Conference Session

Biomedical Division Poster Session

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Dianne Grayce Hendricks, University of Washington

Tagged Divisions

Biomedical

describe the first offering of Introduction to Tissue CultureLaboratory Techniques. In this lab makeover, we significantly changed expectations, lab format,lecture content, lab protocols, and grading policies in order to engage novice students. Theinstructor observed striking improvements in overall student engagement, mastery of techniques,preparedness, and confidence in lab performance. These observations are supported by studentfeedback in written reflections, informal communication, and end-of-course student surveys.Briefly, the course learning objectives include: 1) Demonstrate ability to work safely with animal cells and mastery of aseptic technique 2) Perform laboratory techniques essential for establishing and maintaining cell lines

Conference Session

New Engineering Educators Division Technical Session 1

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Laura D Hahn, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign; Chris Migotsky, University of Illinois

Tagged Divisions

New Engineering Educators

from the model in Buskit et al.:1. A pre-observation meeting with the Collins Scholar and two observers.2. The observation itself, often videotaped.3. Observer debriefing: The two observers discuss and write up a summary of their findings.4. Self-reflection: The Collins Scholar is invited to watch the video, and writes a self- Page 26.789.2 analysis of the class session.5. A post-observation meeting to discuss the class observed, the participants’ impressions, and strategies for continued improvement.The findings from Brinko’s review of the literature on the effectiveness of peer feedback haveframed and guided the way we train our observers

Conference Session

Biomedical Division Poster Session

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jennifer H. Choi, University of California - Davis

Tagged Divisions

Biomedical

of class (Wednesday), anddevices were tested outside during the next class (Monday). The remaining DC class days weredevoted to the second DC, and topics generally followed the steps of the design process.The objective of the first DC was to engage students in effective teamwork through intentionaland reflective practices in the areas of communication, organization and cooperation. The firstDC asked students to design and build a device using recycled materials that could transfer 100milliliters of water from one cup to another though four different mechanisms5. The device wasrequired to be initiated by the drop of a marble six inches above the device. The fast pacednature and rigor of this challenge was intended to put students in the

Conference Session

Technology in Classrooms - Construction Engineering Perspective

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ihab Saad, East Carolina University

Tagged Divisions

Construction

certainties a construction schedulewill have to go through. These changes might be due to an initial lack of information,false assumptions, unexpected events, or acts of God (Also known as Force Majeure).Regular and timely updating of the initially approved construction schedule becomes anecessity to reflect the impact of the different changes on the project timeline.This paper presents a new communication tool based on the framework of the WorkBreakdown Structure (WBS), and supplemented by multimedia files representing theplanned Vs. actual project performance in the form of digital pictures, still and animatedCAD drawings/models, and live video footage in addition to the computer-generatedschedule. This communication tool presents a multi-layered

Collection

2001 Annual Conference

Authors

Fereydoun Jalali

Page 6.1121.2 ZL = 1/(YL) = 1/(YLnYo) = (1/YLn) Zo = (1/4.2)Zo = 0.23Zo.“Proceedings of the 2001 American Society for Engineering Education Annual Conference & Exposition Copyright Ó 2001, American Society for Engineering Education” Figure 2. Determining the required mismatched load.Therefore, for a load-matching experiment with these models, if the results stated above areto be obtained, the load impedance must be specified at a value equal to 0.23Zo.Procedure for a Load Matching ExperimentA matched load on a transmission line absorbs all the transmitted energy. The parameterdirectly describing the degree of matching is the reflection coefficient, which by definition isthe ratio of the reflected to

Conference Session

Multidisciplinary Engineering Division (MULTI) Poster Session

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Malgorzata Chwatko, University of Kentucky; Hari Charan Ghimire, University of Kentucky; Huayi Li, University of Kentucky; Madhav Baral, University of Kentucky; John Franklin Maddox; Hyun-Tae Hwang, University of Kentucky; Gisella R Lamas Samanamud, University of Kentucky

Tagged Divisions

Multidisciplinary Engineering Division (MULTI)

based in qualitative and quantitative ways. The qualitative approach considers theholistic, proposition rating and coding concepts. The quantitative approach considers thecounting components and similarity. The intersectionality of both considers categorical andrubric [9, 10]. A study using concept maps in a Statics class developed a module which coveredboth technical and entrepreneurial mindset topics. The activities used formative assessment tools.Results showed that concept maps were beneficial to students early in their engineeringcoursework to reflect on both technical knowledge and entrepreneurial mindset [11].The main issue with a multidisciplinary approach is how to assess it. It could be by the numbercollaborations or even publications

Conference Session

Track 3 - Session 2 - Faculty Development

Collection

2012 ASEE International Forum

Authors

Kang SoYeon, Yonsei University

Tagged Topics

Track 3 - Faculty Development

adecade. Every accredited program should evaluate the achievement of the educational objectivesand program outcomes and apply its result towards the continuous improvement of the program.For the continuous improvement of the program, it is necessary for the engineering professors tounderstand the pedagogy and to explore the practice of teaching. The creation of a courseportfolio would provide faculty with such an opportunity. The process of creating a courseportfolio furnishes professors with the reflection of teaching in classroom and affects to improvethe Korean engineering education quality. Prior to the ABEEK’s requiring course portfolios as an element in accreditation evaluation,faculty members in most Korean engineering

Conference Session

Educational Research and Methods (ERM) Division Poster Session

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Liang Wang; Wei Zhang, Zhejiang University; binbin shao, Zhejiang University

practice from ouranalysis: (a) authentic-task driven, (b) collaborative inquiry, (c) reflective-design process, (d) engineeringidentity. Future we will build on this study and develop some valid instruments to measure thesecharacteristics in order to clarify the relationship between community of practice and engineeringstudents’ learning effect.Keywords: community of practice; engineering learning; authentic-task driven; collaborative inquiry;reflective-design process; engineering identityINTRODUCTIONAs the largest developing economy in the world, China is facing a lot of challenges in terms of emergingindustries and new technologies. As a result, China is calling for increasing the quantity and quality ofengineering students to meet society’s

Conference Session

Community Engagement Division Technical Session 3

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

James L. Huff, Harding University; Degnan William Lawrence; Amanda Coleman

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Community Engagement Division

LawrenceAmanda Coleman c American Society for Engineering Education, 2020 Reauthoring Engineering Identities as Belonging to a Community-Engaged ProfessionAbstract: In this scholarly practice paper, we critically examined if and how engineeringstudents in a first-year design course internalized their professional identity as engineers whowere engaged in their communities. We describe the course, which used human-centered designprojects as a mechanism to partner with community organizations. Based on a thematic analysisof three reflective essays (n = 105) for each student (n = 35), we found four distinct patternsrelated to identity development in relation to community engagement. We

Conference Session

Software Engineering Division (SWED) Technical Session #3

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Bruce R Maxim, University of Michigan, Dearborn; Bency Thomas, University of Michigan, Dearborn; Belen A Garcia, University of Michigan, Dearborn

Tagged Divisions

Software Engineering Division (SWED)

presentations.Peer evaluation is a collaborative learning strategy that asks students to reflect on contributionsmade by colleagues on group work. Peer evaluation encourages students to critically examine thework of peers and reflect on the quality of the work. It often involves the use of a detailed rubricor checklist as a guide [17]. Peer evaluation is an important strategy to keep student teammembers honest about their contributions to team deliverables. Students on project teams in ourcourses evaluate the contributions made by each team member when submitting a milestonedocument or a software prototype.Authentic AssessmentIt is difficult to use traditional paper or digital tests in hybrid classes containing both in-personand online students. Authentic

Conference Session

Environmental Engineering Division Technical Session 1

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Veera Gnaneswar Gude P.E., Mississippi State University

Tagged Divisions

Environmental Engineering

and thinking through writing. Exploratory writing exercise involved atopical discussion of stormwater treatment process. A formal writing exercise was given in theform of a stormwater pollution prevention plan (SWPPP) assignment which included a peer–review session prior to final grading. A reflective writing exercise was included to summarizelearning experiences through classroom and writing activities throughout the semester to identifyareas of strengths and weaknesses and accomplishments and pitfalls and areas/topics for futuredevelopment.Student learning experiences and the effectiveness of writing exercises were discussed. Thebenefits of writing exercises were evaluated through the ABET outcomes and a survey andevaluation of students

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Julie P Martin, Clemson University; Shannon K Stefl, Clemson University; Amy Slaton, Drexel University (Eng. & Eng. Tech.)

Tagged Topics

Diversity, NSF Grantees Poster Session

at Clemson University, sought to support an open and iterativecollective effort: To bring the voices of those concerned with such study into a systematic andproductive encounter.Part of this project centered on the selection of participants eager to reflect on the directions theirresearch had taken and might take in the future, and to assure that a wide range of student andfaculty subject-populations would be represented in our conversation. A focus on intersectionalanalyses, stressing the shifting and contingent nature of identity, meant that participants wouldbe asked to consider the most fundamental features of their work and the conditions of“diversity” study and publication. We selected participants who seemed excited about

Conference Session

New Trends in ECE Education I

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

J. Craig Prather, Auburn University; Haley Kay Harrell, Auburn University; Lesley Erin Bartlett, Auburn University; Stuart M. Wentworth, Auburn University

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

department’s undergraduate Program Director and Chair of its Curriculum and Assessment Committee. c American Society for Engineering Education, 2016 Enhanced Radio Lab Experience Using ePortfoliosAbstractHistorically, the technical writing portion of our electrical engineering program’s required corecourse RF Systems Laboratory has been fulfilled using bi-weekly memos. Now, however, the labutilizes eportfolios to fulfill the technical writing requirement. The primary goal of the decisionto switch from memos to eportfolios was to improve the learning outcomes of the students byencouraging them to use reflective writing to reinforce what they learned in the lab. Additionally,the eportfolio format allows

Conference Session

International Division Technical Session 7

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Bhavna Hariharan, Stanford University; Sneha Ayyagari, Stanford University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

International

c American Society for Engineering Education, 2015 Quantifying and Qualifying the Preparedness of Engineering Students Collaborating with Underserved Communities InternationallyAbstract:Increasing globalization and technological innovations have redefined the role ofengineers in working towards sustainable development. This is reflected in the creationand adoption of ABET Engineering Criteria 2000 which included six professional skillsto prepare engineers who were more aware of how their profession, products and servicesare embedded in the larger global, socio-economic and political context. The question ofhow to measure and evaluate preparedness of engineering students to meet theserequirements remains an open question.This

Conference Session

Faculty Development Technical Paper Session

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Angelica Burbano, Universidad Icesi; Katherine Ortegon, Universidad Icesi; Silvia Guzman; Henry Arley Taquez Quenguan, Universidad Icesi

Tagged Divisions

Faculty Development Constituent Committee

reflect not onlyon the instructional design of their courses but also on opportunities for self-improvement. Second,it will aid department heads in identifying areas in which to focus faculty development efforts. AtUniversidad Icesi, these results have led to changes in the School of Engineering at both the schooland departmental levels. Finally, a proposal for a preliminary plan for faculty development ispresented. Presentation method: traditional lecture.BACKGROUND AND SUPPORTING LITERATUREConcepts about active learningThere exists extensive literature dedicated to the concept of active learning (AL). Some authorshave described AL based on its characteristics [1] while others have made more specificdefinitions, describing it alternately as a

Conference Session

Engineering Management Applications

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Gene Dixon, East Carolina University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Economy, Engineering Management, Industrial Engineering

projects, teams and teamwork and reflective writing, this university will teachleadership identity development along with the knowledge, skills and abilities required of thenext generation of engineering leaders.IntroductionKouzes and Posner1 suggest that leadership is “everyone’s business”. East Carolina University(ECU) has committed to distinguishing itself by taking a unified institutional approach topreparing leaders. The ECU has identified itself as “The Leadership University” in its strategicposition and its marketing. As part of this position, the university seeks to define studentlearning outcomes related to leadership development in a way that is straightforward andadaptive while allowing academic units the flexibility to identify and

Conference Session

NSF Grantees’ Poster Session

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Lorraine Kisselburgh, Purdue University; Carla B. Zoltowski, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Jonathan Beever, Penn State University; Justin L. Hess, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Andrew James Iliadis; Andrew O. Brightman, Purdue University

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Tagged Divisions

Division Experimentation & Lab-Oriented Studies

abilities are lesssatisfied with their ethics education might seem obvious to many experienced engineering ethicseducators, the reality that this finding reflects a national situation after significant large-scaleefforts to improve engineering ethics education over the past 20 years calls for focused attentionand a significant shift in pedagogy. Our research team, consisting of scholars from Engineering(Biomedical, Electrical, Materials, and Engineering Education), Communication, andPhilosophy, has taken on this national education challenge in engineering ethics.The following additional observations come from recent literature on engineering ethicseducation: 1. There is a growing call for ethics training across engineering disciplines from

Conference Session

Socio-cultural Elements of Learning through Service

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Carla B. Zoltowski, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Antonette T. Cummings P.E., Purdue University; William C. Oakes, Purdue University, West Lafayette

Tagged Divisions

Community Engagement Division

student reflections and course evaluations. In addition, it describes how thesefindings can inform this program specifically, as well as other courses and programs using aservice-learning pedagogy, especially those that engage in design.IntroductionThe past several years have seen a dramatic increase in community engagement activities inengineering education, as evidenced by the record breaking creation of the CommunityEngagement Division of ASEE. However, as the number of community engagement effortsincrease, it is important to understand the impact of community engagement experiences toinform best practices and to ensure that the efforts are positively benefitting all of thestakeholders. Although our program, EPICS, is a well-established

Conference Session

High School Students Thinking and Performance

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Tamecia R. Jones, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Monica E. Cardella, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Senay Purzer, Purdue University, West Lafayette

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

investigations 8 andsince students can use science journals that hold notes from all previous courses instructors canspend more time on other important aspects of the lesson because students can quickly find pastnotes and return to prior knowledge 9.DesignDesigners spread their work over both physical and digital artifacts, and project-based designcourses feature interplay between individual ideation and reflection and group brainstorming,discussion, and presentation. Two important components of design education are the designnotebook and the studio critique. In the design notebook, students take class notes, sketch, andwrite down design ideas, observations, inspiration and reflections. The studio critique is a form

Conference Session

Materials Division (MATS) Technical Session 2

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Matthew D Goodman, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign; Saadeddine Shehab, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign; Nicholas Robert Pozza; Blake Everett Johnson, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign; jean-charles stinville, University of Illionis Urbana-Champaign

Tagged Divisions

Materials Division (MATS)

of HCD in existing engineering courses.Several research studies included the integration of HCD in existing engineering courses such asmechanical engineering [12] and electrical engineering [13]. The integration was guided by anevidence-based human-centered engineering design (HCED) framework that merges the HCDprocesses with the engineering design processes and lists a set of practices that students canimplement within the context of a design project [11]. These processes are understanding thechallenge, building knowledge, weighing options and making decisions, generating ideas,prototyping, reflecting, and revising/iterating. Research studies indicate that learning about theseprocesses and implementing them in the context of a design

Conference Session

Engineering Leadership Development Division Technical Session

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Christina Restrepo Nazar; Lizabeth L. Thompson, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo; Corin L. Bowen, California State University, Los Angeles; Gustavo B. Menezes, California State University, Los Angeles

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Leadership Development Division (LEAD)

theHighlander Folk School model of reflection and practice (Brian & Elbert, 2005) can supportradical change in systems. Much of the work done in the Eco-STEM project thus far hasemphasized the role of faculty through Faculty Communities of Practice (F-CoP) (Warter-Perezet al., 2022), an inclusive Teaching Repository, a reflective Peer Observation Process and Tool(Bowen et al., 2022b), and a Student Experience Survey that is in the process of development(Eco-STEM). However, in this paper, we describe how leaders, in their leadership capacity aschairs of science and engineering departments, develop an understanding of their role as leadersthrough a lens of power and privilege--both as individuals in the broader context of society (e.g.,mostly white

Conference Session

Multidisciplinary Engineering Division (MULTI) Technical Session 4

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Rania Al-Hammoud, University of Waterloo; Ona Egbue, University of South Carolina, Upstate

Tagged Divisions

Multidisciplinary Engineering Division (MULTI)

and AttitudesAbstractFeedback is a key element in the development of students’ understanding and evolution in theirlearning process. Students receive feedback in so many forms including peer feedback, instructorfeedback and external feedback from employers or other industries. For this feedback to bevaluable, students need to appreciate it, act on it, and consider it as part of the learning process.The literature shows that there is a discrepancy between instructors’ objectives for feedback andstudents’ perception of the effectiveness of feedback to improve learning. Mostly, students tendto focus on grades rather than reflect on the feedback and take actions to improve their learning.Even when instructors give detailed personalized comments

Conference Session

WIP It! Faculty Development Style!

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Lisa Bosman, Purdue University-Main Campus, West Lafayette (College of Engineering); Erin J. McCave, University of Houston; Molly H Goldstein, University of Illinois at Urbana - Champaign; Kelli L. Chelberg, College of Menominee Nation

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Faculty Development Division

virtualsupport systems and learning communities [5-8]. These virtual environments can help addressissues of targeted support, particularly through VWGs. Writing and support groups are nostranger to engineering education [9-11], and VWGs offer many benefits [12] includingnetworking, accountability, feedback, increased motivation, a sense of belonging, emotionalsupport, and many others.MethodsDue to the nature of the research goals, a collaborative autoethnographic approach [13] wasappropriate. Autoethnography uses self-reflection and writing to understand and exploreanecdotal and personal experiences which we hoped would allow for a deeper connection acrossour individual stories as well as contribute to a wider understanding of individual

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Louis Everett, University of Texas-El Paso; Arunkumar Pennathur, University of Texas-El Paso

integrates aniterative process of reflective teaching and learning. Specifically, the focus is onliteracy, discourse, and metacognition with content focused on principles such ascounter-intuition and model elicitation.The successful NSF sponsored Phase 1 project (DUE-0411320) focused onstudent attitudes, study habits and in-class activities. Faculty were involvedprimarily as curriculum developers and guides. When considering a transition toPhase 2, emphasis was placed on faculty attitudes, teaching habits and reflectionin an attempt to elicit desired student behaviors. The faculty and students aremodeled as interrelated components in a learning system in which they bothreflect on engineering content and the pedagogy for delivering the content in

Conference Session

Institutional and Curricular Reform

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Arunkumar Pennathur, University of Texas-El Paso; Louis Everett, University of Texas-El Paso

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

including students, faculty, and other stake-holderssuch as employers, the tools used in the learning enterprise including traditional and moderntechnology tools, and the environment for learning. Using the framework presented, variablesassociated with the task, the players, the tools, and the environment can be visualized andanalyzed in 3-dimensional space using multidimensional scaling and neural network methods.One aspect of the framework, reflections from an engineering faculty member, is analyzed todemonstrate how strategic planning can be facilitated through assessment and analysis with theframework.1. Model for strategic assessment planningAdapted from the Task, Operator, Machine, Environment (TOME) framework from the humanfactors

Collection

2018 ASEE Zone IV Conference

Authors

Nebojsa I Jaksic P.E., Colorado State University, Pueblo; Trung H Duong, Colorado State University, Pueblo

robotwas used for about 25 years to teach undergraduate engineering students robotics concepts andapplications. Originally, the robot’s controller was connected via a 9-pin serial port to an Intel8088-based PC. The PC communicated with the robot via Q-Basic programming language runningunder the Disk Operating System (DOS). One group of students was exposed to two phases ofdevelopment, DosBox and MATLAB environments running in Windows 7 64-bit. Students’attitudes and perceptions surveys, students’ self-reflections statements, and individual studentinterviews, strongly indicated that the old robot with an upgraded computer environment is still acapable tool in developing industrial robotics programming skills.IntroductionIndustrial robots are an

Conference Session

Electrical and Computer Division Technical Session 4

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sara Kaye Jones, Iowa State University; Mani Mina, Iowa State University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

competency are reflected in curricular and student activities. His interests also include Design and Engineering, the human side of engineering, new ways of teaching engineering in particular Electromagnetism and other classes that are mathematically driven. His research and activities also include on avenues to connect Product Design and Engineering Education in a synergetic way. c American Society for Engineering Education, 2018 Designing a curriculum that helps students create connected narratives in electrical engineeringIntroductionThis paper proposes a framework for helping students construct conceptual narrative arcsthroughout a traditional Electrical Engineering

Conference Session

Student Division Technical Session 4

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kalen Kahn, U.S. Military Academy; Brian J. Novoselich, U.S. Military Academy

Tagged Divisions

Student

Military Academy. The lead authorundertook this study during the summer between his second and third year of undergraduatemechanical engineering education. This study of student development arose midway through thecourse of the independent design project, during a meeting between the lead author and the advisor.The advisor suggested that the author’s rich expression of individual development should berecorded and reflected upon. Chief among this theme of individual development was the author’sfrustration with the gap between his performance, his ability, and his ambitions. His academicperformance had yielded a top 40% ranking among his peers, while his tested academic aptitudewas within the top 3%. Research in Engineering Education has

Conference Session

Mathematics Division Technical Session 1

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Rebecca Bourn, University of Wisconsin - Milwaukee; Sarah Baxter, University of St. Thomas

Tagged Divisions

Mathematics

Calculus, which most certainly covers this topic, but the problem“feels” different to students in the later course because the notation and setting have changed andthe purpose is specific to statistics rather than the more abstract concepts of the area of a two-dimensional region and anti-derivatives.Previous WorkIn recent years the authors have been exploring ways to reframe course assignments to provide agreater variety of application and visualization avenues to enhance critical thinking and promptstudent reflection. The objective is to provide multiple levels of connections that promotestudents’ cognitive retention. Preliminary work1 presented a methodology for using large scale,Fermi-type estimation problems to try to encourage students to

Conference Session

Curriculum Development in Engineering Leadership

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

David Bayless, Ohio University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Leadership Development Division

students themselves reflected that theapproach presents a more “formulaic” method to leadership compared to similar offerings theyhad received. They noted that while the approach is not truly algorithmic, it has aspects that areallow more logical thinkers to implement while developing the soft skills needed to be effectiveleaders. This paper will explore both the reasons for the student’s conclusions and how otherprograms could adapt this approach in a variety of leadership development situations.IntroductionThe approach described in this paper towards engineering leadership development is a single-semester class experience for selected student leaders, all with significant previous leadershipexperiences. Therefore, while the information presented