Conference Session

Inter. collaboratory efforts in engr edu

Collection

2002 Annual Conference

Authors

Uriel Cukierman; Jorge Vélez-Arocho; Ciristián Vial; Miguel Torres-Febus; John Spencer; Lueny Morell

, Proceedings of the 2002 American Society for Engineering Education Annual Conference & Exposition Copyright Ó 2002, American Society for Engineering Educationto sponsor workshops at the leading institutions in four of its (5) Latin American countries wherethe company is establishing their strategic academic alliances (Argentina, Chile, Brazil, andMexico).The WorkshopsThe Learning Factory Workshops (Figure 2) go throughthe steps that helped MEEP develop this program: fromestablishing educational objectives to planning(resources, timetable, responsibilities) to curriculumdevelopment (courses, integrated laboratory facilities,industry collaboration), and finally to outcomesassessment (designing the assessment strategy

Conference Session

Student Teams and Active Learning

Collection

2002 Annual Conference

Authors

Kathleen Pearle; Gary Dainton; Christine Johnston; David Hutto; Kathryn Hollar; Eric Constans; Jennifer Kadlowec; Joseph Orlins; Kauser Jahan; Roberta Harvey; Bernard Pietrucha; Paris von Lockette; Linda Head; Stephanie Farrell; Douglas Cleary

Sophomore Clinic faculty worked with educationalresearchers at Rowan University’s Center for the Advancement of Learning to strengthen teameffectiveness by building teams based on learning. The underlying assumption of our plan tocreate learner-based teams was this: team members’ need to understand themselves and otherswas fundamental to successful teaming. Johnston’s Interactive Learning Model7 (ILM) waschosen for the study. It is a brain-based learning model, which uses a reporting instrument, orLearning Combination Inventory 8 (LCI) and a process (the Let Me Learn Processâ) to frame andfacilitate individual and group learning. The theoretical basis of the ILM is a set of constructsestablishing cognition, conation, and affectation as the

Collection

2001 Annual Conference

Authors

Dan Budny

once a week• Effectively plan appropriate activities designed to meet the specific needs of the first year engineering student.• Must take initiative with regard to programming for seminar, as well as office specific record keeping and data base management• Work closely with freshman advisors in disseminating registration and scheduling information to all first year students• Hold at least 2 hours of office hours in the Engineering Student Services Center each week• Work with the faculty for ENGR0011 and assure each student makes their oral presentationMentor Job RequirementsObviously the main requirement of the mentor is to facilitate their seminar section, howeverthere are also a number of responsibilities, requirements

Collection

2001 Annual Conference

Authors

Constantin Chassapis; Kishore Pochiraju; Sven Esche

wholeeducational experience is the fostering of independent entrepreneurship through Technogenesis, acornerstone of the institute’s strategic plan. Technogenesis is the educational frontier at SITwherein faculty, students, and colleagues from industry jointly nurture the process of conception,design, and marketplace realization of technology.The scope and complexity of the planned curriculum developments to address the above requirecareful planning of assessment procedures to ensure the educational integrity of the resultingprogram. Therefore, the School of Engineering (SoE) formed an assessment committee andcharged it with the implementation of outcomes-based assessment by quantitative measurements ofperformance and attitudes throughout a hierarchical

Conference Session

Hardware Applications

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Steven F. Barrett, University of Wyoming; Amos L. Purdy; Cameron H. G. Wright P.E., University of Wyoming

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

develop a series of practical, handson laboratory exercises to educate students on the fundamentals of PLC application design andimplementation. In conjunction with development of laboratory courseware, an IndustrialControl Laboratory was developed and equipped with state-of-the-art PLC and controlinstrumentation and test equipment. This paper discusses the development and content of the laboratory exercises andphysical laboratory. We have now taught this course twice and have gathered studentperceptions on the quality and utility of the Industrial Control course. Students have requestedadditional emphasis in this area. We conclude the paper with plans for future courseenhancements.Overview The Electrical and Computer Engineering

Conference Session

Innovative Methods to Teach Engineering to URMs

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Showkat Chowdhury, Alabama A&M University; Mohamed A. Seif, Alabama A&M University

Tagged Divisions

Minorities in Engineering

. Thestudents are involved in the design, construction, testing, launching, and recovery of a reusablerocket with a scientific payload. The activities involve diverse aspects such as planning andscheduling, purchasing, performing calculations and analysis, coordinating logistics, and designreviews. They are mentored by faculty advisors. Alabama A&M University rocketry team is oneof the 20 teams selected by NASA nationwide under the University Student Launch Initiative(USLI) program, and financially supported by the Alabama Space Grant Consortium. Studentsfrom mechanical, electrical & civil engineering and technology departments, mostlyunderrepresented minority, are involved in this exciting project. Successful launch and recoveryof the rocket

Conference Session

Two-Year College Special Topics Potpourri

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jianping Yue, Essex County College

Tagged Divisions

Two Year College Division

developmental math classesalready provide a tutorial session in addition to the lectures. However, it is only a one-hour openlab. Students go to the lab at their convenient time to get help from tutors. The tutorial lab showson the course schedule with one credit hour, but it is not recorded on the transcript for any credit.As a result, some students opt not to go to the lab. Compared to regular developmental mathclasses, the SBP math classes provide students with these advantages: a) attending the recitationsession regularly as a cohort; b) getting immediate feedback on their work and proper guidancefrom the instructor who can readjust his/her teaching plans according to students’ mastery andprogress; c) getting tutoring assistance from experienced

Conference Session

Introducing Sustainability into Engineering Education

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jean D. MacRae, University of Maine

Tagged Divisions

Environmental Engineering

systems while being acceptable to affected human populations.It is particularly important to develop a clearer and more comprehensive concept of sustainabilitybecause physical evidence and modeling suggest we are approaching a number of limits whichcould compromise global life support systems (for example see ref. 4). To manage and lessen theimpacts of change, we will all have to be more mindful of the constraints imposed by theenvironment and society as well as the economy on our actions, plans and designs. The need forengineers to address this issue was underlined when the National Academy of Engineeringidentified 14 Grand Challenges facing society. The report states: “Foremost among thechallenges are those that must be met to ensure the future

Conference Session

Automation Subjects in Manufacturing Education

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Richard Chiou, Drexel University; Yalcin Ertekin, Drexel University, Engineering Technology; Michael G Mauk P.E., Drexel University; Robin Kizirian, Drexel University

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

process parameters, and optimize the CNCmachining process.BackgroundIn the United States, undergraduate curricula in Engineering Technology (ET),Mechanical Engineering, Industrial, or Manufacturing Engineering generally include acourse in Computer Numerical Control (CNC). The course syllabus comprises topicsmainly on machining and CNC. At Drexel University (DU), all the students in theEngineering Technology Program learn the basics of machining, Computer Aided Designand Manufacturing (CAD/CAM), dimensioning and tolerancing, and statistical processmeasurement in a CNC course. In machining process planning, selection of machine toolsand process tolerances is critical as they directly affect the part quality and the machiningtime. An optimum process

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

William David Schlecht, Washington State University; Bernard J. Van Wie, Washington State University; Paul B. Golter, Washington State University; Robert F. Richards, Washington State University; Jennifer C. Adam, Washington State University; Ashley Ater Kranov, Washington State University; Marc Compere, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, Daytona Beach; Edwin Maurer P.E., Santa Clara University; Denny C. Davis, Washington State University; Olusola O. Adesope, Washington State University, Pullman; Joseph D. Law, University of Idaho, Moscow; Gary Robert Brown, AAC&U; Prashanta Dutta, Washington State University; David B. Thiessen, Washington State University; Baba Abdul, Washington State University

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees

student experience and concept mastery and have repeatedly shown over 80%student satisfaction and conceptual gains.Moving ForwardThe remainder of this paper talks about current and future work furthering the CHAPLpedagogy. This includes dissemination efforts and plans to expand the DLM cartridge library aswell as a shift in CHAPL focus from test to project emphasis.Work with Other InstitutionsDissemination is a primary focus of current and future CHAPL work. True to that intent WSUhas plans to extend DLM/CHAPL implementation to three other programs at the host institutionas well as to four additional institutions within the next 2 years. At home this will includeexpansion to Civil Engineering in the form of a DLM with hydraulics / water

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mary Besterfield-Sacre, University of Pittsburgh; Nur Ozge Ozaltin, University of Pittsburgh; Angela Shartrand, National Collegiate Inventors & Innovators Alliance (NCIIA); Larry J. Shuman, University of Pittsburgh; Phil Weilerstein, VentureWell

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees

contextsusing a clustering algorithm. We collected information on: a) programs and courses in entrepre-neurship that are offered to engineering students, b) where these programs and courses are lo-cated within the university (e.g., engineering or business school, etc.), c) other extracurricularlearning opportunities and resources for entrepreneurship (e.g., incubators, entrepreneurship cen-ters, living learning centers, and business plan competitions), and d) key individuals or groupscatalyzing entrepreneurship education in each context. This paper is the first of our disseminationof the results of this research.2. BackgroundAs stated, engineering schools are being called on to prepare “entrepreneurial engineers” whocan identify opportunities

Conference Session

Rethinking Engineering Writing

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Steven R Walk, Old Dominion University

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education/Engineering & Society

students.This paper provides a brief summary of Learning through Writing pedagogy objectives,methods, and outcomes from the learning methods literature. Samples of reported objectives andclassroom experiences and outcomes in undergraduate science, mathematics, engineering, andtechnology (STEM) curricula are given. This paper presents also the author’s strategy, planning,applications, and results using Learning through Writing in the chosen laboratory. Lessonslearned and continuous improvement objectives and activities are described.IntroductionLearning through Writing (LtW) has become a popular and successful pedagogical advanceapplied across undergraduate curricula and disciplines, including engineering curricula, asnoted in many articles in the

Conference Session

Design Spine

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kevin P. Arnett P.E., U.S. Military Academy; Craig E. Quadrato, U.S. Military Academy

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

especially due to a fixation on a fewof the more attention grabbing aspects of the process. The most definitive and accuratedefinition found for BIM, as defined by the National Building Modeling Standard Committee ofthe National Institute of Building Sciences, is: “ . . . an improved planning, design, construction, operation, and maintenance process using a standardized machine-readable information model for each facility, new or old, which contains all appropriate information created or gathered about that facility in a format usable by all throughout its lifecycle.” (2)Although there are some general terms in the above definition, it does a good job ofspecifying some of the key concepts of BIM. In its essence, a building

Conference Session

Electrical and Computer Poster Session

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

James Graham, University of Louisville; Karla Conn Welch, University of Louisville; Jeffrey Lloyd Hieb, University of Louisville; Shamus McNamara, University of Louisville

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

solutions in a global, economic,environmental, and societal context.”3 Critical thinking also supports the ABET programoutcome “a recognition of the need for, and ability to engage in, life-long learning”3. And finallycritical thinking is an essential component of “the ability to identify, formulate, and solveengineering problems”3. Other schools have reached similar conclusions4.Section two describes the Speed School of Engineering’s response to the i2a initiative, andbriefly describes some of the implementation of that response in fundamental courses common toall engineering students. Section three discusses the Electrical and Computer Engineering (ECE)department’s plans to emphasize critical thinking in the sophomore courses Network Analysis

Conference Session

Global Engineering Education: Cross-cultural Awareness and Social Impacts

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kurt M. DeGoede, Elizabethtown College; Jennifer Kadlowec, Rowan University; Momodou Jain

Tagged Divisions

International

are chosen, but have no real input or ON power.Compliance Tasks are assigned with incentives; outsiders decide FOR agenda and direct the process.Consultation Local opinions are asked; outsiders analyze and decide on FOR/ WITH a course of action.Cooperation Local people work together with outsiders to determine WITH priorities; responsibility remains with outsiders for directing the process.Co-learning Local people and outsiders share their knowledge to create WITH/ BY new understanding and work together plans, to form action with outsider facilitation.Collective Local

Conference Session

Engineering Technology Curriculum Issues

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Chih-Ping Yeh, Wayne State University; Gene Yeau-Jian Liao, Wayne State University; William Stark, Macomb Community College

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

Industry: Employment, Earnings, and Hours, Bureau of Labor Statistics,” September, 2009. www.bls.gov/iag/tgs/iagauto.htm/ . Accessed October 12, 2009.2. Testimony of Brian T. Petty, Chairman, ITAC 2 (Automotive Equipment and Capital Goods) before the Subcommittee on Trade of the Committee on Ways and Means of the US House of Representatives. Hearing on the Trade Advisory Committee System, July 21, 2009. http://waysandmeans.house.gov/media/pdf/111/petty.pdf/. Accessed October 5, 2009.3. The White House, Office of the Press Secretary, “FACT SHEET: The State of the Union: President Obama's Plan to Win the Future,”4. http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2011/01/25/fact-sheet-state-union-president-obamas-plan-win

Conference Session

Community Engagement in Engineering Education: Program Models

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Carrie-Ann Miller LCSW, State University of New York, Stony Brook

Tagged Divisions

Community Engagement Division

assist the local school districts (K-16) teachers and administrators with STEMeducation by providing mentoring, opportunities for real life role models andshadowing opportunities for students. In addition, they do presentations on STEMCareers at the schools, and facilitate teachers in planning and implementing STEMCareer Fairs. They provide technical assistance to our TechPREP and STEM Techclubs.Local School Districts and Community Organizations – the College WISEProgram, TechPREP and STEM Tech have several partners that are communityorganizations. The Girls Scouts, Girls Learn Inc. of Long Island, a communitycenter, libraries, is just some of our partners. Our community partners, such as theGirl Scouts and local school districts, provide

Conference Session

FPD VIII: Crossing Bridges and Easing Transitions into the First Year

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Amber Kemppainen, Michigan Technological University; Gretchen L. Hein, Michigan Technological University; Ruth Archer, Michigan Technological University; Meral Jackson, Michigan Technological University; Mary A. Fraley, Michigan Technological University; Crystal Lynn Payment, Michigan Technological University

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

Implementation Plan for ENG1001/1100 ENG1001 ENG11001) In-Class Module Introduction 1) In-Class Module Introduction (provide students (provide students with specific with specific design goals) (or re-introduction from design goals) ENG1001).2) Student construction/testing of their 2) Student modeling of a portion of their design using designs. 3-D modeling software (NX).3) Student analysis and documentation 3) Student development of a simulation to test their of project test data, both individual physical model using MATLAB. teams and class performance. 4) Student

Conference Session

Methods, Techniques, and New Programs in Graduate Education

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Robert M. Brooks, Temple University; Jyothsna Kavuturu; Mehmet Cetin, Temple University

Tagged Divisions

Graduate Studies

computer firm. Derek's job is in the customer servicearea, and he spends most of his time on the telephone talking with customers having systemsproblems. This requires him to cross reference large amounts of information. It now occurs tohim that by making a few minor alterations in the innovative software system he helped design atthe small computer firm the task of cross referencing can be greatly simplified.On Friday Derek decides he will come in early Monday morning to make the adaptation.However, on Saturday evening he attends a party with two of his old friends, you and HoraceJones. Since it has been some time since you have seen each other, you spend some timediscussing what you have been doing recently. Derek mentions his plan to adapt the

Conference Session

Learning and Assessment I

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Robert G. Ryan, California State University, Northridge

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

alternatives which wereconsidered prior to reaching their proposed design. The presented cost analyses were generally agood first cut, but other simple analyses (e.g. weight estimate for the folding bicycle) werelacking. It seemed that the groups in this course were sometimes lacking the teamwork skills thatall of the groups seemed to show in the freshman course. This is a paradoxical result since ME186 is a prerequisite for ME 286 (although not all students take the prerequisite as planned –more on this later.)On the positive side, the groups came up with creative designs, and in most cases seemed to beenthusiastic about their concepts.ME 386 (Computer-Aided Analysis and Design) is a course which covers finite element analysis(FEA) using SolidWorks

Conference Session

From Entrepreneurship Education to Market

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

William A Kline, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology; Thomas W. Mason, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology; Brian Charles Dougherty, Rose-Hulman Ventures

Tagged Divisions

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation

, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology Tom Mason is Professor Emeritus of economics and engineering management at Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology, where he has been teaching since 1972. He was founding Head of the Engineering Man- agement Department and its M.S. degree program and founding Vice President for Entrepreneurship & Business Planning of Rose-Hulman Ventures and has also served Rose-Hulman as Head of Humanities and Social Sciences, Vice-President for Administration and Finance, Head of Engineering Management, and Interim Vice President for Development. While on a three-year leave from Rose-Hulman, Mason served as CFO and CEO of a 140-person network management systems business. In 2007-08, he used

Conference Session

Topics in Computer Science and Programming

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

James Dean Palmer, Northern Arizona University; Eck Doerry, Northern Arizona University

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

program, we began working with our ACM studentchapter to develop a series of gaming-oriented events we call "Digital Carnivals". Over the pastfive years, these events have been supported by the Computer Science program, the StudentUnion Network, the office of Student Life, and three retention and recruitment grants awarded byNorthern Arizona University (NAU). These events have become an important recruitment toolfor our computer science program, attracting the attention of computer-savvy students fromacross campus. The fact that these events are planned and executed by the ACM club (i.e.,students themselves) has made the carnivals a strong retention mechanism as well: as studentsparticipate in the events they get to know other students in our

Conference Session

Laboratory Innovations

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Awlad Hossain, Eastern Washington University; Hani Serhal Saad, Eastern Washington University; Martin W. Weiser, Eastern Washington University

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

due to a combinationof more difficult mathematics and the use of material parameters that are less intuitive.Therefore, we use a combination of analytical, numerical, and experimental studies to improvethe students’ understanding of this topic. This paper documents development of this integratedheat transfer project and our plans to assess how it influences the students’ understanding oftransient heat transfer.The two projects discussed here vary the surface area and thermal diffusivity of samples to showthat these parameters are important in transient cooling. In the first project, the temperaturedistribution of different objects (or shapes) having the same volume but different surface area areanalyzed and measured. The use of finite element

Conference Session

Evaluation of Teaching Methods for Mechanics Courses

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jacob Preston Moore, Virginia Tech; Robert Scott Pierce, Sweet Briar College; Christopher B. Williams, Virginia Tech

Tagged Divisions

Mechanics

viewers, they are notdirectly useful as advance organizers. Though expert-generated course-wide concept maps aretoo large and unwieldy to be useful advance organizers, they do have potential uses aspedagogical tools.The first potential use of course-wide concept maps is to use the concept map as a lesson orcurriculum planning tool. By mapping all course concepts and their interrelationships, theinstructor gains insights into the order in which information should be presented and can quicklyidentify any conceptual gaps that may be present in their instructional plan. Research has shownthat instructors who were introduced to concept mapping as part of the lesson planning processhave found the strategy helpful and have continued to use the strategy

Conference Session

National and Multi-university Initiatives

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Cynthia C. Fry, Baylor University; Sridhar S. Condoor, Saint Louis University; Timothy J. Kriewall, Kern Family Foundation; Christopher Kitts, Santa Clara University

Tagged Divisions

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation

, Accomplishments against goals for the previous month, Deviations from plans, Critical issues, and Goals for the next month.It is anticipated that this explosively collaborative approach to meeting the goal of instilling theentrepreneurial mindset into undergraduate engineering students will continue to evolve. At thistime there are two more potential dense networks of KEEN institutes that are planning proposalsfor innovative and collaborative work, and multiple additions to the numerous dense webs (moreon this under “Ancillary Activities”).The next crucial step is to assess the effectiveness of this approach to collaboration. Assessmentof the student learning objectives is critical, certainly, but so too is the assessment of how theKEEN

Conference Session

Systems Engineering Education and K-12

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Fernando Garcia Gonzalez, Texas A&M International University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Management, Industrial Engineering, Systems Engineering

sophisticated softwareto perform the autonomous navigation using the sensor inputs. The complexity of the projectnecessitates the involvement of a relatively large group of students working together on differentparts of the system.The Robotics Laboratory at the University of Central Florida has been participating in the annualIGVC competition since 2002. In this project the students learn about most of the engineeringdisciplines that are typically included in a complex robotic project such as software design,computer vision, sensor data interpretation and fusion, robotic motion planning, vehiclenavigation, vehicle design and construction, electric motor control, computer interfaces tovarious components and many others. Naturally this education

Collection

2001 Annual Conference

Authors

Beverly Baartmans; Sheryl Sorby

develop his/her oral and written communica-tion skills for work in the schools, all fellows take a 2-credit course in the fall semester titled“Communicating Science.” In this course the fellows are taught to develop lesson plans and todevelop age-appropriate oral and written materials. Fellows are also familiarized with the nationaland state standards and the Michigan Educational Assessment Program--these are some of thedriving forces behind the course and program changes that teachers request. During the course, Page 6.1031.3the fellows also help deliver Family Science, Family Math, and Family Computing nights at localProceedings of the 2001

Collection

2001 Annual Conference

Authors

Geoffrey Bland; Abhijit Nagchaudhuri

transmitted via onboardtransmitters and has been received on the ground using a receiver and displayed on televisionmonitor. The captured images are currently being analyzed using Multispec1 an image analysispackage developed at Purdue University. A commercially available software package calledERDAS2 will also be used for image analysis in the future. Future plans also includeexperiments/applications in the infrared region as well. The scientific objectives includegenerating information concerning vegetation growth, shoreline erosion, changing land usepatterns and wildlife management. Initial tests are being performed on surfaces that havedistinctly different spectral signatures such that pattern classification can be done with relativeease.More

Collection

2001 Annual Conference

Authors

George DeLancey

education and to satisfy Criterion 3. The individual programobjectives at the Program Level, required in Criteria 2 and 8, can then be expressed as matters ofemphasis and application within this general structure. The implied learning objectives arefinally expressed at the Course Level.An interdepartmental committee developed a comprehensive set of educational goals over twoacademic years. The committee considered the outcomes stated by ABET in Criterion 3,published studies from the engineering community1 and Stevens’ Strategic Plan. The committeefollowed very closely a well-known model for the development of an outcomes-basedassessment plan2. The following definitions were extracted from that model and constantattention was paid to terminology

Collection

2001 Annual Conference

Authors

Frederick Orthlieb

permit3. Prerequisite: Junior or Senior standing in Engineering.4. Textbook: none Reference: Martin, J. Campbell, The Successful Engineer: Personal and ProfessionalSkills - a Sourcebook, McGraw-Hill, 1993. ISBN 0-07-040725-85. Course Objectives: To give Engineering students the opportunity to select, plan, execute, complete and report asignificant open-ended project intended to confront and, if possible, solve a significant problem of interest to themunder the guidance of an Engineering faculty member. See Course Outcomes Matrix.6. Topics Covered (actual experiences): Selecting a problem of interest within one’s range of competence and of suitable scope Preparing a pre-proposal letter of intent Drafting, revising and