Collection

2001 Annual Conference

Authors

Stephen M. Batill; Natalie Gedde

Center was designed toprovide a dynamic, flexible, collaborative learning environment to support a wide spectrum ofeducational activities. This 4000 square foot facility, developed at a cost of over $1M, beganoperation for the fall 2000 semester and it is currently supporting the project-intensive, first yearcourse with an enrollment of 300-400 students each semester. Besides its involvement with thefirst year program, the Center supports a variety of learning activities across the College in thespecific departments and degree programs. The Center includes flexible project-team work areaswith networked computer support, multiple screen audio/visual capabilities that support a varietyof multi-media sources and space for students to fabricate and

Collection

1998 Annual Conference

Authors

Andrew S. Crawford

Session 2632 LEADERSHIP EDUCATION AT THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN ANDREW S. CRAWFORD University of Michigan I. INTRODUCTION The College of Engineering is making “team building” an instructional commitment as partof the revision for our Curriculum 2000. Students will have curricular instruction in aspects of teambuilding and the opportunity to practice these skills in significant team projects during each year oftheir education. Part of our goal is to meet the ABET requirement to demonstrate that our graduateshave “an ability to

Conference Session

Innovative Instructional Strategies and Curricula in ECE I

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

MaryPat Beaufait; Duyun Chen, University of Pennsylvania; Carl B Dietrich P.E., Virginia Tech; Cecile Dietrich; Garrett Michael Vanhoy, University of Arizona

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

current work in software defined radio (SDR) includes leading projects related to the OSSIE open source effort. He chairs the Wireless Innovation Forum Educational Work Group, is a member of ASEE, IEEE, and Eta Kappa Nu, and is a Professional Engineer in Virginia.Ms. Cecile DietrichGarrett Michael Vanhoy, University of Arizona Page 22.1548.1 c American Society for Engineering Education, 2011 Transition from Undergraduate Research Program Participants to Researchers and Open Source Community ContributorsAbstractExperiences of three participants in an undergraduate research

Conference Session

Learning By Doing in Chemical Engineering Education

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Paul Golter, Washington State University; Bernard Van Wie, Washington State University; Gary Brown, Washington State University; David Thiessen, Washington State University; Baba Abdul, Washington State University

Tagged Divisions

Chemical Engineering

pedagogical changes in a fluid mechanics and heat transfer course. It has been difficult tofind statistically meaningful results because of small sizes of the classes, a once per year course offering,and in maintaining experimental controls at partner institutions with variant implementations. Alongwith our problems, there is a poor history regarding random control testing in educational research.This has convinced us to move toward a different class model centered around a project-basedapproach with design discussions reviewed for critical reasoning by students and faculty within theexperimental site institution and industrial representatives outside the institution. We are also shiftingaway from traditional quantitative definitions of experimental

Conference Session

Multidisciplinary Engineering Division (MULTI) Technical Session 9

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mary Ann Weitnauer, Georgia Institute of Technology; Jacqueline Rohde, Georgia Institute of Technology; Timothy Brothers, Georgia Institute of Technology; Martta Sareva, Hope-Hill Elementary School

Tagged Divisions

Multidisciplinary Engineering Division (MULTI)

paper details the evolution of the continuous BMG project as it evolves to engage andchallenge elementary school through university students in a collaborative and hands on nature.BMG is an interactive game that uses the player’s body pose to control the game and changes thedisplayed video, mechatronics, lighting, music, voices, and sound effects. This paper highlightsthe educational value and expected student gains for elementary, high school, and collegestudents. Additionally, the paper discusses the organizational methods used in the BMG project,which include narrative design, identification of key scenes & narrative elements, and ideation &design for the various video, mechatronics, and sound components of the game. The

Conference Session

Cooperative and Experiential Education Division (CEED) Technical Session 3

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Match Ko, University of Hong Kong; Fu Zhang, University of Hong Kong; Chun Kit Chui, University of Hong Kong

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Cooperative and Experiential Education Division (CEED)

Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA, in 2015. He joined the Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Hong Kong (HKU), Hong Kong, as an Assistant Professor in 2018. His current research interests include robotics and controls, with a focus on UAV design, navigation, control, and LiDAR-based SLAM.Dr. Chun Kit Chui, University of Hong Kong Dr. Chun Kit Chui serves as the Director of the Tam Wing Fan Innovation Wing in the Faculty of Engineering at the University of Hong Kong (HKU). Innovation Wing aims to unleash students’ creativity by entrusting them to spearhead ambitious innovation and technology projects that will shape the future. The iconic facility is located at the heart of the campus, offering 2400m2 of space with

Conference Session

Engineering as the STEM Glue

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mitchell J. Nathan, University of Wisconsin, Madison; Candace Walkington, University of Wisconsin, Madison; Rachaya Srisurichan, University of Wisconsin, Madison; Martha W. Alibali

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

and qualitative research methods. Dr. Nathan has secured over $20M in external re- search funds and has over 80 peer-reviewed publications in education and Learning Sciences research, as well as over 100 scholarly presentations to US and international audiences. He is Principal Investiga- tor or co-Principal Investigator of 5 active grants from NSF and the US Dept. of Education, including the AWAKEN Project (funded by NSF-EEP), which examines learning, instruction, teacher beliefs and engineering practices in order to foster a more diverse and more able pool of engineering students and practitioners, and the Tangibility for the Teaching, Learning, and Communicating of Mathematics Project (NSF-REESE), which explores

Conference Session

Engineering Ethics Division (ETHICS) Technical Session _Monday June 26, 11:00 - 12:30

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jeff R. Brown, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University - Daytona Beach; Chad Rohrbacher, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University - Daytona Beach; Taylor Joy Mitchell, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University ; Leroy Long III, Sinclair Community College - Dayton; Jenna Korentsides, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University - Daytona Beach; Joseph Roland Keebler, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University - Daytona Beach

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Ethics Division (ETHICS)

the four comparison sections did not complete theintervention.Figure 1. Activities and timeline for critical-narrative interventionProject-Group Discussion AssignmentBoth the study and comparison groups were required to complete the project-group discussionassignment near the end of the semester. Because the primary objective of this research effort isto gain insights on the impact of critical narratives on students’ abilities to identify the broaderimpacts of engineering work and transfer these abilities to their own senior/capstone designprojects, researchers designed the group-discussion exercise to be focused on each groups’senior/capstone design project.The project-group discussion (PGD) was organized in an identical manner to the

Conference Session

Technology Integration in Manufacturing Curriculum

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Firas Akasheh, Tuskegee University; Mandoye Ndoye, Tuskegee University; David Shannon, Auburn University; Ryan Pippins, Tuskegee University; Eugene Thompson; Adrian Carter, Tuskegee University; Stephen Baker, Tuskegee University; Brandon Guiseppi, Tuskegee University

Paper ID #38111Additive Manufacturing-Enabled Modular Drone DesignDevelopment by Multidisciplinary Engineering Student TeamFiras Akasheh (Associate Professor)Mandoye Ndoye (Assistant Professor)David Shannon (Dr.)Ryan PippinsEugene ThompsonAdrian CarterStephen BakerBrandon Martin Guiseppi Brandon Guiseppi is an undergraduate aerospace engineering student at Tuskegee University, originally from Charlotte, North Carolina. His interest in aeronautics goes back to very young age. He has participated in numerous research projects including a NASA MUREP-funded multidisciplinary project to develop a modular drone using

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Brandon Sorge, Indiana University - Purdue University Indianapolis; Grant Fore, Indiana University - Purdue University Indianapolis; Mangilal Agarwal

. Nationally, Indiana ranks in the lower 50% on Average Freshman Graduation Rate (AFGR)and has also faced some of its lowest AFGR since monitoring began in 1970 (Stanley et al., 2008). Even moreconcerning, marginalized populations, representing over 50% of all students in the urban school districtssurrounding Indianapolis, typically have lower average math and science scores [11], lower AFGRs [12], and areoutnumbered 2:1 in STEM careers [13]. To help address these patterns and inequity gaps, faculty at IUPUI established the Nanotechnology Experiencesfor Students and Teachers (NEST) program— to introduce high school students and teachers to the rapidly emergingand interdisciplinary field of nanotechnology. This project was originally designed to

Conference Session

Community Engagement Division Poster Session - Exploring the Transformative Power of Service, Engagement, and Research

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Azadeh Bolhari P.E., University of Colorado Boulder; Eric Matzke Flaska, University of Colorado Boulder; Kenneth Stewart

Tagged Divisions

Community Engagement Division (COMMENG)

. Additionally, a strong relationshipwas observed between households’ confidence to recover and households’ belief in thecommunity’s recovery. The findings of this research have implications for the development andimplementation of community-based, sustainability-focused engineering projects and outreachefforts.IntroductionCapacity and resiliency are stapling parameters in understanding the development of acommunity, despite their abundance of definitions in the literature. While capacity is defined in amultitude of ways, it can be thought of as a community’s ability to counteract vulnerability andsusceptibility brought about by adverse circumstances (Amadei, 2020). Resiliency, on the otherhand, can be thought of as changes in capacity and the ability

Conference Session

Biomedical Engineering Division (BED) Poster Session

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Miiri Kotche, University of Illinois Chicago; Anthony E. Felder, The University of Illinois at Chicago; Michael Gordon Browne, University of Illinois at Chicago Department of Biomedical Engineering; Dylan Lynch, The University of Illinois at Chicago

Tagged Divisions

Biomedical Engineering Division (BED)

realistic medical device design in education and the quality assessment of educational design projects for between-project comparisons.Dylan Lynch, The University of Illinois at Chicago ©American Society for Engineering Education, 2023 WIP: Development and Implementation of a Makerspace Class for BME Undergraduates to Enhance Skills in Senior DesignIntroduction:The undergraduate curriculum in biomedical engineering at the University of Illinois Chicagoemphasizes problem-based learning with a focus on as much hands-on project work as possible.To that end, our 100-level Introduction to BME course integrates CAD design, 3d printing andmicroprocessors to achieve learning outcomes. A 200-level course

Conference Session

Technical Session 7 - Paper 2: Retaining a diverse group of undergraduate students in Engineering Technology Majors

Collection

2022 CoNECD (Collaborative Network for Engineering & Computing Diversity)

Authors

Melanie Villatoro, New York City College of Technology

Tagged Topics

CoNECD Paper Sessions, Diversity

Paper ID #35606Retaining a diverse group of undergraduate students in EngineeringTechnology MajorsProf. Melanie Villatoro, New York City College of Technology Melanie Villatoro, Chair of the Department of Construction Management and Civil Engineering Technol- ogy at NYC College of Technology, is a licensed Professional Engineer in the State of New York. Prof. Villatoro is passionate about student retention and performance, as well as STEM Outreach in K-12. She has served as Project Director for the National Transportation Summer Institute sponsored by the Federal Highway Administration multiple years. Prof. Villatoro leads a

Conference Session

Engineering Economy Course Strategy Panel Session

Collection

2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Michael B. O'Connor P.E., New York University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Economy

Paper ID #34639Course Strategy: Low Stakes Assessment Approach to Engineering Economyinstruction using Revised Bloom TaxonomyMr. Michael B. O’Connor P.E., New York University Michael O’Connor, Retired Professional Civil Engineer (Maryland and California), M.ASCE, is a mem- ber of the ASCE Committee on Developing Leaders, History and Heritage, Civil Engineering Body of Knowledge (CEBoK), and Engineering Grades. Michael has been a practicing Civil Engineer with over 50 years of engineering, construction, and project management experience split equally between the pub- lic and private sectors. Programs ranged from the San

Collection

ASEE 2021 Gulf-Southwest Annual Conference

Authors

Celena Miller, University of Texas Austin - Center for Space Research ; Margaret Baguio, University of Texas at Austin

Tagged Topics

Diversity

four missions with the National Center for Earth and Space Science Education for the Student Spaceflight Experiment Program to the International Space Station. She is a member of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, Science Teacher Associa- tion of Texas, National Science Teacher Association, Rio Grande Valley Science Association, and NASA Network of States. Celena received her Bachelor of Science degree and master’s at the University of Texas Rio Grande Valley. She also completed post-graduate work with the NASA Endeavor Science Teaching Certificate Project in STEM Education at Columbia University.Ms. Margaret Baguio, University of Texas at Austin Margaret Baguio is the Program Manager

Conference Session

Pre-college Engineering Education Division Technical Session 2

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Madhurima Das, NuVu Studio

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Pre-College Engineering Education

encourage them to pursue STEAM careers. One particularly effective approach isthrough hands-on learning and “making,” since children often have a natural affinity fortinkering and learn well through active involvement in meaningful activities [1]. Hands-on,project-based learning has been shown to get more students engaged with STEAM and help themlearn key skills for the future [2]. However, most STEAM education programs target students inupper-middle or high school [3]. Bustamante et. al write, “Since engineering education hastraditionally not been part of the general K–12 education experience (i.e., the beginning ofprimary school (age 5) through the end of secondary school (age 18)), early childhood educatorshave minimal background in engineering

Conference Session

Biomedical Engineering Postcard Session (Best of Works in Progress)

Collection

2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Jennifer H. Choi, University of California, Davis

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Biomedical Engineering

increased K-12 STEM awareness and education. Prior to joining UC Davis, Jennifer taught in the BME Department at Rutgers University, and was a postdoctoral fellow at Advanced Technologies and Regenerative Medicine, LLC. She received her doctoral degree in Biomedical Engineering from Tufts University, M.S. degree from Syracuse University, and B.S. degree from Cornell University. American c Society for Engineering Education, 2021 Work in Progress: Promoting equitable team dynamics in an introductory biomedical engineering courseIntroductionTeam-based projects are widely utilized in the engineering curriculum, and often used inintroductory

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Tahira N Reid, Purdue University, West Lafayette (College of Engineering); Morgan M Hynes, Purdue University, West Lafayette (College of Engineering)

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees Poster Session

will combine their expertise to develop and test this framework,and examine how it influences professional formation. The traditional mechanical engineeringeducation paradigm is adept at training engineers in analytical, modeling, and other technicalskills needed to address functional/objective aspects of problems they solve. Professional skillssuch as communication and the ability to work in teams typically occur in conjunction withcourse projects, especially team-based projects. However, there is an opportunity to betterunderstand how certain design activities can influence an engineer’s self and social awareness asthey consider designing with compassion as part of the design criteria. Raising students’ self andsocial awareness has the

Collection

2012 EDI

Authors

. 4 Design-Centric Curriculum New alternative learning pathway to complement existing programmes Emphasizes design Offers a platform bringing together engineering, form, function, aesthetics, culture and lifestyle Exposes students to real-life design projects and design-focused modules Equips students to solve problems from multidisciplinary perspectives Design projects will centre around three broad themes: • Future Transportation Systems • Engineering in Medicine • Smart Sustainable Cities 5 Global Engineering Programme (GEP) Launched in Academic Year 2009/10 To attract outstanding students to Engineering and maximise their potential Characterised by a strong

Conference Session

Student Success II: Self-Regulatory, Metacognitive, and Professional Skills

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Aubrey Wigner, Arizona State University; Micah Lande, Arizona State University, Polytechnic campus; Shawn S. Jordan, Arizona State University, Polytechnic campus

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

organizations and individuals engage in technological innovation.Dr. Micah Lande, Arizona State University, Polytechnic campus Micah Lande, Ph.D. is an Assistant Professor in the Engineering and Manufacturing Engineering pro- grams at the Polytechnic School in the Ira A. Fulton Schools of Engineering at Arizona State University. He teaches human-centered engineering design thinking, making and design innovation project courses. Dr. Lande researches how technical and non-technical people learn and apply design thinking and mak- ing processes to their work. He is interested in the intersection of designerly epistemic identities and vocational pathways. Dr. Lande received his B.S in Engineering (Product Design), M.A. in

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Susantha Herath, St. Cloud State University; Rohitha Goonatilake, Texas A&M International University ; Suvineetha Herath

Tagged Topics

Diversity, NSF Grantees Poster Session

community.Dr. Suvineetha Herath c American Society for Engineering Education, 2018 Computing and Engineering Scholarship Program at SCSUAbstractSaint Cloud State University (SCSU) received a US National Science Foundation grant toprovide scholarships for academically talented but economically disadvantaged students ininformation systems, computer science, and computer engineering under SCSU-STEM project.Thirty-six scholarships of up to $18,200 were awarded during 2011-2016. Twenty-six scholarscompleted summer internships. The retention rate of scholars was 100%. This project helped toincrease undergraduate enrollment, improve retention and graduation, expand activeparticipation in conferences, workshops and

Collection

2014 EDI

Authors

Kevin L Moore

… Participatory! – 1/2 of the required 18 credit hours are project based learningHE students brainstorming at the Posner Center, a Denver-based NGO incubatorHumanitarian Engineering is …Engineering by Doing! COLORADO SCHOOL OF MINES EbD I – Human Centered Design (HCD) Methods for problem identification, definition, scoping using IDEO techniques. EbD II – Projects for People Combines HDC techniques with technical skills to address design challenges for communities. EGGN491/2 – Senior Design

Conference Session

Technical Session IX

Collection

2018 FYEE Conference

Authors

Roger J Marino P.E., Drexel University; Gabriel R Burks, Drexel University; Matthew N VanKouwenberg, Drexel University; Brandon B. Terranova, Drexel University

Tagged Topics

Diversity, FYEE Conference Sessions

education assessment, reform, and educational psychology.Matthew N VanKouwenberg, Drexel University Matthew N VanKouwenberg is a Master Teacher with Drexel’s DragonsTeach program. He has helped students develop methods for cleaning water and sustainably generating electricity and heat locally and around the world through programs including Engineers Without Borders. He has also led and assisted in teacher professional development efforts centered upon authentic projects for USAID and the US govern- ment in Africa, the Middle East, Central and South America.Prof. Brandon B. Terranova, Drexel University Dr. Terranova is an Assistant Teaching Professor in the College of Engineering at Drexel University. In his current role

Conference Session

Using Technology to Enhance Teaching and Learning

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Alexander Haubold, Columbia University; John R. Kender, Columbia University

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

AC 2007-1694: INTRODUCTION OF VIDEO JOURNALS AND ARCHIVES IN THECLASSROOMAlexander Haubold, Columbia UniversityJohn R. Kender, Columbia University Page 12.985.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2007 Introduction of Video Journals and Archives in the ClassroomAbstractWe report on two innovative approaches of using video recordings in project-based coursestargeted at journaling student and team performance and project progression. The first approachis strictly managed by instructors and staff, and involves periodical recording of studentpresentations, which are made available to students for self and peer evaluation. The secondapproach is loosely managed

Conference Session

Topics at the intersection of Aero and Naval Eng.

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sung Kyung Hong, Sejong University; Min-kee Hong, Cheong-Shim International Academy; Yoon-ki Hong, Cheong-Shim International Academy; Jong-hyun Hwang, Sejong University

Tagged Divisions

Ocean and Marine

impossible to load these bulky payloads dueto the physical limitations. Therefore, this research sets its objectives on making the simplest andsmallest autonomous aerial robot. For this project, we tried to build a PC-ControlledAutonomous Aerial Robot. The project provides an opportunity for the high school student toperform a broad range of engineering activities with guidance of trained graduate students.IntroductionThe Sejong University is developing a PC-Controlled aerial robot that can fly autonomously. Theaerial robot is practically equivalent to a radio-controlled(RC) plane, except the aerial robot has aground based PC for the autonomous flight along the preset course while taking positioningsignal by the on board GPS receiver and Bluetooth

Conference Session

Teaching Strategies in Graphics

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sridhar Condoor, Saint Louis University, Parks College of Eng.; Lawrence Boyer, Saint Louis University; Sanjay Jayaram, Saint Louis University, Parks College of Eng.

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Design Graphics

, areview of the graphics and CAD books reveals that modeling is characterized as a verysystematic process with definitive outcome. In our pedagogy for teaching solid modeling,students explore and design mundane as well as novel objects as a part of open-ended projects.While the use of open-ended projects is not novel, our emphasis is on being creative andsystematic. While technology and value are not discussed in detail, the need for style isemphasized in the course. The students build upon the existing designs by morphing them tocreate new ones. During this process, creativity and exploration play a crucial role in theoutcome. The students are highly motivated as they model objects that interest them. In theprocess, they not only master the solid

Collection

2008 GSW

Authors

Jorja Kimball; Margaret Hobson; Robin Autenrieth; Don Maxwell; Arun Srinivasa; Karen Butler-Purry

EngineeringTeacher Outreach Program (E-TOP) which collaborates with teachers from targeted partner schoolswith large populations of first generation students who may not have had access to information onengineering as a possible degree or career choice.The RET leadership partners engineering faculty, many of whom are NSF CAREER awardees, withgrade 7-12 science and mathematics teachers for engineering research experiences. Teachers’summer on-campus experiences include working on a project associated with the research area ofthe engineering faculty member. They also work with a STEP engineering faculty member todevelop an experiential learning project for their classrooms. The model of developing engineeringprojects to enhance student learning is used in the

Conference Session

Learning as a Community

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Timothy Hinds, Michigan State University; Thomas Wolff, Michigan State University; Neeraj Buch, Michigan State University; Amanda Idema, Michigan State University; Cynthia Helman, Michigan State University

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

Programs at Michigan State University. In that role, she works with academic units, housing and residence life to create and sustain living-learning programs. She has worked in residence life in various capacities for over 25 years. Cindy is also an adjunct assistant professor in the higher education program at Michigan© American Society for Engineering Education, 2009 State and teaches courses in student affairs administration and higher education. She has been involved with several research projects related to student outcomes through participation in living-learning programs and faculty involvement in living-learning programs

Collection

1996 Annual Conference

Authors

Walter C. Vodrazka

, project and resource management, fmcialplanning, marketing, and several other areas. The programs developed by ASFE to overcome these deficiencies were prepared and presented bythe Institute for Professional Practice (IPP). These programs proved very effective such that GeotechnicalEngineering became the least liability prone design profession by 1980 and experienced among the lowestprofessional liability costs based on a 1987 survey. ASFE referred to the program as loss prevention and the“Enhancement of Professionalism.” The program addressed virtually all practice issues including checkingtechnical work, improving client and project selection, scope of work development, personnel management,and dispute resolution. The program went

Collection

1996 Annual Conference

Authors

Clare F. Cook

approximately ten thousand students. Theuniversity is comprehensive with over one hundred programs from associate to doctoral level. The Collegeof Technology provides a variety of engineering technology programs including Manufacturing, Plastics,Electrical/Electronics Engineering Technology and others. The Electrical/Electronics Department supportsthree degree programs; an Associate in Industrial Electronic Technology, a Bachelor in Electrical/ElectronicEngineering Technology (TAC-ABET accredited) and a new Bachelor degree in Computer Networks andSystems. Since 1988, EDA tools have been used in several classes of the BSEET program.’” Since the toolswere in a highly integrated environment, implementation took the form of projects that started with