Conference Session

Latest Trends and Implementations in Manufacturing Education

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Michael G. Mauk, Drexel University; Richard Chiou, Drexel University; Dharma Varapula, Drexel University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

. (concurrent flow) 1 cm Figure 6. (left) Thermal image of heat exchanger chip, cursor shows temperature measurement point. (right) Temperature at cursor point as a function of flow rate and time of flow in heat exchanger channels. a b a b c d c d Figure 7. (left) Lateral temperature gradient due to hot

Conference Session

Assessment, Course, and Curricular Development

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Glenn T. Wrate P.E., Northern Michigan University

Tagged Divisions

Energy Conversion and Conservation

for learning objectives 4 and 5, respectively) areshown below: For each of the bus arrangements given, draw a one-line diagram showing the bus, circuit breakers, CTs, VTs, and disconnects (including normally open or closed, NO or NC, status). On the completed diagram, show the protection zones. a. Single bus – single breaker arrangement with three circuits (lines) b. Double bus with bus tie – single breaker arrangement with two circuits on Bus A and three circuits on Bus B c. Main and transfer bus – single breaker arrangement with four circuits d. Ring bus arrangement with four circuits e. Breaker and a half arrangement with four circuitsGiven a

Conference Session

First-Year Programs Division Technical Session 2A: Using Alternative Measurements to Look at Students and Their Success

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Nicholas Andres Brake, Lamar University; James C. Curry

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

Skill SE 4.48 4.56 4.17 4.17 4.57 4.98a,b,c Tinkering 4.27 4.34 3.64 3.79 4.60 4.84b,c SE Design SE 3.70 3.96a 3.35 3.96a 4.64 4.75b,c Teamwork 4.83 4.80 4.62 4.59 4.95 5.10b,c Career 4.42 4.92a 4.38 5.07a 4.84 4.87 a Difference between pre- and post- CBIE, CBIE-civil, or PBIE population mean ranks, respectively, p ≤ 0.05. b Difference between post-PBIE and post-CBIE population mean

Conference Session

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation Division Technical Session 8

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Freddy Solis, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Joseph Victor Sinfield, Purdue University, West Lafayette

Tagged Divisions

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation

Profits, Capital, Credit, Interest, and the Business Cycle: Transaction Books, 1934.[4] M. Casson, The Entrepreneur: An Economic Theory: Edward Elgar Publishing, Incorporated, 1982.[5] W. B. Gartner, "Who is an Entrepreneur? Is the Wrong Question," Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, pp. 47-67, 1989.[6] S. Shane and S. Venkataraman, "The promise of entrepreneurship as a field of research," The academy of Management Review, vol. 25, pp. 217-226, 2000.[7] S. Sarasvathy, "Causation and Effectuation: Toward a Theoretical Shift from Economic Inevitability to Entrepreneurial Contingency," Academy of Management Review, vol. 26, pp. 243 - 263, 2001.[8] S. Venkataraman, "The distinctive domain of entrepreneurship

Conference Session

Design throughout the Mechanical Engineering Curriculum I

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Anurag Purwar, Stony Brook University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

Paper ID #16469Enabling Machine Design Innovation among Freshman Mechanical Engi-neering StudentsProf. Anurag Purwar, Stony Brook University Dr. Purwar received his Ph.D. from State University of New York at Stony Brook and his B. Tech from IIT Kanpur, both in Mechanical Engineering. His research interests are in machine design area with a focus on kinematic design of robots and mechanisms, CAD/CAM, and application of Computational Geometry, Virtual Reality (VR), Computer Graphics and Visualization in Design Engineering. Dr. Purwar’s research work has been published in several international journals and conferences and he

Conference Session

Thermodynamics, Fluids, and Heat Transfer I

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Nihad Dukhan, University of Detroit Mercy

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

change, and forthe most part, they remain intact. This strongly suggests that either a) the attempted solutions sofar have not address the root causes, or b) the solutions that worked, or worked partially, havenot been adapted by a sufficiently wide population of university instructors such that a clearimprovement in students’ performance at the national level is achieved. In general, none of theattempts seemed to be comprehensive- each targeted certain concepts and/or principles. Inaddition, engineering thermodynamics textbooks have not been affected by the attemptedsolutions described above.9. The Makeup and Root Causes of Thermodynamics Learning ProblemsBefore proposing more solutions, it is critical to diligently attempt to a) correctly

Conference Session

Industrial Engineering Division Technical Session 1

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Philip Appiah-Kubi, University of Dayton

Tagged Divisions

Industrial Engineering

= 0.05 level, hence their inclusion inthe model.For the second exam, the coefficient of the independent variable and the constant are againstatistically significantly different from zero (p < 0.05) at α = 0.05 level, leading to the predictivemodel: 1 P(Y )  ( 2.485 2.485X ) (4) 1 eFrom exam 2, the probability that an effective cheat sheet aided in a student scoring an above-average score was approximately 92.31%. Furthermore, the Exp(B)s in table 1 and table 2indicate that

Conference Session

Student Success I: Interventions and Programs

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sara Hahler, Louisiana Tech University; Marisa K. Orr, Louisiana Tech University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

counted as an “F” in the class. In most cases, studentsdrop classes when they are in danger of failing the courses, and if dropped then the student willhave to take the course again before moving on to the next class. Additionally, other studies havegrouped these cases similarly [29, 30]. As a result, the Pre-Calculus model included 3,280participants and the engineering class model included 2,735 participants. Grades were changed toa 4.0 scale (4 replaced “A”, a 3 replaced “B”, and so on). Table 1. Study Variables Variable (Abbreviation) Range/Values Sex (Sex) 0 = Male 1 = Female Race (Race) 0 = White

Conference Session

Concurrent Paper Tracks Session I Study Abroad Programs

Collection

2016 ASEE International Forum

Authors

Jeongkyu Lee, University of Bridgeport; Sarosh H Patel, University of Bridgeport; Brian Lim, University of Bridgeport; Roger Dianlei Geng PhD, Wuhan University of Science and Technology; Zhigang Jiang, Wuhan University of Science and Technology

Tagged Topics

International Forum

Analysis Basis Lab 1 Network Analysis I Lab 1Analog Electronics 4 Electronics 3Digital Electronics 3 Digital Design I 3Analog Electronics Lab 1 Network Analysis II Lab 1Higher Mathematics A (I, II) 5, 6.5 Calculus I, II 4, 4Complex Function and Integral Transf. 3 Calculus III 4University Physics B (I, II) 3, 1.5 Physics I 4MATLAB Programming 2.5 EE Elective I 3Course Project on Software Technology 1Probability Theory

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session I

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Robert L. Nagel, James Madison University; Matt Robert Bohm, University of Louisville; Julie S Linsey, Georgia Institute of Technology

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Thursday. Students’choice in Mathematics and Science (Physics or Chemistry) class is the primary impact on theirdesign course section. For example, if students make the choice for lunch or afternoon design,they take morning science or math. Based on student background and course enrollment logistics,there is no reason to believe that one class is comprised of stronger students than another.Tuesday sections (Sections A & B) were assigned to the experimental group while Thursdaysections (Sections C & D) were assigned to the control group.4 Scoring Process & ResultsScoring occurred in three phases and was completed by individuals not affiliated with theUniversity where the study was run. Scorers were not aware of the Section treatments

Conference Session

Division Experimentation & Lab-Oriented Studies: Classroom and Online Innovations

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Nebojsa I. Jaksic, Colorado State University - Pueblo

Tagged Divisions

Division Experimentation & Lab-Oriented Studies

somewhat large for thedesktop extrusion machine. To cut the recycled material into smaller pieces and to mix it wellwith virgin material, a household blender is used. The results are shown in Figure 4 a. Extrudedmaterial filament is shown in Figure 4 b. Color differences correspond to different mixture ratiosof virgin to recycled material. Since the virgin material is white, the more color the larger thepercentage of recycled material. a b Figure 3. Desktop plastic shredder a) as purchased from FilaMaker b) modified and motorized a b Figure 4. Recycled plastic: a) shredded and mixed PLA b

Conference Session

Assessment I: Developing Assessment Tools

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Leroy L. Long III, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, Daytona Beach

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

at Wright State University. He is a native of Dayton, OH and a graduate of Dayton Public Schools. Dr. Long’s research interests include: (a) technology use, (b) diversity and inclusion, and (c) retention and success, with a particular focus on students in STEM fields. He has conducted and published research with the Movement Lab and Center for Higher Education Enterprise at OSU. Dr. Long has taught undergraduates in the First-Year Engineering Program and Department of Mechan- ical Engineering at OSU and served as a facilitator for both the University Center for the Advance- ment of Teaching and Young Scholars Program at OSU. Furthermore, he has worked in industry at Toyota and has a high record of service with

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Emre Tokgoz, Quinnipiac University

Tagged Divisions

Mathematics

responses. Participants are asked tocalculate the definite integral of the function f(x) = x2 on the interval [1, 2] by using the limitdefinition of Riemann integral. Missing conceptual knowledge of the participants in calculus areobserved when they were incapable of determining the solution to the problem.Key Words: Riemann integral, functions, derivative, triad classification, APOS theory.IntroductionRiemann integral is an important concept in calculus that is often used by engineering andmathematics majors during their undergraduate and graduate studies. Given a continuous functionf on an interval [a, b], the Riemann integral (for definite integral) of f on the given interval can bedetermined by using the limit of sums

Conference Session

Multidisciplinary Outreach and Early Transdisciplinary Courses

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Paula Ann Monaco, Texas Tech University; Aimee Cloutier, Texas Tech University; Guo Zheng Yew, Texas Tech University; Maeghan Marie Brundrett, Texas Tech University; Dylan Christenson, Texas Tech University; Audra N. Morse, Texas Tech University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Multidisciplinary Engineering

engineeringapplications and careers. The group project tasked students with the problem of designing andimplementing a hydraulic fracturing site given a variety of site condition design constraints. Theinteractive structure of the open-ended design project uniquely provided high school studentswith the opportunity to gain personal, interpersonal and technical engineering skills whilehighlighting the significance of multidisciplinary approaches to current technologicaladvancements within the oil and energy industry. Assessment instruments of studentperformance during the group project included: (a) an oral presentation rubric utilized byprogram instructors to evaluate team presentations on delivery, content, organization, andaudience awareness; (b) pre- and post

Conference Session

Works in Progress: Learning and Engagement

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Justin Charles Major, University of Nevada, Reno; Adam Kirn, University of Nevada, Reno

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

Test18 was run to determine normality of thedata. Results of this comparison test were considered significant at the 0.05 level. These pre- andpost- results were plotted within a box plot to provide visual representation of each test.Qualitative Data Collection and AnalysisAt the conclusion of the course, students were offered five points of extra credit in the class, on a1000-point scale, to complete a 15 to 30-minute short-answer journal entry. Students completedthe entry outside of class via Learning Management Software. The journal protocol, shown inAppendix B, consisted of 12 short answer questions requiring students to answer each with aminimum of two sentences to receive extra credit. Students were provided the list of designsubcategories

Collection

2016 Rocky Mountain Section Conference

Authors

Reza Kamali-Sarvestani; Ephraim Nielson; Jared Laufiso

the printing head movement. It was found that with adrop diameter of 30 µm, 25 µm produced a uniform conductivity in both the x and ydirections with 0.5 Ω/cm. © American Society for Engineering Education, 2016 208 2016 ASEE Rocky Mountain Section Conference a) b ) c) d )Figure 1. a) Top Left: Substrate is too hydrophobic. b) Top Right: Drop spacing is tooclose causing pooling. c) Bottom Left: Drop spacing is too large causing

Conference Session

Teaching & Learning Statics and Mechanics of Materials

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sarah Baxter, University of St. Thomas; Bethany Fralick, University of South Carolina, Aiken

Tagged Divisions

Mechanics

, and ob, is applied at that same point. Figure 3: (a) The resultant force, R, magnitude and direction is determined by constructing a force polygon, adding the forces together; (b) rays are drawn from the pole point to the tail and head of each force. These rays form a triangle with individual forces and represent a non-orthogonal decomposition of each force. (c) The funicular polygon is constructed using the components of each force. The intersection of the extensions of the lines of action of the initial and final components defines a point through which the line of action of the resultant must pass. Figure 4: Connection between (a) arbitrary decomposition of a

Conference Session

Assessment I: Developing Assessment Tools

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Curtis Cohenour Ph.D., P. E., Ohio University; Audra Hilterbran, Ohio University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

contemporary automated grading tools common to undergraduate MSExcel® training courses with large student enrollments. Specifically, the program was guided bya two-fold objective of (a) increasing formative assessment opportunities in preparation forsummative exams, and (b) facilitating an accelerated student-teacher feedback loop throughprompt and specific feedback.The uniqueness of the proposed method is grounded in the simple set up and the efficient use ofActiveX Com controls in Matlab® to grade the Paradigm Education Solutions Benchmark SeriesMicrosoft® Excel 2013 (BM)1 text workbooks. For this particular training course, the BM Textwas organized into two levels with eight chapters within each level. Each chapter included anassessment. A unit

Conference Session

Student Success II: Self-Regulatory, Metacognitive, and Professional Skills

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Aubrey Wigner, Arizona State University; Micah Lande, Arizona State University, Polytechnic campus; Shawn S. Jordan, Arizona State University, Polytechnic campus

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

software forthe following categories.20 Table 3: ABET Criteria 3 - Student Outcomes a) an ability to apply knowledge of mathematics, science, and engineering b) an ability to design and conduct experiments, as well as to analyze and interpret data c) an ability to design a system, component, or process to meet desired needs within realistic constraints such as economic, environmental, social, political, ethical, health and safety, manufacturability, and sustainability d) an ability to function on multidisciplinary teams e) an ability to identify, formulate, and solve engineering problems f) an understanding of professional and ethical responsibility

Conference Session

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation Division Technical Session 7

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Constanza Miranda, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile; Isabel Hilliger, Pontificia Universidad Catholica de Chile

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation

presentedhere, but more could be extracted by further analysis. Undoubtedly, a new way of doingengineering is rising, and students across the world are starting to feel more prepare to faceentrepreneurial endeavors as a collective.              References    1. Perusich, K., Davis, B., Taylor, K. (2010). Teamwork and ABET review: A template for assessment. Technological Developments in Education and Automation, 8-64.2. Davis, D. C., & Ulseth R. R (2013). Proceedings from 120th ASEE Annual Conference. Atlanta, GE: ASEE Conferences.3. Hargadon, A. B., & Bechky, B. A. (2006). When Collections of Creatives Become Creative Collectives: A Field Study of Problem Solving at Work. Organization Science, 17(4), 484–500.4. Dym, C. L., Agogino, A

Conference Session

International Division Technical Session 4

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Pete Hylton, Indiana University - Purdue University, Indianapolis; Wendy Otoupal-Hylton, Indiana University - Purdue University, Indianapolis

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

International

tier exam boards review student work at the end of their plan of study, andmake the determination of whether the student graduates and receives the intended degree.Graduating students in the UK are awarded a First Class, a Second Class (often divided into anupper and lower range, referred to as a 2.1 and a 2.2) or a Third Class passing ranking, or a Fail.This First Class ranking, frequently simply referred to as a “First,” is treated as the mark ofexcellence much the way a GPA of 3.8-4.0 is in the USA. A high Second Class, or a “Two-One”is equivalent to a GPA in the range of an American grade of B. Table 2 shows a comparison ofthe UK and USA awards system.9 Table 2 Comparison UK Class Awards versus USA GPA

Conference Session

Works in Progress: Curricula and Pathways

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Bingbing Li, California State University - Northridge; Robert G. Ryan, California State University - Northridge; Nancy Warter-Perez, California State University - Los Angeles; Yong Gan, Cal Poly Pomona; Hadil Mustafa, California State University - Chico; Helen Cox, Institute for Sustainability, California State University - Northridge; Li Ding, California State University - Northridge

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

and the goals of this program. a. identify existing GE Paths that would be a good fit for our objectives b. if only a subset of courses in a path is desirable, identify that subset c. if new courses need to be added to a path work with faculty to meet Student Learning Objectives (SLOs) and include in path d. identify any new courses that should be created for a path, and develop these 3) Create new minor in Sustainable Innovation and incentivize engineering students to take it through advisement 4) Identify engineering courses with potential for liberal arts integration and adopt a variety of strategies (team teaching, FLC development, online modules) for accomplishing this. 5

Conference Session

Student Success II: Self-Regulatory, Metacognitive, and Professional Skills

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

John Chen, California Polytechnic State University - San Luis Obispo

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

for their efficacy and ease of adoption. Ease ofadoption refers to the subjective measures of (a) ease of implementation, (b) minimaldisplacement of class time, and (c) no requirement for a change in pedagogy. The two toolspromote metacognition, which has an extensive evidence base for promoting learning in a widerange of subjects and across grade levels. The first tool tested is the exam wrapper.Examinations or tests provide a measure of student performance and offer feedback to studentsof their learning and the need to perhaps adjust their learning strategies. Many students,however, focus on the grade rather than the comments or corrections. Even when students makethe effort to look at the mistakes, they often miss the opportunity to

Conference Session

Works in Progress: Facilitating Student Success and Inclusion

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Lizabeth T. Schlemer, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo; Linda Vanasupa, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

“extension learning.” Students can tap into their passions and seek tounderstand something of interest to them. If they want a “B” they do one “extension learning” ifthey want an “A” they do two. This increases the relevance of the material.We also give students several options for predefined projects so that they can understand theexpectations. There are students who have a very difficult time with the freedom and, therefore,appreciated a more typical predefined project. The large majority of students work on a projectof their interest. Table 2 has an example list of reports done in some of the courses.Table 2: project examples:Course Project DescriptionQuality Engineering The application of electronic signatures for FDA

Conference Session

Assessing Literacies in Engineering Education

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Patricia R Backer, San Jose State University; Laura E Sullivan-Green, San Jose State University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education/Engineering & Society

3 3 Satisfied with ENGR Satisfied with ENGR A A3 Critical Thinking 3 major Major B1, B2, B3, Satisfied with ENGR Satisfied with ENGR B Math & Sci 12 B4 major Major C1, C2, D2, C, D Am Studies 12 12 12 D3 C C3

Conference Session

Curricular Issues in Computing and Information Technology Programs I

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ali Salehnia, South Dakota State University; Shieva Salehnia

Tagged Divisions

Computing & Information Technology

realizes that his/her friend has a copy of the final exam questions. a. Pat should report this to his/her instructor. b. Pat may obtain a copy of the questions from her/his friend by promising not to report the incident. c. Pat should keep quiet about the matter. It is not her/his business. d. They should sell the questions to other students in the class. (Baylor University: “Workplace Ethics Questionnaire,” 2015)ANALYSIS OF DATAThe survey was administrated at the start and at the end of term. The comparison between thesets of results are also shown in the graphs and data tables.The raw percentage data sets of the comparisons between computer science (CS) and non-computer science majors (others) are found below. The results

Conference Session

Emerging Computing and Information Technologies I

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Chafic Bousaba, Guilford College; Tiera Kazar, Guilford College; Will C. Pizio, Guilford College

Tagged Divisions

Computing & Information Technology

, and a quick start guide totaling approximately$80+tax. The model of Raspberry Pi used for this project is the Raspberry Pi 2 Model B, which“replaced the original Raspberry Pi 1 Model B+ in February 201516.” Shared features includefour USB ports, 40 general-purpose input/output (GPIO) pins, full High-Definition MultimediaInterface (HDMI) video output, Ethernet port, combined 3.5mm audio jack and composite video,a camera serial interface (CSI), display interface (DSI), Micro SD card slot, and VideoCore IV3D graphics core. Raspberry Pi 1 Model B+ has a Broadcom BCM2835 700 MHz ARM11processor, whereas the Raspberry Pi 2 Model B has an updated Broadcom BCM2836 900 MHzquad-core ARM7 processor, which boosts performance approximately six times its

Conference Session

Works in Progress: Learning and Engagement

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Robert Semmens, Stanford University

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

determine theshortest route between two of the towns, because a sales team needed to visit a customer. Theydid this twice, using two lists of towns that had the same underlying structure of connections anddistances, but with different town names. For both the experimental and baseline conditions, participants were presented with aconstruction scheduling task for constructing a building (see Appendix B for the materials used).In this construction scheduling task, participants were given a single sheet of paper containing amatrix of tasks, which included the duration for each task as well as the tasks that needed to becompleted first (precedent tasks). Intentionally, the matrix only used about a quarter of the pageto leave room for the

Conference Session

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering Division: Fundemental and Evaluation: Embedded Programs in Engineering Education

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Te'Airra Monique Brown , Virginia Tech; Glenda D. Young Collins, Virginia Tech

Tagged Divisions

Pre-College Engineering Education Division

Academies Press, 2009. doi:10.17226/12635[9] K. Tan, E. Lewis, N. Avis, and P. Withers. Using augmented reality to promote an understanding of materialsscience to school children. In Proceedings of the ACM SIGGRAPH Asia Educators Programme, pages 1-8. ACM,2008.[10] Larsen, Y., Buchholz, H., Brosda, C., Bogner F. (2012) “Evaluation of a portable and interactive augmentedreality learning system by teachers”. Proceedings of the “Science Center To Go” Workshops. 41-50.[11] Kapp, Karl M. The Gamification of Learning and Instruction: Game-based Methods and Strategies for Trainingand Education. San Francisco, CA: Pfeiffer, 2012.[12] Greeno, J. G., Collins, A. M., & Resnick, L. B. (1996). Cognition and learning. In B. Berliner & R. Calfee(Eds

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session I

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mohamed Elzomor, Arizona State University; Kristen Parrish, Arizona State University; Chelsea Mann, Arizona State University

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees Poster Session

. ! ! ! ! Class!A! Class!B! Class!C! Class!D! ! ! ! ! LOWER.DIVISON!COURSES! UPPER.DIVISON!COURSES! Figure 1: Linear Progression of Academic Courses Class A provides knowledge needed for Class B, Class B provides knowledge needed forClass C, and so forth. Therefore, earlier classes such as Classes A and B are more focused on thefundamental concepts which then help students in their upper-division courses that are moreconceptual and realistic (e.g., higher levels of Blooms). Though this progression is logical, it canresult in