Conference Session

Ethical and Global Concerns

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Ellen Lynch, Australian National University; Jeremy Ingle Smith, Australian National University

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education/Engineering & Society

education in Australia, enabling strategic andsustainable collaborations and partnerships, ventures and initiatives. This attitude of opportunity-seeking and openness allowed an equal space for any organisation, individual or university tocontribute. In the education sector, academics at many universities have worked very closely,generating enhanced learning opportunities for students and consortium funding. The collegialspirit fostered by EWB-A helped to create cohesion in a uniform development of HumEng andallowed continued and supported growth.NCP fundingNew Colombo Plan (NCP) Mobility Grant funding from the Australian Government is a keyenabler of overseas programs such as the Design Summits. The NCP supports Australianundergraduate students to

Conference Session

Mechanical Engineering Technical Session: Capstone and Design

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Stephen Andrew Wilkerson P.E., York College of Pennsylvania; Stephen Andrew Gadsden, University of Guelph; Kala Meah, York College of Pennsylvania; Donald Jerome Hake II, York College of Pennsylvania

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

. The Series 8345 Prime-Focus be remotely controlled. Main Antenna The faculty underestimated the complexity and scope of the project and thought this could be accomplished within a year. This turned out not to be the case for this capstone. This year-long course begins in the summer semester, usually the research and design portion of the project, and finishes in the spring semester during the build and test portion of the project. A fall Co-op semester separates the two semesters. Typical capstone design projects require that the students research their project, plan and design an appropriate solution, and then in the spring semester build and refine the

Conference Session

NSF Grantees: Student Development

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Eduardo Santillan-Jimenez, University of Kentucky; Qing Duan, University of Cincinnati; Jacinda K. Dariotis, University of Cincinnati; Mark Crocker, University Kentucky

Tagged Topics

Diversity, NSF Grantees Poster Session

trainees will register for this seminar course, which will be co-taught by the corefaculty and by guest speakers with expertise in different areas and which will be open to allSTEM graduate students. Training will be offered for the development of each skill both duringthe seminar and beyond (through practical training in subsequent years); however, beyond theseminar course trainees will only be required to participate in a manageable number of activitiesmost directly relevant to their individual development plan (vide infra).Completing the interdisciplinary and seminar courses described above will give students 6 of the12 credit hours needed to attain a topical certificate established through this NRT. Trainees willearn the other 6 credits by

Conference Session

Multidisciplinary Service and Outreach Projects

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Pilar Pazos, Old Dominion University; Francisco Cima, Old Dominion University ; Jennifer Jill Kidd, Old Dominion University; Stacie I. Ringleb, Old Dominion University; Orlando M. Ayala, Old Dominion University; Kristie Gutierrez, Old Dominion University; Krishnanand Kaipa, Old Dominion University

Tagged Divisions

Multidisciplinary Engineering

Paper ID #29513Enhancing teamwork skills through an engineering service learningcollaborationDr. Pilar Pazos, Old Dominion University Pilar Pazos is an Associate Professor in the Department of Engineering Management and Systems Engi- neering at Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, USA. Her main areas of research interest are collabo- rative work-structures, virtual teams and team decision-making and performance.Mr. Francisco Cima, Old Dominion University Francisco Cima is a PhD student of Engineering Management and Systems Engineering at Old Dominion University. He obtained his Masters in Business Planning and Regional

Conference Session

New Directions for ET

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Michael Shenoda, State University of New York

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

Fall 2019, as well as performance inofferings of the same estimating course before OER implementation.BackgroundConstruction Management involves the study of courses in areas of practice such as plan readingand production, cost estimating, safety, scheduling, and project management. Students are oftenrequired to purchase textbooks, equipment, and software for these courses at great expense. Theauthor has previously considered [1] the high level of expenses for engineering and technology,in general, and Construction Management, in particular, and the high rate of increase in the costof these over time through a number of sources. These included costs of over $300 for individualtextbooks [2] and over $1200 a year [3], and a rate of increase of

Conference Session

First-year Programs: Student Perceptions and Perspectives

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Matthew B. James, Virginia Tech; Homero Murzi, Virginia Tech; Jason Forsyth, James Madison University; Lilianny Virguez, University of Florida; Pamela L. Dickrell, University of Florida

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

and a tool to defineacademic curricula due to the lack of a comprehensive definition of it. The model provides acomprehensive overview of educational environments and considers not only the internal factorsthat influence a particular curriculum or program, but also several external stakeholders that havean impact on them. This model has been used previously in research about courses, degreeprograms, colleges and even institutions as a whole [16]–[22]. The academic plan modelrecognizes the importance of multiple internal and external key stakeholders and their rolesinfluencing decision-making processes. The academic plan model provides a holistic approach tohow we analyze students’ perceptions of one of the most important external influences

Conference Session

Computing and Information Technology Division Technical Session 8

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Afsaneh Minaie, Utah Valley University; Reza Sanati-Mehrizy, Utah Valley University; Janis P. Raje

Tagged Divisions

Computing and Information Technology

responsiblefor conducting selection of scholarship recipients, ensuring that recipients understood theirobligations to the program, assigning mentors, meeting with students regularly, and monitoringtheir progress. LEAP Scholar Selection CriteriaStudents were selected based on the following criteria: 1) U.S. Citizen or Permanent Resident. 2) Must be admitted in a four-year Computer Science program at UVU or a two-year Pre- Engineering program at UVU with the plan to transfer into an Engineering four-year program. 3) Demonstration of financial need in accordance with the U.S. Department of Education rules for Federal financial aid. 4) Full-time student majoring in Computer Science, Computer Engineering, Software

Conference Session

Online and Professional Graduate Programs

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Bharani Nagarathnam, Texas A&M University; Frederick Barry Lawrence, Texas A&M University

Tagged Divisions

Graduate Studies

for Engineering Education, 2020 Global Business Management Education to Industry Professionals: A Decade of Experiences from a Professional Graduate ProgramAbstract This paper outlines ten years of experience in designing, teaching, planning, andexecuting a graduate class on global distribution for working professionals in a professionalgraduate program. The course involves a one-week international trip. The paper outlines theimmersive learning experiences such as (1) applied content (2) live case studies with companiesin a foreign location (3) one-week trip to a foreign location (4) executive panel discussions, and(5) industry experiences through videos, interviews, and podcasts

Conference Session

Minorities in Engineering Division Technical Session 1

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Dianne Grayce Hendricks, University of Washington; Anat Caspi P.E., The Taskar Center for Accessible Technology; Heather A. Feldner, University of Washington; Molly Y. Mollica, University of Washington; Shawn M. Rundell, University of Washington; George Zatloka, Design Research Consultant; Jennifer Mankoff, University of Washington; Katherine M. Steele, University of Washington

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Minorities in Engineering

needs within realistic constraints 5. Describe introductory concepts of disability studies and how they relate to engineering practice 6. Engage in and evaluate the co‐design process with community members with disabilities 7. Identify the principles of inclusive design and how they benefit diverse communities 8. Devise an action plan to promote inclusivity and accessibility in engineering practiceCourse topics include: (1) disability studies, (2) universal design, (3) participatory design, (4) thehuman centered design process, and (5) prototyping. (See Table I describing course content andsyllabus in Appendix A.) Table I. HuskyADAPT Accessible Design Course Topics and Assignments Topic

Conference Session

Student Division Technical Session 4

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Alyssa Travitz, University of Michigan; Ayse Muniz, The University of Michigan; Joanne Kay Beckwith, University of Michigan; Rose K. Cersonsky, University of Michigan

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Student

areprovided novel lesson plans and materials for two hands-on activities that can be used in their K-12 classrooms. Graduate students from eleven engineering and science departments collaborate todevelop these materials and ensure they meet the Next Generation Science Standards (NGSS).Teachers earn continuing education credits for attending. REACT is an opportunity not only forteachers to learn about the cutting-edge research happening at University of Michigan, but alsoserves as a professional development tool for graduate students, giving them the opportunity towork on science communication skills as well as participate in curricula development. Theprogram has also developed a unique funding model, where university professors and departmentssponsor

Conference Session

Information Literacy in First-year Courses and Co-curricular Experiences

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Catherine Woodworth Wong, Merrimack College; Cynthia Helen Carlson P.E., Merrimack College

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Libraries

Sample quotes from “If you plan to start or expand your mindfulness practice, what ways will you use to do so?” 1: Not at 1 2%  I don’t have any plans to start mindfulness all 2 9 16%  Breathing, going on walks, taking one thing at a time, etc.  Utilize awareness more often  Sitting down and observing closing my eyes  Exercise more 3 25 43%  I’ll probably start doing the breathing exercises we did in class because they helped me clear my mind  Tell my roommates

Conference Session

Alternatives to Traditional Assessment

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Lauren Singelmann, North Dakota State University; Enrique Alvarez Vazquez, North Dakota State University; Ellen M. Swartz, North Dakota State University; Mary Pearson, North Dakota State University; Ryan Striker P.E., North Dakota State University

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

Paper ID #30835Student-Developed Learning Objectives: A Form of Assessment to EnableProfessional GrowthMs. Lauren Singelmann, North Dakota State University Lauren Singelmann is a Masters Student in Electrical and Computer Engineering at North Dakota State University. Her research interests are innovation-based-learning, educational data mining, and K-12 Out- reach. She works for the NDSU College of Engineering as the K-12 Outreach Coordinator where she plans and organizes outreach activities and camps for students in the Fargo-Moorhead area.Mr. Enrique Alvarez Vazquez, North Dakota State University Experienced Systems

Conference Session

Industrial Collaborations and Applications

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jason Durfee, Eastern Washington University; William Loendorf, Eastern Washington University; Donald Richter, Eastern Washington University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

and facilities unavailable at these industries and byproviding research and analysis that these companies may not have had time to complete. Afaculty member supervised each student to ensure the quality and completion of the research.Students dealt directly with an individual at the company in order to understand the work to bedone and how the results were to be presented.By utilizing real problems from industry the continuation of this program provides a mutualbenefit to students, the Department, the University, and local industry. The University issupporting this initiative by providing resources through a Strategic Planning Grant to implementadditional projects across the different major programs of the Department (MET, CET, EE

Conference Session

Multidisciplinary Curriculum Innovation

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ronald Kander, James Madison University

Tagged Divisions

Multidisciplinary Engineering

and, if feasible, to propose a type of program that will meetcurrent and future workplace needs for more qualified engineers, contribute to the overallacademic offerings of the university and the state, and attract additional qualified studentsinterested in science, technology, engineering, and math to the university.The task force established an aggressive timeline (Table 1) that took the group from concept toimplementation in little more than two years. In that time period, many external and internalsources of information were reviewed and considered in the design of the new program. Page 13.262.2 Table 1: Program Planning and

Conference Session

Diversity and K-12 Issues

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Joseph Fuehne, Purdue University-Columbus

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

organizations as diverse ascommunity foundations, economic development boards, companies and neighborhoodassociations totaling nearly $40,000. With all the grants, the funds were used to purchaseLEGO™ equipment, LEGO™ software and LEGO™ curriculum plans. In some cases, thisequipment has been used to promote the Purdue College of Technology through elementaryschool science nights, summer camps and career fairs.This paper will detail the strategy to obtain the grants and the specifics of how they were used.Additionally, the overall outreach strategy has led to the Purdue College of Technology inColumbus hosting a qualifying tournament of the First Lego League for the first time in 2006.The second tournament in 2007 saw a two-fold increase in the number

Conference Session

CAD/CAM in Manufacturing Education

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Paul Nutter, Ohio Northern University

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

manufacturers (OEMs) and suppliers, along with amajor defense-industry company. This paper and presentation includes examples of simulationsand the results of the students’ analysis of the operations.The simulation applications used in these industrial projects include robotic workcell processing,assembly sequencing, ergonomics analysis, and discrete event materials/process flow studies.This curriculum has also provided an opportunity for integration of several technologies andmanufacturing management aspects into application-based environments, including 3-D CADmodelling, robotics, and production system design. Students gain skills and experience inteamwork, project planning, problem solving, and formal multi-media presentations in

Conference Session

Emerging Issues in Engineering Education Research and Pedagogy

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Elizabeth Cady, National Academy of Engineering; Norman Fortenberry, National Academy of Engineering

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

learn ratherthan what their professors teach. In addition, EC 2000 stressed that individual institutions shouldcontinue to improve their programs based on their own internal goals.In 2004, the National Academy of Engineering released a report envisioning how the engineeringprofession would change by the year 2020 8. It was followed in 2005 by another Academy reporton how to best educate these future engineers. Among other recommendations, this reportsuggested that higher education institutions should encourage their engineering faculty membersto conduct research in engineering education 9. In light of this plan, and in an effort to evaluatesome progress in engineering education research, the NSF funding patterns for engineeringeducation

Conference Session

The Best of Design in Engineering Education

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Stephen Laguette, University of California-Santa Barbara

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

, hands-on experience, and integrates analytical and designskills acquired in the companion ME courses. The course objectives are (1) designproblem solving, creative thinking, project planning and teamwork through a challengingdesign and build project; (2) to provide experience in fundamental engineering reportingand communication including project plans, design reviews, and project reports. ACapstone Design program has now been developed and has become an integral andimportant component of the mechanical engineering curriculum. This program nowallows the students to address more significant and practical design projects.The ME Capstone Design Program added an Industry Partner Program for the 2005/06student projects. This program was successfully

Conference Session

Assessment of Engineering Technology Programs

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Esteban Rodriguez-Marek, Eastern Washington University; Min-Sung Koh, Eastern Washington University; Claudio Talarico, Eastern Washington University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

any threshold, measurement or “number” attached to the criteria.Although at first instance this appears vague and loosely thought out, ABET purposely leavesenough space for programs to demonstrate creativity in their assessment methodology. Page 13.326.3Moreover, the necessity of including a continuous improvement component is made clear in nouncertain terms. Class assessment is only one component in the continuous improvement plan,but it is an important one, and is the only one addressed in this paper. More specifically, theintent is to operationalize the ABET criteria. In other words, variables are identified that allowexpressing

Conference Session

Capstone Design & Project Courses

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

William Waldron, Grand Valley State University; Pramod Chaphalkar, Grand Valley State University; Shabbir Choudhuri, Grand Valley State University; John Farris, Grand Valley State University

Tagged Divisions

Multidisciplinary Engineering

provided by National Science Grant No. 0234478, Principle Investigators: Lucy King and Tony Lin, Kettering UniversityThis paper describes the preparations and early experiences of the students. Preparations includedeveloping the projects for the teams, the integration structure, methods for monitoring theintegrated and non-integrated teams, and plans to provide outsourcing and assessment. Thesuccesses as well as what could be improved will be reviewed at the end of the project to helpmachine design, product design, and manufacturing students make the transition fromcomponent design and fabrication to concurrent design and manufacture of mechanical systems.Previous WorkIn Phase I during the 2006 winter semester, two sections of EGR 409 (Machine

Conference Session

Sustainable Engineering

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Eric Beckman, University of Pittsburgh; Mary Besterfield-Sacre, University of Pittsburgh; Gena Kovalcik, University of Pittsburgh; Matthew Mehalik, University of Pittsburgh; Robert Ries, University of Pittsburgh; Kim Needy, University of Pittsburgh; Laura Schaefer, University of Pittsburgh; Larry Shuman, University of Pittsburgh

Tagged Divisions

Environmental Engineering

educational and research program in sustainability. This program hasnumerous sources of funding, including the National Science Foundation’s Integrative GraduateEducation and Research Traineeship Program (IGERT) and International Research Experiencesfor Students Program (IRES), the US Department of Education’s Graduate Assistance in Areasof National Need (GAANN), and the National Collegiate Inventors and Innovators Alliances(NCIIA) as well as private foundations. We present our plan to create an innovative sustainableengineering program, with primary research foci in green construction and sustainable water use.This interdisciplinary initiative involves faculty and students from across the University ofPittsburgh. To best address global concerns, we

Conference Session

Environmental Engineering Curricula

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Bruce Berdanier, Ohio Northern University

Tagged Divisions

Environmental Engineering

relation between the poverty in Haiti and the public discoursein the US and that today’s overwhelming environmental problems in Haiti have been caused bythe historical application of various governments’ economic development plans over the past twohundred years: “……. no singular solutions to the root causes of poverty identified by academics can come from the general discourse, without being related to the problem. This point is stated best by Paul Farmer 4:"But depicting Haiti as divorced from "the outside world" turns out to be a feat of Herculean oversight, given that Haiti is the creation of expansionist European empires - a quintessentially Western entity. “Although the CIA World Factbook5 currently lists annual

Conference Session

Teaching Innovation in Architectural Engineering I

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Christine Theodoropoulos, University of Oregon

Tagged Divisions

Architectural

the support of FEMA,funded the development of a number of modules of a slide show directed toarchitects, predominantly related to the FEMA publications on the NEHRPProvisions for New Buildings and the publication on the Seismic Rehabilitation ofExisting Buildings. These presentations have been given to a number of AIAcontinuing education classes but have had limited reach into the required curriculain schools of architecture.In 1995, following the great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake, NSF funded a team fromthe American Institute of Architects (AIA), in cooperation with the Japan Instituteof Architects (JIA), to visit Kobe to focus on architecture and planning issues ofreconstruction. Subsequently, in 1996 a joint AIA/JIA workshop was held

Conference Session

EM in a Global Environment

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Michael Bramhall, Sheffield Hallam University; Steve Lawson, Leeds Metropolitan University; Ian Robinson, Sheffield Hallam University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Management

: Page 11.300.2‘...increasingly flexible and truncated careers. Hence graduates have to be more ‘flexible’ intheir attitudes towards work and more ‘adaptive’ in their behaviour in the labour market.They require a broader portfolio of technical, social and personal skills than...wereemphasised in the past.’ 3Therefore, the type of graduates we need to produce are those that are business-aware as wellas possessing the traditional engineering skills. However, the lack of fully efficient linksbetween university and industry means that we don’t always produce the type of graduatesthat industry really requires. And, in fact, we have been slow to respond to its changingrequirements.In many universities, course planning is largely an internally driven

Conference Session

Achieving the Civil Engineering Body of Knowlegde

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

C. Conley, U.S. Military Academy; Decker Hains, U.S. Military Academy; Scott Hamilton, U.S. Military Academy

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

the road to becoming a PE.3. Give outside presentations: Student chapter members make engineering presentations to audiences outside of the college or university. These have included presentations at technical conferences, project briefs to local planning boards, class room presentations to K-12, and presentations about the organization itself to potential sponsors.4. Plan and take field trips: Typical field trips take students on site to see civil engineering related work, projects, businesses or historical sites.5. Plan and hold social functions: This may well be the most popular activity; but often serves as a catch or spring board for a student’s greater involvement, and provides great opportunities for out of class student

Conference Session

Capstone Design and Entrepreneurship

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Gül Okudan, Pennsylvania State University; Jennifer Finelli, Pennsylvania State University; Elizabeth Kisenwether, Pennsylvania State University

Tagged Divisions

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation

aims to shed light to one of the most important aspects of these programs: designprojects, and their handling within the curriculum. The overall goal of the paper is to provideguidance for institutions with similar programs.Assessment Planning and ApplicationWith several years of experience in using project-based learning in the curriculum, and havingadopted the above explained types of projects to teaching and learning, an instrument forassessing the effectiveness of different types of projects was designed and used for this study.The assessment instrument is presented in the Appendix. In this paper we present thepreliminary data set collected using the instrument and its analysis.The last question of the instrument was quantitative, and

Conference Session

FPD7 -- Service Learning

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Michael Thompson, Purdue University; William Oakes, Purdue University

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

commonseminar times and introduced them to Science Bound and the two. The first-year students weretold that they would be working with Science Bound students in two ways.The first way was having the first year students go to the high schools of the Science Boundstudents in Indianapolis. Students were expected to conduct short engineering and scienceprojects which would engage Science Bound students. These projects were designed to less thantwo hours in length. They included projects like building simple structures to support a load,designing or creating a vehicle to support an egg dropping from a height.Students wrote a short proposal on the type of projects that were planned. In addition to theplanned proposal students were required to verbally

Conference Session

Writing and Communication I: Innovative Models for Curriculum and Assessment

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

April Kedrowicz, University of Utah

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education

, and the owners have received asource of funding (approx. $ 0.7 million) and they would like to investigate a businessinvestment that will bring in new profits to the company. The firm is trying to evaluate designand manufacturing of new, exciting products. Students are required to complete an oral andwritten proposal. The oral proposal includes justification of proposed process or product,manufacturing process plan, design changes, economic analysis, equipment, etc. The writtenproposal clearly and comprehensively presents the proposed solution/initiative. This proposaloutlines all necessary technical information on the proposed changes.To prepare students for this task, four lecture sessions are devoted to instruction in oral andwritten

Conference Session

Innovation in Construction Engineering Education II

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Tulio Sulbaran, University of Southern Mississippi; David Marchman, University of Southern Mississippi; Shelton Houston, University of Southern Mississippi

Tagged Divisions

Construction

) Estimating life cycles for roadway departure countermeasures such as rumble stripes. 4) Estimating, scheduling, and safely managing a hazardous materials event. 5) Developing, estimating, scheduling and managing wildlife deterrence plans in high traffic and urban areas. 6) Environmental impact of rumble stripes and/or other run off road (ROR) countermeasures toward noise pollution, pedestrians and bicyclists. 7) Developing “Work Zone” highway safety plans.Characteristics of Rumble Strips and StripesTwo of the countermeasures used to increase roadway safety by deterring roadway departures areRumble Strips and Rumble Stripes. Although in many cases Rumble Strips and Rumble Stripeshave been used interchangeable, they do not have the

Conference Session

Robots and K-12 Computer Applications

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Cheryl D. Seals, Auburn University; Earl B. Smith, Georgia Southern University

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

learning 4.Our plan was to introduce STARS Computer Clubs into all Auburn City Schools. In the first fiveyears of the project, we focused our activities on Auburn Elementary and Middle Schools and inthe upcoming year plan to incorporate Auburn Junior High and High School to provideenrichment activities to get students excited about education. Auburn University’s department ofComputer Science and Software Engineering started computer clubs in the elementary schools atthe 3rd, 4th and 5th grade levels. We studied students in their usage of computing technologyand found that these experiences have a positive effect of getting students excited about learningto utilize new technology, and excited about demonstrating their understanding of