Conference Session

Power Engineering & Curriculum Innovations

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Valentina Cecchi, University of North Carolina at Charlotte; Courtney S Smith-Orr, University of North Carolina at Charlotte; Paras Mandal, University of Texas at El Paso; Sukumar Kamalasadan

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer Engineering Division (ECE)

African American women in engineering,minority recruitment and retention, and best practices for culturally diverse teaching.Dr. Paras Mandal, The University of Iowa Paras Mandal is an Assistant Professor of industrial, manufacturing, and systems engineering at the Uni- versity of Texas, El Paso. Mandal obtained a doctoral degree in interdisciplinary intelligent systems engineering. His teaching and research interests iSukumar Kamalasadan ©American Society for Engineering Education, 2023 Power Engineering Curriculum Update with Situative Pedagogy and Concept Maps as Evaluation Tool V. Cecchi*, C. Smith-Orr*, P. Mandal**, S. Kamalasadan* * Electrical &

Conference Session

Multidisciplinary and Liberal Education

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Josef Rojter, Victoria University of Tech.

Tagged Divisions

Multidisciplinary Engineering

impact of globalization can be viewed as a revolution in the organization of work, production of goods and services. The homogenization of productive activity had meant that engineers had to move their gaze from local perspective to a world-view; 2. Applied Information and Communication Technologies. Professional engineering discourses were now separated by time-zones not time of travel; 3. Environmental Sustainability. Increasing international accountability for sustainable practices meant that professional engineers needed to possess global environmental sensitivities; and 4. Advances in Biological Technologies. Engineering graduates needed broader scientific literacy. In a similar vein to other

Conference Session

Women in Engineering Division Technical Session 5

Collection

2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Kathrine Ehrlich-Scheffer, Rochester Institute of Technology (COE)

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Women in Engineering

background research we also know that Gen Z students are highlyrelational, have a general disdain for email, and much prefer shorter bursts of communication viasocial media platforms or messaging apps [5]. We hoped that student focus groups might shedsome light on practices our program might employ to market our offerings to these students moreeffectively.Focus Group MethodologyThis study followed an explanatory sequential mixed methods design, initiated quantitatively bythe needs assessment survey, then followed by student focus groups and contextual interviewswith a sampling of campus clubs, programs and organizations in order to qualitatively explainand better understand the survey results [10].The full results of the survey were previously

Conference Session

Advancing Equity in STEM Academia: Insights and Strategies

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Joseph Leon Henry, University of California, Irvine; Natascha Trellinger Buswell, University of California, Irvine; Eva Fuentes-Lopez, University of California, San Diego

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Minorities in Engineering Division(MIND)

) have many names across institution types, such as lecturer, professor ofteaching etcetera, the findings of this research project have the potential to better inform bothUniversity's support of and inclusion for Latine students on the pathway to the professoriate. Byunderstanding how students experience the transition from the role of the graduate student intothe role of a professor, we can offer Ph.D. granting institutions valuable information about how 5to best support their minoritized students and their minoritized faculty. Additionally, to thoseeither on or on the track to this pathway, this research offers a roadmap that can illuminate

Collection

1996 Annual Conference

Authors

Joan A. Burtner; Benjamin S. Kelley; Allen F. Grum

molecular & ionic equations mole concept significant figures limiting reactants molar concentration quantitative analysis percentage yield gas laws The goal of this section of the course was to empower the student with chemistry knowledge and confidence through study, understanding, practice, and association to perform at a higher level that would otherwise have been accomplished in Mercer’s freshman chemistry offerings. Whenever possible, we emphasized active learning. For example, Mr. Craig Anderson, Mercer’s Engineering Education Specialist

Conference Session

Student Entrepreneurial and Innovative Mindset

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Daniel Michael Ferguson, Purdue University, West Lafayette; James Edwin Cawthorne Jr., Purdue University, West Lafayette; Benjamin Ahn, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Matthew W. Ohland, Purdue University, West Lafayette

Tagged Divisions

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation

establishing the revolutionary EDI/EFT payment system implemented by General Motors. He is a two-time award winner of the Best Paper in Cash Management awarded by the Bank Administration Institute.Mr. James Edwin Cawthorne Jr., Purdue University, West LafayetteMr. Benjamin Ahn, Purdue University, West Lafayette Benjamin Ahn is a Ph.D. student in the School of Engineering Education at Purdue University. His research interests relate to higher education reform, graduate teaching assistants’ roles in engineering classes, undergraduate engineering syllabus and curriculum development, and professional engineering practices in universities and industries.Dr. Matthew W. Ohland, Purdue University, West Lafayette Matthew W. Ohland

Conference Session

Computing and Information Technology Division (CIT) Technical Session 4

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Lily Liang, University of the District of Columbia; Briana Lowe Wellman, University of the District of Columbia; Rui Kang

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Computing and Information Technology Division (CIT)

dozens of graduate and undergraduate students in research and K-12 outreach activities and is the Director of the Excellence in Computing and Information Technology Education (ExCITE) program. She is a fellow of the Center for the Advancement of STEM Leadership Program (CASL) and the Opportunities for Under-Represented Scholars (OURS) post-graduate institutional leadership certificate program and an alumna of the Frontiers of Engineering Education program (FOEE) of the National Academy of Engineering. She has been serving on the Project Kaleidoscope (PKAL) Capital Area Regional Network steering committee since 2016Dr. Briana Lowe Wellman, University of the District of Columbia Dr. Briana Lowe Wellman is an

Conference Session

ASEE Multimedia Session

Collection

2002 Annual Conference

Authors

Jerry Collins; Christina Mathieson

the "Research and Revise" section to learn more. Students progress tothe "Go Public" stage after proving to themselves that they understand the content well enoughto express a solution to the challenge. This cyclical process of active research and reflection onthe process provides an excellent opportunity for students to generate their own understanding ofthe content knowledge.APPENDIX 2CASE STUDY: SHOULD OUR COMPANY BUILD A HOME DIALYSIS UNIT?You are an engineer in a firm that is trying to decide whether to design and market a homedialysis unit. This unit will not require the dialysis patient to report to a clinical center fordialysis. Instead, the subject will administer the treatment himself/herself.Your supervisor has asked you to prepare

Conference Session

CoNECD Session : Day 1 Slot 5 Technical Session 1

Collection

2021 CoNECD

Authors

Kathrine Ehrlich-Scheffer, Rochester Institute of Technology

Tagged Topics

CoNECD Paper Submissions, Diversity

Paper ID #32171Gen Z’s Declining Engagement with WE@RIT, a Women in Engineering Pro-gramMs. Kathrine Ehrlich-Scheffer, RIT Kathy has served as Director of Women in Engineering at RIT (WE@RIT) since 2015, and brings a rich array of life experiences to the position. After graduating with a bachelor’s degree in Public Affairs from a women’s college where she learned first-hand the value of a female-centric support network, Kathy made her way to Silicon Valley. There she studied CMOS Mask Layout Design which eventually led her to a position in IT for a semiconductor IP start-up. Fast forward through coast-to-coast moves to

Collection

2015 Northeast Section Meeting

Authors

Corinna Fleischmann; Elizabeth Nakagawa; Tyler Kelley

. The demanding schedule resultsin just one free elective over the four year course of study. Graduates of the USCGA CEprogram have the opportunity to pursue a variety of career paths within the U.S. Coast Guard(engineering and non-engineering), therefore the CE program educational objectives (PEOs) arepurposely broad and aim to meet the needs of the U.S. Coast Guard in and out of the field ofCivil Engineering. The CE PEOs are to produce graduates who1: 1) Are prepared for professional practice in engineering positions as U.S. Coast Guard Junior Officers 2) Are prepared for a variety of U.S. Coast Guard career paths, based on their abilities to apply fundamental engineering principles in dynamic technological environments

Conference Session

Assessment & Quality; Accreditation in Engineering Education

Collection

2005 Annual Conference

Authors

Youssef Shatilla; Adnan Zahed

has been set in motion which will assure keeping abreast with international standards.Lastly, it is to be realized that on the path of quality and excellence in education we havemade a modest beginning. We are living in a world where globalization and fast growth rateof knowledge are order of the day. Internet and information technology are affectingprofound changes in our professional practices. We have to cover a long way in strengtheningthe graduate and postgraduate programs of the College. Capstone design projects whereconcerns have been noted by the evaluators need to be improved in line with the internationaltrends.ConclusionsThe successful culmination of efforts for acquiring of substantial equivalency status for allour

Collection

2008 ASEE Zone 1 Conference

Authors

Qing Li

is higher than their male counterparts. Astin and Astin (1992) have indicated that a femalestudent with a high SAT math score and a strong science orientation is a good indicator for enrollment forengineering majors. Sax (1996) has also shown that a female student with the motivation of making a theoreticalcontribution to science is the best predictor of enrollment of a STEM graduate degree. Some researchers believethat, through well designed intervention programs, female students’ tinkering and technical self-efficacies andtheir belief in societal relevance of engineering can be increased to make a difference in their attitudes towardsthese traditionally male dominated fields (Baker, et. al., 2007).Ethnicity. In order to encourage more

Conference Session

Instrumentation Division Technical Session 1

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Maged Mikhail, Purdue University Northwest; Athula Kulatunga, Purdue University Northwest

Tagged Divisions

Instrumentation

Mechanical Engineering Technology,Electrical Engineering Technology or Mechatronics Engineering Technology majors.The mission of the Robotics concentration is to conduct world-class research and teaching to trainfuture generations of thinkers and creators.Robotics concentration students at [University Name] will be a part of an intellectually stimulatingenvironment where they will participate in project-based courses and are encouraged to make high-impact contributions to research.The undergraduate Robotics concentration is designed to help students meet their professionalobjectives. Each course in this concentration contains a significant level of robotics and automationprinciples for high-demand occupational areas. Students choose to use this

Conference Session

Elementary School Engineering Education

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Karen High, Oklahoma State University; Caroline Beller, Oklahoma State University; Pamela Fry, Oklahoma State University; Adrienne Redmond, Oklahoma State University

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

designed to guide the nation toward a scientifically literate society. Based Page 11.302.3on exemplary practice and research, the Standards describe a vision of the scientificallyliterate person and present criteria for science education that will allow that vision tobecome reality. Teachers must have theoretical and practical knowledge and abilitiesabout science, learning, and science teaching. General competencies for licensure andcertification in Oklahoma are also addressed. State competencies for licensure andcertification for elementary education also inform course content, as well as theOklahoma Priority Academic Student Skills (PASS) and the

Conference Session

Innovative Curriculum in ET

Collection

2002 Annual Conference

Authors

Robert Mott

, and it may be difficult tocontrol the time required to complete the activity. Instructors must have a command of thesubject matter that allows them to be agile in dealing with such situations. Another view of thissituation is that instructors should not always directly answer a student’s question but shouldencourage the student to explore for the answer on their own. This practice leads the student tobecome a more independent learner and that will serve her or him well in the future. Indeed, thatis a skill that employers seek.Availability of Instructional Materials: This is a real issue because most text material availabletoday is designed to support lecture-based courses. Some activity-based, modular materials arebeing developed through

Conference Session

CoNECD Session : Day 1 Slot 1 Technical Session 4

Collection

2021 CoNECD

Authors

Medha Dalal, Arizona State University; Stacy S. Klein-Gardner, Vanderbilt University; Jennifer Kouo, Towson University; Kenneth Reid, University of Indianapolis; Cheryl Beauchamp, Regent University; Briana O'Neal, University of Maryland College Park; Jackelyn Raquel Lopez Roshwalb, University of Maryland, College Park; Darryll J. Pines, University of Maryland College Park

Tagged Topics

CoNECD Paper Submissions, Diversity

Engineering Education and is a Fellow of the Society.Dr. Jennifer Kouo Jennifer L. Kouo, is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Special Education at Towson University in Maryland. Dr. Kouo received her PhD in Special Education with an emphasis in severe disabilities and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) from the University of Maryland at College Park. She is passionate about both instructional and assistive technology, as well as Universal Design for Learning (UDL), and utilizing inclusive practices to support all students. Dr. Kouo is currently engaged in multiple research projects that involve multidisciplinary collaborations in the field of engineering, medicine, and education, as well as research on teacher

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Craig O. Stewart, University of Memphis; Chrysanthe Preza, The University of Memphis; Stephanie S Ivey, The University of Memphis

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees Poster Session

measured using a single item from Lichtenstein etal. [35] (“I intend to practice, conduct research in, or teach engineering for at least 3 years aftergraduation”).Participants responded to items in each of the above measures using a 5-point Likert-type scale(1 = strongly disagree, 5 = strongly agree).STEM professional identity was measured using a 6-point single-item measure developed byMcDonald et al. [36] (“Select the picture that best describes the current overlap of the image youhave of yourself and your image of what a STEM professional is,” followed by six Venndiagrams showing no to nearly total overlap between “me” and “STEM professional”).Additionally, students responded to 20 items adapted from Melkers et al. [37] assessing

Conference Session

Flaming Moe's Influence: Bio-Inspired STEM Explorations, Hot Stuff!

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jin Yong Kim, University of Michigan; Szu-Tung Chen, University of Michigan; Jacqueline Hannan, University of Michigan; Hannah Larson, University of Michigan; Hyesun Chung, University of Michigan; Tisha Jain, University of Michigan; Maria Fields; Sheryl S Ulin, University of Michigan; Leia Stirling, University of Michigan; X. Jessie Yang, University of Michigan

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Pre-College Engineering Education Division (PCEE)

2Engineering (IOE) department. The camp was hosted by the Center for Ergonomics (C4E), theStirling Group, and the Interaction and Collaboration Research Lab (ICRL). The camp includedthe Center for Ergonomics and Robotics department tour, alongside four engaging activitystations designed to expose students to a variety of systems that Industrial Engineers andRoboticists encounter. Two station activities were specifically designed and developed tochallenge the students in a creative problem-solving task, and the other two were modified fromcurrent research topics. Nineteen middle school-aged students (17 female and 2 male) participated in the camp toexplore Industrial Engineering and Robotics. Though the target group was female students

Conference Session

FPD 5: Transitions and Student Success, Part I

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

S. Patrick Walton, Michigan State University; Daina Briedis, Michigan State University; Mark Urban-Lurain, Michigan State University; Timothy J Hinds, Michigan State University; Carmellia Davis-King, Michigan State University; Thomas F. Wolff P.E., Michigan State University

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

, more broadly, STEM education. His research interests are in theories of cognition, how these theories inform the design of instruction, how we might best design instructional technology within those frameworks, and how the research and development of instructional technologies can inform our theories of cognition. He is also interested in preparing future STEM faculty for teaching, incorporating instructional technology as part of instructional design, and STEM education improvement and reform.Mr. Timothy J Hinds, Michigan State University Timothy J. Hinds is the Academic Director of the Michigan State University College of Engineering CoRe (Cornerstone & Residential) Experience program and a Senior Academic

Conference Session

Civil Engineering Poster Session

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

John V. Tocco, Lawrence Technological University; Donald D. Carpenter, Lawrence Technological University

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

before the meeting… • …give the mentors a better concept as to what the capstone is about… • …help the mentors understand the goals of the course and the differences between academic and practical designs ahead of time…When compared with the RCM results, the Subdiscipline Mentor session was not as positivelyreceived. 67% of the students agreed that the Subdiscipline Mentor assisted the team withunderstanding project requirements (Figure 9), with a slightly larger number of respondents—71%—agreeing that the mentor provided guidance for their research process (Figure 10). For thelast question, 71% of students indicated that they wanted to meet with their Subdiscipline Mentor

Conference Session

Concurrent Paper Tracks Session II - Curriculum II

Collection

2017 ASEE International Forum

Authors

U. P. Kahangamage, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University; Randolph C. K. Leung, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University; Gloria S.L Cheung, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University; Alan S. L. Kwok

Tagged Topics

Main Forum (Podium Presentation)

flow-induced vibration of turbine blade at the Department of Mechanical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University in 1999. Afterwards, he moved to industry and took up a sound engineer position at Emerson Climate Technologies, supporting the sound and vibration design for reciprocating/scroll refrigeration compressors and systems. Dr Leung joined The Hong Kong Poly- technic University again in 2002 as an Assistant Professor and now is serving as an Associate Professor. Apart from extensive teaching and research activities, he also actively provides consultancy practices to industry.Ms. Gloria S.L Cheung, The Hong Kong Polytechnic UniversityMr. Alan S. L. Kwok c American Society for

Collection

2025 Northeast Section Conference

Authors

Marvin Gayle; Danny Mangra

without the consequences faced in real world situations. Ana topic is sometimes easier to take focus in the active iterative design solution is often from a process that developsengagement form the laboratory classes. Fostering a deeper a robust and optimized solution [11].understanding closes the gap necessary for a more holisticlearning environment. The lab-based instruction closes thisgap and helps students apply theoretical concepts that oftenmake the learning more relevant and impactful. The V. CHALLENGES IN LAB-BASED INSTRUCTIONintroductory circuit analysis class will introduce

Conference Session

Civil Engineering Division Technical Session 6

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mary Katherine Watson, The Citadel, The Military College of South Carolina; Amber Renee Mills, The Citadel; Kevin C. Bower, The Citadel; Kenneth Brannan, The Citadel; Michael H. Woo, The Citadel; Ronald W. Welch P.E., The Citadel

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

solutions to society’s infrastructure challenges,they must possess a deep understanding of engineering fundamentals so that they can tailordesign solutions to meet growingly-complex constraints. Since research suggests that studentconceptual development is enhanced through employment of engaging classroom practices, avariety of active pedagogies are being implemented in engineering education. Consequently,there is a need for assessment tools to monitor the learning outcomes of these educationalinterventions. Concept inventories have emerged as quick tools for examining conceptualunderstanding in a variety of engineering domains. While a concept inventory has beendeveloped for fluid mechanics, it was designed for application in mechanical

Conference Session

Systems Thinking

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Amin Azad, University of Toronto; Emily Moore P.Eng., University of Toronto; Asher Hounsell

Tagged Divisions

Systems Engineering Division (SYS)

including Business, Health Sciences, Sustainability, and to a lesserextent, Engineering, all mostly at the graduate level, therefore identifying that there may be a gapin ST education for undergraduate students, particularly in the engineering discipline wherecomplex and multifaceted problems are common. Additional research into the teaching ST to engineering students have led to a series ofpapers on researchers’ observations on its effectiveness in the context of understanding complexproblems [6, 7]. Some key findings in this research were that students saw marked improvementin their understanding and learning of ST processes and tools, a greater appreciation forengineering and the role they play in society, as well as improvements to

Conference Session

Community Engagement Division Technical Session 6

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Julie Fogarty, California State University, Sacramento; Nathan E Canney P.E., CYS Structural Engineers Inc.; Benjamin V Fell P.E., California State University, Sacramento

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Community Engagement Division

in Fall 2008 after completing his PhD at the University of Califor- nia, Davis. Prior to that he received his MS from Stanford University and BS from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. Dr. Fell’s research concentration is on the behavior of steel structures under seismic effects. His course offerings include structural analysis, structural dynamics and the design of steel structures. Dr. Fell is a registered Professional Engineer in California, an advisor to several student engineering chapters, and a representative to the University Faculty Senate and College Academic Council. c American Society for Engineering Education, 2020Effect of Letter Exchange Program on Student Development

Conference Session

Mechanical Engineering Technical Session: The Remote World

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Hope Leigh Weiss, California State University, Fullerton; John W. Sanders, California State University, Fullerton

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

, active aerodynamic control systems, Tesla turbine design, and improving pre-requisite knowledge retention.Dr. John W. Sanders, California State University, Fullerton Dr. John W. Sanders is currently an Assistant Professor of Mechanical Engineering at California State University, Fullerton. He holds a Ph.D. and M.S. in Theoretical and Applied Mechanics from the Uni- versity of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, and a B.S. in Engineering Physics and Mathematics from Saint Louis University. His research interests include clean energy, solid mechanics, micromechanics of mate- rials, fracture mechanics, and STEM education research. c American Society for Engineering Education, 2020 A Curriculum

Conference Session

Collaborative & New Efforts in Engineering Education

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Roland Kempter, University of Utah; Cynthia Furse, University of Utah; Nick Safai, Salt Lake City College; Neil Cotter, University of Utah; Lee Brinton, Salt Lake Community College

Tagged Divisions

International

participated in the design of the first two-wayDVB-RCS compliant satellite communication system and initial studies towards the implementation of asatellite with packet-switching capabilities. In Fall 2002 he joined the University of Utah and received hisM. Eng in Spring 2005. Being a teaching and research assistant, he is currently working towards his PhDdegree and expects to graduate in Spring 2006 in the area of wireless CDMA networking. Mr. Kempter hasworked on projects for DaimlerChrysler, LIEBHERR Aerospace, the European Space Agency as well asSES ASTRA in the areas of catalytic converters, flight control systems and packet based satellitecommunications. He is the author of several papers in the area of CDMA packet networking, cognitiveradio

Conference Session

International Experience, Effective Instruction, and Student Exchange Programs

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Fanyu F. Zeng, Indiana Wesleyan University

Tagged Divisions

International

EducationAbstractResearch studies discover a number of teaching and learning methods and these methods can beused to develop student’s ability in critical thinking, logic reasoning, and problem solving.Student’s learning outcomes are greatly impacted by these teaching and learning methods. It ishypothesized that properly selected teaching and learning methods can be applied in student’slearning and knowledge development to help students with different culture backgrounds yieldbetter learning outcomes.This research study selects three teaching and learning methods for an experiment in a softwareengineering class. These methods are tightening connections between learning objectives andoutcomes, a repetitive learning model to improve student learning results, and a

Conference Session

Classroom Management

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Andrew E. Jackson, East Carolina University; Sherion H. Jackson, Grand Canyon Univeristy

Tagged Divisions

New Engineering Educators

, Langrall, Malzahn, Mohler, Russell, & Whitman, 2005)4. Without the F2Finteraction, communication can be difficult. A study was conducted by a large Midwesternuniversity using students in a F2F environment and students in a computer-mediated distanceeducation environment. Both F2F and DE students were divided up into teams for the study. The Page 24.1138.7course studied was a lean manufacturing course designed to include practical learning forgraduate students (Chaparro, et al., 2005)4. Students in both the F2F and DE were asked to createa value stream map using the Blackboard™ course management system.Students were compared by final project

Collection

CoED

Authors

Bryan A Jones; J W Bruce; Mahnas Jean Mohammadi-Aragh

comprehensive examination of first-year CS students reports that only approximately20% of the surveyed students could solve programming problems expected by their instructors [4].“Issues impacting students learning how to program” was the topic of an entire Computers inEducation Division technical session at the 2019 American Society for Engineering Education(ASEE) Annual Meeting [5]. Clearly, there is a need to explore new pedagogical approaches forteaching students how to program and design digital systems.Authors Jones and Mohammadi-Aragh are actively exploring literate programming (LP) as oneapproach to improving programming pedagogy [6–8]. In the LP approach, the programmer (author)composes the program (document) in a form that is readable by