ways throughoutthe design process [1].Table 1. Guiding questions teachers use during different phases of the engineering design process topromote productive classroom discourse. Design phase Guiding questions Features of Ambitious Engineering Design-based Science Teaching Problem scoping and What is the problem? Eliciting students’ ideas with the goal of information gathering What is the setting? the design task in mind Who

Conference Session

Elementary Engineering

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Nicole J. Glen, Bridgewater State University

Tagged Divisions

Pre-College Engineering Education

engineering thinking” [4, pp. 63] in early childhood education. Additionally,the Committee on K-12 Engineering Education notes that in all levels of education, little isknown about “which engineering knowledge, skills, and habits of mind are most important, howthey relate to and build on one another, and how and when (i.e., at what age) they should beintroduced to students” [3, pp. 8]. Therefore, the Committee encourages research on engineeringcurricula “that will provide a basis for analyzing how design ideas and practices develop instudents over time and [determine] the classroom conditions necessary to support thisdevelopment” [3, pp. 7].The new expectations of engineering learning standards in preK-12 education in the UnitedStates have put

Conference Session

Foster Excellence

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Goang-Shin Liaw, Alabama A&M University; Pabitra Saha, Alabama A&M University; James Foreman, Alabama A&M University

Tagged Divisions

Minorities in Engineering

, also known as an Engineering Intern (EI) or an Engineer-in-Training (EIT). This exam is offered twice yearly, in April and October, by the NationalCouncil of Examiners of Engineering and Surveying (NCEES) and it has jurisdictions in eachstate.Our engineering program is an ABET accredited program. One of our educational objectives isto produce graduates who are competent enough to pass the FE exam, leading to professionalregistration. To be able to assess this objective, the program requires students to take the FEexam prior to graduation, preferably after all relevant technical courses have been taken andwhile the information they have studied is still fresh in their minds. In reality, some studentsattend the FE exam without any preparation

Conference Session

Systems Engineering Division Technical Session 1

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Rama N Reddy; Kamran Iqbal, University of Arkansas, Little Rock

Tagged Divisions

Systems Engineering

is built thatsatisfies the stakeholder requirements.The system to be designed under consideration must be clearly and completely defined withstakeholder’s requirements in mind. The stakeholders, the management team, and the systemsengineering team together must consider the cost, schedule, and performance constraints. Thefeasibility studies will be conducted to make sure that the stakeholders, management, and thesystems engineering team agree on the feasibility of developing the system under consideration.Based on the discussion of all the parties involved a very important document must be written;the document is called the stakeholder’s requirements document (SRD).Based on the SRD the systems engineering team translates its contents in

Conference Session

First-Year Programs (FPD) Poster Session

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Stephen Zahorian, Binghamton University; Mike Elmore, Binghamton University; Kyle J. Temkin, Binghamton University

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

these lectures.Table 3. Survey instrument given to studentsDirections: We are conducting this survey to better understand what factors you used inchoosing your declared major. We are not asking for your name, just your honest input. Pleaseanswer the following statements to the best of your ability according to the following scale andrecord your answers on the electronic score sheet provided.A = Strongly Agree B = Agree C = Neutral D = Disagree E = Strongly Disagree 1) I was already pretty sure which engineering program I wanted before coming to Binghamton University, and I did not change my mind. 2) The WTSN 111/112 lectures helped me to decide my major. 3) The labs and project in WTSN 111/112 helped me decide my major. 4) The

Conference Session

Novel Strategies for Studying Liberal Education

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Jakob C. Bruhl, United States Military Academy; Win Gilbert Bruhl, University of Arkansas, Little Rock

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education/Engineering & Society

the 21st century, creativity will grow in importance.”1 Thesewords were written in 2004 as the National Academy of Engineering (NAE) described what theyenvisioned of the engineer of 2020. The NAE includes creativity as one of six “engineeringhabits of mind” that successful engineers must develop, in addition to mastering technicalcontent (the other five are systems thinking, optimism, collaboration, communication, and ethicalconsiderations).2 As the third decade of this century approaches, the indispensable nature ofcreativity for engineers is evident; calls for developing creative and innovative engineers havebeen made.The 3rd Edition of the Civil Engineering Body of Knowledge published by the American Societyof Civil Engineers (ASCE

Conference Session

Pedagogical Advancements in Engineering Management

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

S. Jimmy Gandhi, Stevens Institute of Technology; Brian Sauser, Stevens Institute of Technology; Brian E. White, Complexity Are Us - Systems Engineering Strategies; Alex Gorod, Visiting Fellow, University of Adelaide; Vernon Ireland, University of Adelaide

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Economy, Engineering Management, Industrial Engineering, Systems Engineering

Management and Systems Engineering EducationAbstractAs engineering system complexity has increased over the years, numerous complex systems pro-jects have failed due to the lack of an appropriate systemic perspective. Since the solution to thischallenge is itself a complex system, educating and training our current and future technicalleaders on these challenges, and providing suggested changes in their mind sets, is imperative.As an educational tool, case studies can be a platform through which the analysis, knowledgeapplication, and drawing of conclusions can occur to facilitate coping with the most complexsystems. Case study learning has proven successful in the training of business leaders with reallife examples of the

Conference Session

Pre-College Engineering Education Division Technical Session 15

Collection

2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Diane Elisa Golding, University of Texas at El Paso; Heather Kaplan, University of Texas El Paso

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Pre-College Engineering Education

schoolthat focused on promoting STEM learning for underrepresented populations through makerspaceexplorations bounded in STEAM practices. This paper and research ask, “What do kindergartenmakerspaces look like in the El Paso-Juarez border region?”, “How do engineering and artintersect in kindergarten makerspaces?” and “What occurs, is experienced or learned in theseintersections in a kindergarten makerspace?” We contend that skills and knowledge developed in makerspaces straddle STEM,specifically the design process commonly discussed in engineering education, in relation to theEngineering is Elementary model [3] and studio art practices, described by Hetland et al’s [4]Studio Habits of Mind. Our approach, very much like Lachapelle and

Conference Session

Liberal Education/Engineering & Society Division Technical Session 4

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jeong-Hee Kim, Texas Tech University; Ryan C. Campbell, Texas Tech University; Ngan T.T. Nguyen, Texas Tech University; Roman Taraban, Texas Tech University; Danny D. Reible P.E., Texas Tech University; Chongzheng Na, Texas Tech University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education/Engineering & Society

considerations etc. are always present. One solution for these conflicts has always been suppressions through violence. Someone is going to be severely hurt by the innovation and development in the weaponry technologies. The example above might be extreme. Another good example is the e-waste issue we had talked about in the beginning of this semester. People in the first world are always attracted to more advanced electronics. But the technological development in the electronic industry driven by this consumerism will lead to more e-waste that has to been dealt with by the third country. The decision-making process based only on opinions from scientists and engineers seemed a little single-minded and lacked a flavor of humanity

Collection

2022 ASEE - North Central Section Conference

Authors

Wesley Carpenter, The University of Akron

focus the concept toward a moresuitable design that would solve the problem and be feasible to manufacture. Rachel described how the constraints helped her come up with a suitable design, whilethe absence of constraints would likely be overwhelming: “I actually found the constraints helpful, it helped me narrow in on a useful design, rather than the infinite possibilities if we were allowed to design it any way we wanted” Proceedings of the 2022 ASEE North Central Section Conference Copyright © 2022, American Society for Engineering Education 8 The first ideas that came to mind would

Conference Session

Assessment of K-12 Engineering Programs and Issues

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Faik Karatas, Purdue University; Amy Micklos, Purdue University; George Bodner, Purdue University

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

think they work (outside)? SM05: No. They probably work in an office. R2: Office. Do what? SM05: Umm… Create the things and then tell… Like create ‘em in their mind then jot it down and then tell the other people to go… R2: What kind of other people? SM05: Like the workers… They tell the foreman and foreman tells the workers. R1: Chain of command, right? SM05: YeahOne student also indicated tools that engineers use to do their job. The term “tools” is used hereas any form of equipment or material that engineers use to do their job. R1: What does the engineer do in particular about planning that? SM09: Make all the roads so they don’t get all… well they make them so they won’t