Conference Session

Multidisciplinary Engineering Division Poster Session

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Genisson Silva Coutinho, Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia da Bahia; Ana Rita Queiroz Ferraz, Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana; Cristina Voigt Coutinho, Voigt Brasil Recursos Humanos

Tagged Divisions

Multidisciplinary Engineering

% of the grade for each subject was awarded for interdisciplinary work. In specificcases such as computer programming the weight of interdisciplinary projects was even greater.The rest of the grades were obtained through tests and other individual or group activities,maintaining the classical dynamics of classes but with the caveat that they should not overwhelmstudents with new assignments. Of equal importance to the device produced was the final report.It had to detail every stage of the process and present theoretical reflections about the difficultiesand successes. Finally, the prototypes were presented at a technology fair, at which the studentswere available for questioning by teachers and guests, although the former had already

Conference Session

Curriculum & Student Enrollment I

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Nikunja Swain P.E., South Carolina State University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

, research and outreach, and the design of laboratorymodules must reflect these uses. Since designing and developing a Cyber Security laboratory isexpensive and time consuming and many institutions do not have the required resources, the institutionsmay consider using “Deterlab” a free online Cyber Security laboratory. Here is a brief description of theDeterlab: Page 24.72.5DeterLab Support for Cyber Security Educators (www.deterlab.net)DETER’s support for education includes the basic use of the DeterLab, and use of exercises within it, aswell as development of new exercises and incorporation of changes to exercises. The most importantsupport

Conference Session

Simulations and Project-Based Learning II

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ying Lin, Western Washington University; Ed Moran, Western Washington University; Jeremy Ruhland, Western Washington University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

used to achieve impedance matching between the router and the antenna feed point. This will further improve the 0 degree angle null region, as noted in [6]. • Note that the theoretical radiation pattern is obtained assuming the free-space environment which is hardly available in normal laboratory rooms. The actual measurements were taken in a typical EET lab room which happens to have computers and other instruments and reflecting table tops and metal furniture, conduit and wiring, and poles support the ceiling. This uncontrolled environment may impact the measurement accuracy. One effective solution is to conduct the lab measurements in a large space without interfering objects, e.g., an empty gym or

Conference Session

Renewable Energy Topics

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

William B. Phillips Ph.D., DeVry University; William S. Sullivan, DeVry University, Long Beach; Robert Aron PhD, DeVry University; Abour H. Cherif, DeVry University; Susana Fortun Ph.D., DeVry University, Chicago

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

interdisciplinary in nature with a mix of renewableenergy track, computer, and electronics engineering technology majors working together. Toensure the appropriate experience is provided to students with different areas of emphasis, theproposals are reviewed and approved to ensure that the appropriate program specific outcomesare met in this integrated technology experience. These outcomes are addressed below in Table3.0.There is also a humanities capstone course that all students complete in their senior year calledTechnology, Society, and Culture. In this course, the relationship between society andtechnology is investigated through reading, reflection, research and reports. The course identifiesconditions that have promoted technological development and

Conference Session

The Use of Games and Unique Textbooks in Mathematics Education

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Erin Shaw, University of Southern California; Jihie Kim, University of Southern California; Zinan Xing, University of Southern California

Tagged Divisions

Mathematics

game (a platform game). In 2012,the program was piloted at a second school site, as part of a media arts class, and did notincorporate the math exercises. As interest in teaching the program as a media arts courseincreased, we were faced with how to “teach” mathematics in the absence of a credentialed mathteacher. To this end, we have begun to rely less on standards-based math practice and more onassessing computational thinking and mathematical reasoning skills that are reflected in thegame-making activities.AcknowledgementsThis study was supported by a National Science Foundation Creative IT grant (#1002901). Theauthors wish to thank Leadership in Entertainment and Media Arts (LEMA) High School teacherRajeev Talwani, principal Roberta

Conference Session

Potpourri

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jeremy Webb, Department of Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering Boise State University; Inanc Senocak, Boise State University; Dazhi Yang, Boise State University

Tagged Divisions

Computing & Information Technology

as a combination of conduction in the fluid and thebulk motion of the fluid in our study. The convection simulation (Fig. 6) shows fluidmolecules removing energy from solid molecules as students vary the wind speed.Figure 6.Molecular simulation of convection heat transfer.The radiation module (Fig. 7) explains the concept as the interaction between moleculesand photons in our study. The radiation simulation depicts a water molecule absorbing,reflecting, or being transparent to different wavelengths of radiation. Students are able tochange the temperature of a solid object that acts as an energy source. As students changethe temperature of the source the amount of energy emitted increases and thewavelengths of the energy change

Conference Session

NSF Grantees’ Poster Session

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ravi P. Ramachandran, Rowan University; Kevin D. Dahm, Rowan University; Richard J. Kozick, Bucknell University; Robert M Nickel, Bucknell University; Sachin Shetty, Tennessee State University; Robi Polikar, Rowan University; Ying Tang, Rowan University; Steven H. Chin, Rowan University

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Tagged Divisions

Division Experimentation & Lab-Oriented Studies

processing, biometrics, pattern recognition and filter design.Dr. Kevin D. Dahm, Rowan University Kevin Dahm is a Professor of Chemical Engineering at Rowan University. He received his B.S. from WPI in 1992 and his Ph.D. from MIT in 1998. He co-authored the book ”Interpreting Diffuse Reflectance and Transmittance,” published in 2007, with his father Donald Dahm. His second book, ”Fundamentals of Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics,” a collaboration with Donald Visco of the University of Akron, is expected to be released by January 10, 2014. Kevin has received the 2002 PIC-III Award, the 2003 Joseph J. Martin Award, the 2004 Raymond W. Fahien Award and the 2005 Corcoran Award from ASEE.Dr. Richard J. Kozick, Bucknell

Conference Session

Mechanical Division Poster Session

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Matt Gordon P.E., University of Denver; Bradley S. Davidson, University of Denver; Corinne Shirley Lengsfeld, University of Denver

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

manufacturing capacity of the MME facilities, and incorporates a hands-onexperience of both undergraduate and graduate students.Our changes impact students throughout the curriculum. First year students work in teams ofthree to design a small projectile launching device equivalent to a child’s toy. Teams workthrough innovation and design processes of problem identification, goal setting, research,prototyping, evaluation, and reflection. Labs during the quarter provide students skills in solidmodeling and projectile motion and design documentation, but the final project requires them tosynthesize these lessons into a single product. Students design the device virtually inSolidWorks, evaluating assembly issues of contact interference and can conduct

Conference Session

Mathematics Division Technical Session 1

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jenna Tague, Ohio State University; Jennifer Czocher, Ohio State University; Gregory Richard Baker, Ohio State University; Amanda Roble, Ohio State University

Tagged Divisions

Mathematics

formore procedural examples rather than only the conceptual ones given during class.The differences in lecture execution (Figure 4) can be traced to technology issues. At times, wehad trouble with internet connectivity or microphone issues. For example, in weeks associatedwith surveys 5 and 10, we had both of these issues. Beyond connectivity and hardware issues,the transactional cost for setting up the technology at the beginning of each class was large. Evenwhen we were able to save the necessary technology settings to the university computer, 3programs needed to be started, a microphone needed to be attached, and files off a jump driveneeded to be downloaded. We continue to troubleshoot and reflect on if our technology choices

Conference Session

CEED - Technical Session 1

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Craig J. Gunn, Michigan State University

Tagged Divisions

Cooperative & Experiential Education

readers of student text is the flat dull quality that comes from much of thetext that is produced by students. This quality reflects a lack of flow in the wording, a conditionsimilar to reading a list that indicates no apparent connection among the various parts of the list.This lack of connection makes a reader quickly begin to wander, sometimes becoming lost inpersonal thoughts far from the actual text. The three items that may help improve all student text area focus on outlines, a review of simple paragraphing with topic sentences and supportinginformation, and an overview of the transitions that can be placed in a piece of writing to make thetext flow. These relatively easy elements in writing can make a great difference in the quality of

Conference Session

CIP Division Technical Session 2

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Abdullah I. Almhaidib, King Saud University

Tagged Divisions

College Industry Partnerships

objectives of College of Engineering asfollows [4]: 1. Provide excellent academic programs that best reflect the current needs and requirements of the profession. 2. Recruit, nurture and retain outstanding students 3. Recruit, nurture and retain outstanding faculty. 4. Empower the College’s research 5. Establish a strong outreach and external business collaborations with industry, government and other entities in the society. 6. Establish and maintain effective and efficient support services, facilities, and infrastructureCollege of Engineering Partnership with IndustryThe College plays an important role in consultation and research activities as applied to localindustries. In fact, the College considers industry as a

Conference Session

Innovative Teaching in Architectural Engineering

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

James P. Mwangi P.E., California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo

Tagged Divisions

Architectural

, one hasto ask some basic questions about the future engineers such as: (1) who are they, (2) what theywill do and where will they do it, (3) why will they do it, and (4) what this implies forengineering education in the United States and elsewhere4. Dunlap5 reported that problem basedlearning (PBL) may help students to experience success, improving their confidence to engage insimilar activities in the future and empowering them to pursue challenges in field. By engagingstudents in learning and problem solving activities that reflect the true nature and requirements ofthe workplace, PBL may help students feel prepared to work effectively in their field. Educatorsseek to provide learning environment that prepares students for life as

Conference Session

Civil Engineering Division Poster Session

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Monique H. Head, Morgan State University; Oludare Adegbola Owolabi PE, Morgan State University; Petronella A James-Okeke, Morgan State University

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

)homework and online (electronic) homework. As such, two homework assignments wereassessed in this study with one assignment covering problems related to structural analysis oftrusses and the other one covering problems related to the construction of shear and momentdiagrams. Student performance on these homework problems will be assessed and compared toevaluate students' overall success for each class as reflected by the measuring instruments of thefinal exam and final grade students' earned for the course. Note that separate comparisons will bemade given the differences in the format (i.e. face-to-face [f2f] vs. online) and grade weights forthe course as noted in Table 1. Figure 1 shows an example of the selected truss problem from

Conference Session

Misconceptions

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Shane A. Brown P.E., Washington State University

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

0837749 andEngineering Education Program under Grant 1129460. Any opinions, findings andconclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author and donot necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation.Bibliography[1] Gray, G.L., et al. The dynamics concept inventory assessment test: A progress report and some results. in American Society for Engineering Education Annual Conference and Exposition. 2005.[2] Jordan, W., H. Cardenas, and C.B. O'Neal. Using a Materials Concept Inventory to Assess an Introductory Materials Class: Potential and Problems. in American Society for Engineering Education Annual Conference and Proceedings. 2005.[3] Krause, S. and A. Tasooji. Diagnosing

Conference Session

New Trends in ECE Education II

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mark T Carnes PE, Purdue University, Electrical Engineering Technology; Heidi A. Diefes-Dux, Purdue University, West Lafayette

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

., “knowing why”), 4. Problem solving strategies, also known as heuristics or rules of thumb for solving problems – Specifically, knowing which methods or rules should be applied to specific problems (i.e., “knowing when”).In discussing the various components that form the overall structure of the interview questions,the participant will of necessity need to use ideas that reflect their understanding of the conceptsof voltage and current from several perspectives: definitional, functional, underlying principles,and application to solving circuit design problems. By not posing specific design problems to besolved in a “think aloud” format, the discussion can be more free-ranging and focus onprinciples, rather than the specifics of

Conference Session

Teaching - Best Practices

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ismail Fidan Ph.D., Tennessee Technological University; Julie C Baker Ph.D., Tennessee Technological University

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

while aligning lessons to both state standards and the STEMAcademy© standards of 3D Modeling. Throughout the PD activities, all steps of the designprocess are captured electronically through www.ucrsi.org to create digital instructionalmaterials that secondary teachers may incorporate into their classroom lessons. Projectevaluation and analysis includes both qualitative and quantitative data elements. As aquantitative measurement teacher participants complete both a pre- and post-test addressingSTEM content knowledge and pedagogy. Qualitative methods include participant interviews,discussion boards, journals and reflections. This paper will report the scope of the project,current PD activities, and their findings from the workshops.DTF

Conference Session

Projects in ECE

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Peter Mark Jansson PE, Bucknell University; Daniel Schmalzel; Robert R. Krchnavek, Rowan University; John L. Schmalzel, Rowan University

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

and the relatedenergy monitoring systems. We had made a broad announcement of the summer internshipsavailable and were able to interview over two dozen qualified students for the research positions.Most of the students who had made the successful contributions to the first semester (Spring2011) clinic project development of the EAP outline were hired to work as interns. The mostsignificant portion of a complete draft of the EAP was completed during that intensive summereffort. There were a few key reasons for the high degree of success. These included continuity,level of effort, leadership, and focus. As we reflected upon the primary elements of the summerproject work experience we noted that the team achieved such highly successful results

Conference Session

Global Competency and What Makes a Successful Engineer

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Amber Genau, University of Alabama at Birmingham

Tagged Divisions

International

, recycling) and guided by the faculty leader, discussed differencesand similarities between Germany and the US, and possible historical reasons for the differences.As much as possible, opportunities were provided for students to interact with German people,particularly German engineers and engineering students. Students visited two technicaluniversities, and had multiple opportunities to interact with students in both professional andsocial environments. The American students were particularly interested to learn that Germanuniversity students pay virtually no tuition. In addition to the final research paper, students wererequired to submit a 2-3 page reflection paper comparing and contrasting the German vs.American educational system.In further

Conference Session

FPD 3: Research on First-Year Courses

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kenneth Reid, Ohio Northern University; Tyler J Hertenstein, Ohio Northern University; Graham Talmadge Fennell, Ohio Northern University; Elizabeth Marie Spingola, Virginia Tech Department of Engineering Education; David Reeping, Ohio Northern University

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

, Page 23.414.8orientation to the program from the viewpoint of the university and orientation to the engineeringprofession. There has been some disagreement of specific categories beneath these majorheadings. The Delphi study and culminating workshop should shed light on the differences andsolidify a classification scheme for these courses.Acknowledgment:The authors would like to acknowledge the support provided by the U.S. National ScienceFoundation (Award DUE-1042030). Any opinions, findings, conclusions, and/orrecommendations are those of the investigators and do not necessarily reflect the views of theNational Science Foundation.References:[1] Magee, C.L. and O.L. deWeck, 2004. “Complex System Classification”, proceedings of the Fourteenth

Conference Session

International Division Poster Session

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Efra Altamirano; lourdes gazca, American University in Puebla, Mexico; Aurelio Lopez-Malo, Universidad de las Americas Puebla; Enrique Palou, Universidad de las Americas Puebla

Tagged Divisions

International

beassessing desired outcomes, identifying appropriate times to assess students’ level ofachievement of selected competencies. Assessing student learning over time known as formativeassessment provides valuable information about how well students are progressing towards Page 23.437.3expectations. In addition, interpretations of student achievement could then be linked to the kinds  of learning experiences that do or do not promote desired outcomes. Interpreting students’performance or achievement over time and sharing assessment results with students enablesstudents to understand their strengths and weaknesses and to reflect on how they need to

Conference Session

NSF Grantees' Poster Session

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Andreas S Spanias, Arizona State University; Jayaraman J. Thiagarajan; Karthikeyan Natesan Ramamurthy, Arizona State University; Mahesh K Banavar, Arizona State University; Suhas Ranganath, ASU; Xue Zhang; Deepta Rajan, Arizona State University; Girish Kalyanasundaram, Arizona State University

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees Poster Session

of the e-book and the proposed learning environment.The J-DSP Simulation EnvironmentJ-DSP, a web-based DSP education software, is a block-based environment where simulationsare established by choosing blocks through a drag-n-drop process and connecting them toestablish signal flow. Any change in the simulation parameters are automatically reflected in thefollowing blocks. An example simulation established in the J-DSP interface along withvisualization of the output is shown in Figure 1. A set of DSP laboratories have been developedin J-DSP that cover several DSP concepts including the z-transform, digital filter design, spectralanalysis, multirate signal processing, and statistical signal processing along with a rich set ofvisualization

Conference Session

Global Engineering Education Cross-Cultural Awareness and Social Impacts

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Madelyn Espinosa, The Pavlis Institute - Michigan Technological Univerisity; Helena Keller, Michigan Technological University; Nicole Westphal, Michigan Technological University

Tagged Divisions

International

information that they have and take action. That is the definition of leadership.” [3]Good leaders are able to work in a variety of environments and make the best decisions based on theinformation available. Sometimes working in a foreign environment means making decisions in situationsfilled with uncertainty. The Pavlis Institute’s international experience is a great way for students topractice their leadership and decision-making skills. One of the members of the Ghana team reflected onthe skills she learned on her trip this way: “The Pavlis program did a good job of preparing for the ambiguity present in any international experience. It definitely helped me to develop strong decision making skills as well as a

Conference Session

Project Based Learning In ET Program

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Norm Clark, Texas A&M University; Malini Natarajarathinam, Texas A&M University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

Page 23.460.2  Unit IV: Strategic Relationships and Accountability  Unit V: Strategic Relationships and Channel CompensationEach unit of the course included lecture and class discussion, exercises designed to help thestudents better understand applications for the concepts being taught, and assignments in whichstudents, working in groups, applied these concepts to their assigned project topics.Project DesignThe table below reflects the activities into which the project was divided and the pointsassociated with each activity. Due Date Project Activity Points 09-Feb Best Practices Assignment 25 21-Feb Possible solutions

Conference Session

Electrical Energy Courses, Labs, and Projects I

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ona Egbue, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla MO; Suzanna Long, Missouri University of Science & Technology; Ean-Harn Ng, Oregon State University

Tagged Divisions

Energy Conversion and Conservation

representative comments include“Car you charge up”, “A car that doesn’t use gas, it has to be charged”, and “…charged onelectricity, runs on a battery and even sometimes has gas tank too”. Other descriptions of electricvehicles include “A vehicle you have to plug-in to run”, and “Ford Taurus”.Table 1 – Themes reflecting students’ perception of electric vehicles No of Keywords responses % Electricity 20 67% Charge 6 20% Page 23.483.7 Batteries 6 20% 6Plug-in

Conference Session

"Best" of BED

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Michael J Rust, Western New England University; Andrew Wellesley Browne, Harvard Medical School, University of Southern California

Tagged Divisions

Biomedical

areexposed to research methods. In this case, the course involved 4 seniors and 5 juniors, whichrepresented 47% of their combined graduating classes. For comparison, a typical cohort fromour institution has 20% of students participating in summer REUs.One potential limitation to course-based research projects involves the issue of scalability. Forexample, the project described in this work was implemented with a class of 9 students, which isa relatively small number that reflects the size of our program and the elective status of thecourse. In larger class sizes, such as those found in required courses, there may be challenges inimplementing similar research projects. One factor that may aid the scalability is the use ofgroups to complete the

Conference Session

CIP Division Technical Session 2

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Meagan C Pollock, Purdue University

Tagged Divisions

College Industry Partnerships

that Meagan already had people in her network toreach out to, and she reflects on the saying, “The network you need tomorrow, you should benurturing today.” If a student doesn’t have a strong network, it is recommended that they notonly begin nurturing the connections they have, but explore where those connections extend.Don’t be afraid to ask for an introduction. The online professional social network LinkedIn is auseful tool for managing your network and exploring potential connections.Industry is not Academia. While this may seem like an obvious observation, Meagan found thetransition from academic researcher mindset, back to an engineer in industry mindset to bechallenging. Negotiating priorities of “rigor” was a constant struggle for her

Conference Session

K-12 and Pre-College Engineering Poster Session

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sharlene Yang, Museum of Science; Lydia Beall, Museum of Science

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

science and engineering vocabulary as a way to reflect on their engineering experience and process their results. Each unit Teacher Guide provides the relevant science and engineering background information for the teacher as well as detailed lesson plans that emphasize student-centered, inquiry-based learning. Catching the Wind is an engineering unit where students use their knowledge of wind energy, creativity, and the Engineering Design Process to design blades for a windmill that will harness the wind’s energy to do work. As with all EiE units, Catching the Wind is divided into four lessons: o Lesson 1 is a storybook that features children from a variety of cultures and backgrounds and introduces

Conference Session

Capstone Projects, Design Projects, and Teamwork

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Michael W. Prairie, Norwich University; Gregory Wight P.E., Norwich University; Peter Kjeer, Harvard University

Tagged Divisions

Multidisciplinary Engineering

, he said “are you kidding?” and then explained how he doubtedhe could get better hands-on engineering learning than what he was already getting. Assessmentfor the next implementation of this project will be more formalized, and formative assessmentthrough a reflection assignment will likely be the instrument used. This appears to be anappropriate instrument for assessing the professional or “soft” skills within the small sample size(N ~ 80) that spans the three disciplines at Norwich University. Questions will be formulated toevoke responses regarding the communication process between teams, the allocation of (or“negotiation” for) requirements between the subsystems, and the role of individual contributionsto the larger project.Another

Conference Session

Electrical Energy Courses, Labs, and Projects II

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jennifer Ferris, Portland State University; Robert B Bass, Portland State University

Tagged Divisions

Energy Conversion and Conservation

most groups due to difficulties demagnetizing the CTs aftersaturation during their very first saturation test. Therefore the measured current and voltagevalues reflected only the operation of the CT under core saturation. Different methods ofdemagnetizing were attempted, all with the same result. Further research with the CTs will berequired to troubleshoot this issue so that the saturation test determining the magnetization curvewill be effective. The labs that required use of the MultiAmp SR series relay testers receivedcriticism regarding outdated equipment; two out of three units malfunctioned upon prolonged use,requiring frequent repair. This caused technical problems for the labs that require severalminutes of continuous high current

Conference Session

Mathematics Division Technical Session 4

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jennifer Vandenbussche, Southern Polytechnic State University; William George Griffiths IV, Southern Polytechnic State University; Christina R Scherrer, Southern Polytechnic State University

Tagged Divisions

Mathematics

a small step toward filling thisgap. Over 600 E/ET students were surveyed in order to understand what key factors theyperceive as preventing them from completing their mathematics homework, and what policiesare effective in encouraging a high completion rate. Although we acknowledge that thestudents’ perspective may not always reflect reality, we do believe that the results provide aguide to inform future research in the area.MethodsApproximately halfway through fall semester 2011, we surveyed undergraduates at ouruniversity in mathematics courses ranging from College Algebra to Calculus III, asking them Page 23.111.3questions about their