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Displaying results 7201 - 7230 of 36207 in total
Conference Session
TELPhE Division Technical Session 2: The Broadening Face of Engineering Education
Collection
2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access
Authors
Katherine Robert, University of Denver
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Technological and Engineering Literacy/Philosophy of Engineering
Conference Session
Biomedical Engineering Division Poster Session (Works in Progress)
Collection
2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access
Authors
Charles W. Patrick Jr, Texas A&M University
Tagged Divisions
Biomedical Engineering
the effectiveness of an inverted classroom to a traditional classroom in an upper-division engineering course," IEEE Trans Edu, vol. 56, no. 4, pp. 430-435, 2013.[4] K. Fogg and S. Maki, "A remote flipped classroom approach to teaching introductory biomedical engineering during COVID-19," Biomedical Engineering Education, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 3-9, 2020.[5] J. Bishop and M. Verleger, "The flipped classroom: A Survey of the Research," in 120th ASEE Annual Conference and Exposition, Atlanta, Georgia, 2013, pp. 23.1200.1- 23.1200.18, doi: 10.18260/1-2--22585.[6] A. Clyne and K. Billiar, "Problem-based learning in biomechanics: Advantages, challenges, and implementation," J Biomech Eng, vol. 138, no. 7, pp
Conference Session
Biomedical Engineering Division Poster Session (Works in Progress)
Collection
2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access
Authors
Maysam Nezafati, Georgia Institute of Technology; Joseph M LeDoux, Georgia Institute of Technology; Kelvin D'wayne Pierre II, Georgia Institute of Technology; Katherine Tsai Shook, Georgia Institute of Technology
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Biomedical Engineering
students and faculties to understand the mindset behindthis project.https://engineeringunleashed.com/card/2479References:Adusumilli, P. S. et al. (2004) ‘Left-handed surgeons: Are they left out?’, Current Surgery, 61(6), pp. 587–591. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cursur.2004.05.022.Axt, J. R. and Lai, C. K. (2019) ‘Reducing discrimination: A bias versus noise perspective.’, Journal ofPersonality and Social Psychology. Axt, Jordan R.: Social Science Research Institute, Duke University,334 Blackwell Street #320, Durham, NC, US, 27701, jordan.axt@duke.edu: American PsychologicalAssociation, pp. 26–49. doi: 10.1037/pspa0000153.Blaser, B., Steele, K. M. and Burgstahler, S. E. (2015) ‘Including universal design in engineering coursesto attract diverse
Conference Session
Chemical Engineering Pedagogy
Collection
2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access
Authors
Sidney Jay Stone III P.E., The University of Toledo; Matthew W. Liberatore, The University of Toledo
Tagged Divisions
Chemical Engineering
or recommendations expressed in thismaterial are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the NationalScience Foundation. This work was completed within the framework of University of ToledoIRB protocols 300853 and 300721.DisclaimerOne of the authors may receive royalties from sales of the zyBook detailed in this paper.Bibliography[1] K. E. Chapman, M. E. Davidson, and M. W. Liberatore, "Student success and attempts on auto-graded homework across multiple cohorts in material and energy balances," Chemical Engineering Education, vol. 55, no. 1, pp. 43-50, 2021, doi: https://doi.org/10.18260/2-1-370.660-123169.[2] P. S. Steif and A. Dollar, "Study of usage patterns and learning gains in a web
Conference Session
Working Against Unjust Social Forces
Collection
2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access
Authors
Desen Sevi Ozkan, Tufts University; Avneet Hira, Boston College
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Culture & Social Justice in Education, Equity
://magazine.scienceforthepeople.org/vol22-1/lessons- from-the-long-sixties-for-organizing-in-tech-today/.Arcia, A., Suero-Tejeda, N., Bales, M. E., Merrill, J. A., Yoon, S., Woollen, J., & Bakken, S. (2016). Sometimes more is more: iterative participatory design of infographics for engagement of community members with varying levels of health literacy. Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association, 23(1), 174-183.Atman, C. J., & Bursic, K. M. (1998). Verbal protocol analysis as a method to document engineering student design processes. Journal of Engineering Education, 87(2), 121–132.Atman, C. J., Adams, R. S., Cardella, M. E., Turns, J., Mosborg, S., & Saleem, J. (2007). Engineering design processes: A comparison of students and expert
Conference Session
Design Pedagogy 2
Collection
2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access
Authors
Hadi Ali, Arizona State University, Polytechnic campus; Andrew David Maynard, Arizona State University
Tagged Divisions
Design in Engineering Education
Collection
2010 North Midwest Section
Authors
Christopher R. Carroll
value of using Fuzzy Logic in such applications depends onthe situation. Using Fuzzy Logic to detect and control the “darkness” of a piece of toast in atoaster seems to be a force-fit application, but in more complex situations, Fuzzy Logic allowsimplementation of non-linear control without complicated mathematical support.The Freescale S12 microcontroller includes specific instructions in its instruction set to supportFuzzy Logic applications. The presence of these four instructions as primitive operations in theS12 makes that microcontroller unique, and especially well-suited to Intelligent Controlapplications. This paper details those instructions in the S12’s instruction set that implementFuzzy Logic operations, and provides some
Collection
2011 North Midwest Section
Authors
Daniel N. Pope
thevelocity vectors in the inlet plenum at a specified time (0.001 s) during the intake stroke. Thesimulation was conducted with the one equation Spalart-Allmaras model for turbulence, and auser-defined function (UDF) was employed in Fluent to model the time-varying pressureboundary condition at the outlet of the plenum. A video of the flow in the plenum covering theentire intake, compression, expansion, exhaust sequence was created. Proceedings of the 2011 North Midwest Section Conference (a) Mesh and Named Surfaces (b) Example Results – Static Pressure Contour Plot Figure 2: Analysis of a single gas turbine stage; mesh and sample results. (a) Side View
Conference Session
Pre-college Engineering Education Division Technical Session 8
Collection
2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access
Authors
Tamecia R. Jones, North Carolina State University
Tagged Divisions
Pre-College Engineering Education
policy,higher education, and local standards while integrating disciplinary and industry goals fordesigners and engineers into a epistemic frame encompassing skills (s), knowledge (k), identity(i), values (v), and epistemology (e) [8-10] derived from policy documents and literature. Thesources used in the development and relationship between sub-codes and sources can be seen inFigure 1. In the first version of the EEFK12, these five SKIVE elements had 47 sub-codes thatallowed for a micro-analysis of interactions throughout the engineering design process. A pilotstudy was conducted with rising juniors during a college preparatory summer program to test theevidence of EEFK12 elements in the ideation, prototyping, testing, and final
Conference Session
Computers in Education Division Technical Session 8: Modulus Topics
Collection
2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access
Authors
Aneet Dharmavaram Narendranath, Michigan Technological University
Tagged Divisions
Computers in Education
matrix, K1, possesses all the properties that make it an unconstrainedstructure. Stiffness matrices that are extracted from commercial packages may also be used andthis can be done in the future (please see summary section). The logic to identify these wouldremain the same. At the time of writing of this work-in-progress paper, a fundamental,one-dimensional spring element problem is used to provide a stiffness matrix.nSize =34;K1 = r e p m a t (K, n S i z e ) ;The second matrix (K2) is K1 with it’s non-zero elements replaced by -rand*rand. This is not astiffness matrix as it lacks the property of being symmetric and having non-zero, positive diagonalelements.K2 = K1 ;K2 ( any ( K2 ( : ) ) ) = −r a n d . ∗ r a n d ;The third matrix (K3) is a
Conference Session
Student Experiences with Undergraduate Research
Collection
2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access
Authors
Caitlin Donahue Wylie, University of Virginia; Kathryn A. Neeley, University of Virginia; Brian P. Helmke, University of Virginia
Tagged Divisions
Educational Research and Methods
most interesting emerging trend is students’ conception of what anengineer is and does. In response to the question “How would you define "engineer"?”, themost common words students (n = 641) used were “problem[s]” (n = 398, 62%) and “solv[e,er, ing]” (342, 53%). Strikingly, only 2 responses mentioned “research” and only 2mentioned “stud[y, ies]”. This result suggests that students do not consider research as part ofengineering work or identity.Furthermore, coursework, and particularly “real-world” or applied projects and problems,seems to be students’ primary experience with engineering work and identity. In the question“Please describe an experience that made you feel like an engineer,” students (n = 498)mentioned “course[s, work]”/”class[es
Collection
2020 First-Year Engineering Experience
Authors
Frank Vahid, University of California, Riverside; Joe Michael Allen, University of California, Riverside
andinteractivity. The key features of such a successful online course includes: (1) synchronousmeetings with instructors broadcasting video/audio for live-coding of examples, with an actively-used chat box, (2) Strong learning content outside class, (3) simple class structure and assigningmany small tasks instead of a few large ones, and (4) strong teachers who connect with students.We believe online courses should be incorporated into a university's course offerings so thatstudents get a balance of in-person and online courses to reap the benefits of each, and so thatdepartments better utilize classroom and teaching resources as well.References[1] S. Young, "Student Views of Effective Online Teaching in Higher Education," American Journal of
Collection
2020 Gulf Southwest Section Conference
Authors
Angela Attia; Sierra Johnson; Shuza Binzaid; John Attia; Yusuf Isa-Yusuf; Warsame Ali
, 2018.2. A. Lantero, “How Microgrids Work,” Energy.gov, 17-Jun-2014. [Online]. Available:https://www.energy.gov/articles/how-microgrids-work. [Accessed: 09-Jul-2019].3. “Foundations,” Arduino. [Online]. Available: https://www.arduino.cc/en/Tutorial/Foundations. [Accessed: 08-Jul-2019].4. L. Rosencrance, S. Shea, and I. Wigmore, “What is internet of things (IoT)? - Definition from WhatIs.com,” IoTAgenda. [Online]. Available: https://internetofthingsagenda.techtarget.com/definition/Internet-of-Things-IoT. [Accessed:08-Jul-2019].5. V. Beal, “Wi-Fi (wireless networking),” What is Wi-Fi (Wireless)? Webopedia Definition. [Online]. Available:https://www.webopedia.com/TERM/W/Wi_Fi.html. [Accessed: 09-Jul-2019].ANGELA ATTIA AND SIERRA JOHNSONMs. Angela
Conference Session
Biomedical Engineering Postcard Session (Best of Works in Progress)
Collection
2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access
Authors
Christine E. King, University of California, Irvine; George Tolomiczenko, Caltech; Nadine B. Afari, CHOC Children's Health Orange County
Tagged Divisions
Biomedical Engineering
on potential IP filings and start-up company generation. Future work will aim toward establishing methods and results that caninvestigate the long-term effects nursing and student hackathons produce. If it is found in thisfuture work that the projects followed became viable products, then we will disseminate ourfindings and methodologies for adopting virtual nursing hackathon events prior to senior designprograms across undergraduate institutions to improve innovation in healthcare.References:[1] F. Hughes, “Nurses at the forefront of innovation,” International Nursing Review, vol. 53, no.2, pp. 94–101, 2006.[2] B. Luo, M. Mai, A. Shah, D. Herchline, C. Rojas, J. Hart, and S. Mehta, “102. Hacking OurWay To Improvement: Leveraging The
Collection
2021 ASEE St. Lawrence Section Conference
Authors
Gerald Tembrevilla, McMaster University; Vincent Leung, McMaster University; Andre Phillion P.Eng., McMaster University; Melec Zeadin, McMaster University
program [5, 10].Next year, we will investigate student-participants’ specific learning experiences with EMBERacross cohort demographics. We will conduct a nested case study to trace how student-participants’ experiences in academic and extra-curricular programs in their respective highschools could be further connected with EMBER’s offerings, and through EMBER with a moresuccessful academic, social, and personal transition into first-year engineering.References:[1] M. D. Berzonsky and L. S. Kuk, "Identity Status, Identity Processing Style, and the Transition to University," Journal of adolescent research, vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 81-98, 2016, doi: 10.1177/0743558400151005.[2] S. Fisher and B. Hood, "The stress of the transition to
Collection
2013 North Midwest Section Meeting
Authors
Christopher R. Carroll
(RISC) device. The debate amongcomputer architects as to whether CISC or RISC designs lead to better performance has no clearwinner. In some applications, CISC excels, whereas in other applications RISC wins. Althoughno processor is 100% CISC or RISC, the S12 and the ATmega32 display many of thecharacteristics of the two extremes. The S12’s instruction set includes many exotic instructionsmeant for specific applications. Notable are the fuzzy logic instructions, and the tableinterpolation instructions, that perform complex calculations behind the scenes. By contrast, theATmega32’s instruction set includes only simple, straightforward instructions that each performvery limited tasks. CISC proponents argue that their philosophy is best because
Collection
2017 FYEE Conference
Authors
James J. Pembridge, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical Univ., Daytona Beach; Lisa K Davids, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical Univ., Daytona Beach
] Felder, R.M., R. Brent, and M.J. Prince, Engineering instructional comments they made to refine their practice (20 development: Programs, best practices, and recommendations. Journal of Engineering Education, 100(1), 2011. minutes) [2] Shulman, Lee S. "Signature pedagogies in the professions." Daedalus 134.3, 2005, pp. 52-59.III. Identify Opportunities for Evidence-Based Instruction [3] Rokeach, Milton. "Beliefs, attitudes and values: A theory of6) Moderators
Collection
2017 FYEE Conference
Authors
John K. Estell, Ohio Northern University; James Blake Hylton, Ohio Northern University
Tagged Topics
Diversity
attention to such detail inEnvironmental is listed as one of the “Elite Eight” realistic the engineering design projects in future years? Theconstraints, but its listing within the CSM draws the authors hypothesize that the early introduction of thesefollowing distinctions based on the source, where “T-4” is the concepts will have a lasting affect throughout thecode for the technically-sourced attribute, and “S-3” is the remaining years of the student’s engineering program.code for the societally-sourced attribute:• [T-4. Environmental] Can the operational environment REFERENCES negatively impact the product through normal use? [1] ABET
Collection
Chemical Engineering Education
Authors
P.R Naren; N.R. Subathra
studies are conducted to assess mix-ing in process vessels. Mixing time is defined as the time taken toachieve a certain fixed degree of homogeneity (say 99.5%) in thesystem (Figure 1). The experiment involved determination of mixingtime by pH method in a stirred tank (Figure 2 and Table 1). In thisexperiment, 1.5 L of double-distilled water was added to the tankand the initial pH [pH(0) at time = 0] was noted. A known molarityof sodium hydroxide solution was used as the tracer. 10 mL of tracer Figure 1. Typical plot of normalized pH vs. Time.was added and the pH value [pH(t)] was recorded every Figure 15 s using a pH probe. The experiment was conductedat a fixed rpm of 50
Conference Session
Faculty Track - Technical Session III
Collection
2018 CoNECD - The Collaborative Network for Engineering and Computing Diversity Conference
Authors
Gretalyn (Gretal) Leibnitz, Women in Engineering ProActive Network (WEPAN)
Tagged Topics
Faculty
Analysis & Worksheet CHAT: Key Action Plan & Implement DEI Change• What forces exist currently exist in your department that make DEI change possible?• What forces currently exist that you will need to overcome in your department to make change possible? Key “Take-Away(s)” for Change Agents• It’s not enough to have knowledge and a plan – even a good one! Successful change depends on laying the groundwork and involving people in the process.• Change is a dynamic, complex, and multi-faceted process that requires change leaders and change plans to continually evolve and grow.• The overall process can be mapped, but the details are highly contextualized; an effective culture change process is locally derived within
Conference Session
Pre-college Engineering Education Division Poster Session
Collection
2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
David Pistrui, University of Detroit Mercy; Nassif E. Rayess, University of Detroit Mercy
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Pre-College Engineering Education Division
a secondoffering is planned for 2017 albeit with a more accessible project.References1. Goldman, S., & Carroll, M., & Zielezinski, M. B., & Loh, A., & Ng, E. S., & Bachas- Daunert, S. (2014, June), Dive In! An Integrated Design Thinking/STEM Curriculum Paper presented at 2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition, Indianapolis, Indiana.2. Biggers, M., & Haefner, L. A., & Bell, J. (2016, June), Engineering First: How Engineering Design Thinking Affects Science Learning Paper presented at 2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition, New Orleans, Louisiana.3. Menold, J., & Jablokow, K. W., & Kisenwether, E. C., & Zappe, S. E. (2015, June), Exploring the Impact of Cognitive Preferences on
Conference Session
Biomedical Division Poster Session
Collection
2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Molly Y. Mollica, University of Washington; Heather A. Feldner, University of Washington; Anat Caspi P.E., University of Washington ; Katherine M. Steele, University of Washington; Dianne Grayce Hendricks, University of Washington
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Biomedical
and do not necessarily reflect the views of the federal government.References[1] Oakes, W., Duffy, J., Jacobius, T., Linos, P., Lord, S., Schultz, W. W., & Smith, A. (2002). Service-learning inengineering. In Frontiers in Education, 2002. FIE 2002. 32nd Annual (Vol. 2, pp. F3A-F3A). IEEE.[2] Duffy, J., Tsang, E., & Lord, S. Service-learning in engineering: What why and how? ASEE Annual Conference 2000.[3] Eyler, J., & Giles Jr, D. E. (1999). Where's the Learning in Service-Learning? Jossey-Bass Higher and Adult EducationSeries.[4] Sax, L. J., Astin, A. W., & Avalos, J. (1999). Long-term effects of volunteerism during the undergraduate years. Thereview of higher education, 22(2), 187-202.[5] National Academy of Engineering
Conference Session
Make It!
Collection
2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Hugh Jack P. Eng. P.E., Western Carolina University
Tagged Divisions
Manufacturing
Paper ID #19181MAKER: iTutor - Intelligent Tennis TutorDr. Hugh Jack P.E., Western Carolina University Dr. Jack is not the author. The abstract has been submitted on behalf of Kaviarasu P, Gokul Kannan, Kesava Mani, M H Ashik , Navin S - Kumaraguru College of Technology, Coimbatore, India. c American Society for Engineering Education, 2017iTutor - Intelligent Tennis TutorAuthors: Kaviarasu P, Gokul Kannan, Kesava Mani, M H Ashik , Navin SKumaraguru College of Technology, Coimbatore, IndiaAbstractTennis has been always been a sport of choice for many around the world. In India, it wasintroduced by the British in
Conference Session
Educational Research and Methods Division Poster Session
Collection
2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Christine Allison Gray, Northern Arizona University; Robin G. Tuchscherer, Northern Arizona University; Ron Gray, Northern Arizona University
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Educational Research and Methods
Persons with Disabilities in Science and Engineering: 2011, National Science Foundation, Arlington, VA.[6] Seymour, E. and Hewitt, N.M. 1997. Talking about leaving: Why undergraduates leave the sciences, Boulder, CO: Westview Press.[7] Rovai, A. P. 2002. “Development of an instrument to measure classroom community.” The Internet and Higher Education, 5(3), pp. 197-211.[8] Courter, S. S., Millar, S. B., and Lyons, L. 1998. “From the students' point of view: Experiences in a freshman engineering design course.” Journal of engineering education, 87(3), pp. 283-288.[9] Smith, M. K., Jones, F. H., Gilbert, S. L., and Wieman, C. E. 2013. “The Classroom Observation Protocol for Undergraduate STEM (COPUS): A new
Conference Session
Technical Session 3b
Collection
2017 Pacific Southwest Section Meeting
Authors
Kenan William Pretzer, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo; Taufik Taufik, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo; Ali O. Shaban, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo; Ian Hellman-Wylie, Cal Poly, San Luis Obispo; Joey Navarro, Cal Poly SLO
Tagged Topics
Pacific Southwest Section
inverse-time overcurrent protection in a second experiment todetect faults downstream of the transformer.Another set of two experiments reinforces the application of differential protection. Studentsprotect a grounded wye-wye power transformer using the SEL-387E differential relay.Differential protection again guards against faults internal to the transformer, while overcurrentprotection guards against downstream faults. Incorporating the SEL-387E relay into thecurriculum in addition to the SEL-587 gives students experience implementing similar protectionschemes through different relay settings. Table 1: Content of Proposed Experiments Lab Device(s) Involved Expected Learning Outcome(s) 1 SEL
Conference Session
Session 7: Health
Collection
2017 EDI
Authors
Gary Miller
Partnering with academia to foster the delivery ofinnovation and differentiation in the orthopaedic medicaldevice world : The Additive Manufacturing Opportunity GARY J . M I LLE R , P H D EXACTECH, INC GAINESVILLE, FLORIDA USA COPYRIGHT 2017Orthopedic Product Innovations over the Years The Evolution of THAThompson 1950 Charnley Cemented THA 1958 - 1982 Porous Coated Biologically Fixed Modular Press-Fit Cup and Stem 1980’s Sintered Bead Porous Coatings -- Optimized through the collaboration of universities and industry Pocket with Uniform 3-D Interconnecting Layers Close Packed
Conference Session
Session/Panel 4: Cost-sharing & Seed Funding
Collection
2017 ERC
Authors
Pamela Norris
entity external to institution Cash• Used to fund allowable direct costs• Pretty straightforward - cash provided for research activities (supplies, travel, publication costs, core facility charges or user fees, etc.)• and don’t forget you also get to count the uncovered F&A as a contribution! Effort• As an expectation is that TTT faculty conduct research and we provide salary support for time to dedicate to research, it is reasonable to “contribute” a portion of the faculty effort supported by the institution to the sponsored activity.• As our expectation is 40/40/20, R/T/S, I’m comfortable releasing 20% of the faculty member’s time to a single effort (perhaps more if it was a huge
Conference Session
Manufacturing Division Technical Session 5
Collection
2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Zhenhua Wu, Virginia State University
Tagged Divisions
Manufacturing
PLM Space (Fabricate, Inspect, Exchange through Exchange through Sensing/Control) Public Cloud Service Private Cloud Service CAD Modules CNC Machines PLM System Mfg Systems CAM Modules Design Inspection Maker s Product Maker s Ideas CAI Modules Input Sensing/Control CAE Modules MES
Conference Session
Work-In-Progress Postcard Session
Collection
2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Mitchell William Buccalo, Bucknell University; Elif Miskioglu, Bucknell University
Tagged Divisions
Chemical Engineering
communications course and those who have not, preliminaryqualitative data about the benefits of dedicated TC courses can be studied. Observations will beused as a basis for future dedicated technical communications studies, with the hope that thepotential benefits can be quantified, thus better understanding technical communication trainingas a whole.References[1] C. J. Atman, S. D. Sheppard, J. Turns, R. S. Adams, L. N. Fleming, R. Stevens, R. A.Streveler, K. A. Smith, R. L. Miller, L. J. Leifer, K. Yasuhara, and D. Lund. Enablingengineering student success: The final report for the center for the advancement of engineeringeducation. San Rafael, CA: Morgan & Claypool Publishers, 2010.[2] L. Reave, “Technical Communication Instruction in Engineering
Conference Session
T2C: GIFTS - Session C
Collection
2019 FYEE Conference
Authors
William Cohen, The Ohio State University
Tagged Topics
FYEE Conference - Paper Submission
  Concern Overall, many students showed  While no formal sta s cal analysis  A major concern was that stu‐enthusiasm to using the iPads  was performed, instructors observed  dents who elected to use the vice paper to pencil. The ability  no major difference in scores for  iPad, would lose the opportunity to create straight lines and cir‐ those who u lized iPads and those  to refine the motor skills neces‐cles, set different line types and  who did not.  sary to sketch technical drawings colors, and easily erase lines if  by hand.  an error was made, resulted in  There are